Suchergebnisse

Türkiye'de liberaller arası bölünmeyi ele alan bu çalışma, yaklaşık elli yıl arayla kurulan ve benzer süreçleri yaşayan, iki önemli liberal sivil toplum kuruluşunun ayrışmalarını konu edinmektedir. Bu sivil toplum kuruluşları; 1947 yılında Ahmet Emin Yalman ve Ali Fuat Başgil tarafından kurulan Hür Fikirleri Yayma Cemiyeti ve Atilla Yayla ile Mustafa Erdoğan'ın 1992 yılında kuruculuğunu yaptıkları Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu'dur. Ülkede, tek parti yönetimine karşı, 'liberal değerler' üst söylemiyle mücadele veren Hür Fikirleri Yayma Cemiyeti, çok partili hayata geçiş ile birlikte, kimlikler üzerinden 'liberal kavrayış farklılıkların' açığa çıkması sonucunda dağılmıştır. Yalman'ın liberalizme bakışı Batılılaşma, serbest girişim, ilerleme, basın özgürlüğü ve yabancı sermaye gibi unsurlar etrafında şekillenirken, Başgil liberalizmi, daha çok muhafazakâr kesimin, düşünce, din ve ibadet özgürlüğü olarak algılamaktadır. Başgil'in görüşlerindeki baskın muhafazakâr içerik, Yalman tarafından aydınlanma ürünü olan liberal felsefeye tamamen zıttır. Cemiyet, Başgil ve Yalman'ın ortak hedefi olan Demokrat Parti'nin iktidara gelmesinin ardından, liberal öz ile muhafazakâr eğilimler arasındaki sınır noktasında sorun yaşayarak bölünmüştür. Dünyada kabul gören liberalizm kavrayışı ile Türkiye'de algılanan liberalizm pratiğinde açığa çıkan benzer bir paradoks, Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu'nun iki önemli ismi Mustafa Erdoğan ile Atilla Yayla arasında yaşanan fikirsel ayrışmanın da temelini oluşturmuştur. Liberal düşüncenin merkezi olan Batıda, liberalizmin evrensel ilkeleri: bireycilik, özgürlükler, hukukun üstünlüğü, rekabete dayalı piyasa düzeni, demokrasi ve sınırlı devlet gibi sayısını çoğaltabileceğimiz unsurlardır. Bu ilkelerle birlikte, bugün liberalizmden bahsederken salt bir kavram ya da ideolojiden değil, dünya genelinde mutlak kabul gören genel bir siyasi ve uluslararası düzenden bahsetmekteyiz. Türkiye'de ise daha çok liberal fikirlerle muhafazakârlık vii içiçe geçmiş görünmektedir. Türkiye'de "sağ-liberal" geleneği temsil eden Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu (buradaki "sağ" kelimesi, liberal yelpazedeki tercihleri değil, kökenini ifade etmektedir) sağ muhafazakâr çevreden gelip liberal fikirleri temelde kabul eden fakat geçmişte sahip olduğu muhafazakâr refleksleri koruyan bir grubu işaret eder. Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu içinde ağırlıklı olan, Anadolu kökenli, orta-alt sosyo-ekonomik sınıftan beslenen bu damar, topluluğun muhafazakârlar ile kentli, sekülerle dindar arasında bir köprü görevi görebilmesi gibi ülkeye has bir işleve de sahiptir. Ancak Gezi Olayları ile birlikte muhafazakâr iktidar ile modernist milliyetçi kesimler arasında beliren derin fikir ayrılıkları, Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu'nun geçmişteki rolünü sorgulamasına ve nihayetinde topluluğun bölünmesine yol açmıştır. Benzer diyalektiklere sahip Hür Fikirleri Yayma Cemiyeti ile Liberal Düşünce Topluluğu'nu karşılaştırarak Türkiye'de liberalizmin kapsamlı bir fotoğrafını da çekmeye çabalayan bu çalışma, ülkede liberal ilkeleri savunma iddiasında bulunan entelektüel kesimin, egemen ideolojiye mensup; liberal hoşgörü ve otonom birey ilkelerine sahip birer cemiyet üyesi olmaktan çok, siyasi tutum arayışında birer cemaat mensubuna dönüşerek, ideolojilerini salt bir doktrin olmaktan ziyade iktidar ekseninde (yakınlık/karşıtlık) konumlandırmalarını göstermesi bakımından ilginçtir. ; This thesis compares two non-governmental organizations, Association for Liberal Thinking (ALT) and Society for the Propagation of the Free Ideas (SPFI), who have adopted liberal ideas but dissented with an interval of 50 years. To compare these two historically similar cases allows us to make a dynamic and real analysis of liberalism in Turkey. The concept of liberalism in the Western world which creates modernity, liberal philosophy, liberal ideologies and transfers it to societies like us in the form of "modernization", contain universal principles adopted by the whole world today. The whole international order has shaped on liberal principles. Therefore, when talking about liberalism, we should not ignore that we are talking about common denominators of people, life, political order and international system, which adopted as a common denominator and dominant in the world today, not from ideologies, concepts or structures of philosophy. Liberal debates in Turkey along with the dichotomy within the community of Association for Liberal Thinking should be assessed by taking into account the overall hegemony. ALT is a group of people predominantly from right conservative circles who have met with liberalism thereafter and could not completely get rid of their old habits. With these features, they have served as a bridge between conservatives and urban, secular-modern segments. When there was a clear opposition between the conservative power and modern segments due to the Gezi events, the ALT had difficulty playing this role within itself and was divided into two groups that criticize each other fiercely. When the Democratic Party came to power in 1950, Başgil and Yalman, who founded the SPLT, opposed the Single Party administration, but later they differentiated just like ALT. ix ALT in Turkey represents "right-liberal" tradition. However, the word "right" here expresses the origin, not the preferences in the liberal spectrum. The dissociation in ALT, according to the origin criteria, is not a principled but a right-left conjunctural purification. In 1950, a strong despute on liberalism took place between Yalman and Başgil. The Single Party Period was over, and the multi-party life started. In the struggle of liberalism. Yalman and Başgil lost their common enemy. While Yalman sees liberalism as a necessary element for westernization, free enterprise, progress, freedom of press and foreign capital; Başgil views liberalism as the worship freedom of the conservative segment. However, according to Yalman, Başgil's views were not compatible with the liberal view, which is the product of western philosophy and enlightenment. That's why, measures taken against religion were suitable and appropriate. The separation between Mustafa Erdogan and Atilla Yayla triggered by the Gezi events was a conjunctural rather than a principled one which is related to the attitude towards the government. The dynamics of this decomposition showed that, there is a huge gap between liberalism in the world and liberalism in Turkey.

Türkmenistan 1991 yılında bağımsızlığını kazanmasıyla beraber diğer bağımsızlığını kazanan devletler arasında halkın da katılımıyla ilerleme adına iyi bir performans sergilemiştir. Geçiş döneminin bir parçası sayılabilecek yapısal ve kurumsal değişim, serbest piyasanın yaratılması, özel teşebbüsün düzenlenmesi ve istikrarlı politik çerçevenin oluşturulmasını sağlamak için gerekli bir unsur olarak öngörülmektedir. Bağımsızlığım kısa bir dönem önce kazanmasına rağmen ülke değerli doğal ve insan kaynaklarını kullanarak gelişmeyi sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Sahip olduğu büyük enerji kaynakları, petrol, pamuk üretimi ve tekstil mallan üretim kapasitesiyle ülkenin eski Sovyet Cumhuriyetleri arasında başarılı bir gelişme için güçlü bir ekonomik potansiyele sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Buna ilave tarafsızlık politikasıyla da Türkmenistan ekonomik ve sosyal gelişme önündeki engelleri yok etmeye çalışmıştır. Bu çalışma da amaç, geçiş dönemindeki Türkmenistan'ın sanayileşme çabalan için uyguladığı ekonomik reformlar çerçevesinde geliştirdiği sanayileşme stratejisini araştırmaktır. ; Since her deceleration of independence in 1991, Turkmenistan a former Soviet Socialist Republic, made a great leap forward to join the global community of nations. The structural and institutional process as part of the transition period has introduced major policies towards establishing a free enterprise market economy operating within a stable political environment. This newly independent proud country has subtantial natural and human resource base to establish in a short period of time a well developed agro industrial base and market economy. With her vast amount of energy resource, oil, natural gas and agro industrial capasity particulary in cotton production and textiles, Türkmenistan has tremendous economic potantial to make this nation a development succes among the former Soviet Republics. As has been indicated by the policy of the lidership, in addition to internal political stability, a regional strategy of peaceful co-existence through the declaration of neutrality, is an essential part of national policy to preserve sovereignty and accomplish economic development The primary intention of this thesis is about economic reforms aimed at strengthening economic self sufficency, and creating a new strategy for industrialization period of the country in transition period.

ÖZETTÜRKİYE SAVUNMA SANAYİİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEMESavunma sanayii; bir ülkenin silahlı kuvvetlerinin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak amacıyla özel ve kamu sektörü bünyesinde kurulan işletmeler topluluğudur.Türkiye, Cumhuriyet'in ilk yıllarında savunma sanayiinin kurulması yönünde çalışmalar yapmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çeşitli askeri fabrikalar kurulmuştur. Ancak II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra Türk Savunma Sanayii yeni bir ivme kazanmış, gelişen dış askeri yardımlar neticesinde yurtiçi üretim durma noktasına gelmiştir. Bu durum 1960'lı yılların ortalarına kadar devam etmiştir. Türkiye yaşadığı bu kötü deneyimlerden sonra, savunma sanayii alanında kendi kendine yeterli olmanın gereğini tartışır olmuştur.Bu dönemden sonra yeniden ulusal savunma sanayiini kurma çabalarına girişmiştir. Ancak 1985 yılında çıkarılan 3238 sayılı yasa çerçevesinde liberal serbest rekabet politikaları benimsenmiştir. Böylece yabancı firmaların yerli firmalarla rekabetine olanak sağlanmış, yerli firmalar için koruyucu tedbirler alınmaması nedeniyle de, yerli firmalar güçlü yabancı firmalar karşısında gelişme olanağı bulamamıştır.Bu gün gelinen noktada Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'nin ana sistem bazındaki ihtiyaçlarının 'u yurtdışından sağlanmaktadır. Halen Türkiye en çok savunma işi ihale eden NATO ülkesidir. Dışarıya bağımlılığın bu derece yüksek olmasının sonucu olarak Türkiye savunma harcamalarının olumsuz etkileriyle karşı karşıyadır.Türkiye savunma harcamalarının olumsuz etkilerini ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla uzun dönemde yurtiçi üretimi gerçekleştirmeli ve ulusal kaynakların yurtdışına çıkışına engel olmalıdır.ABSTRACTA STUDY ON TURKISH DEFENSE INDUSTRYThe defence ındustry is the group, community of public and private business enterprises establıshed to cover the needs of the armed forces of a country.Turkey made important studies on establishing the defense industry in the first years of the republic. To achieve this goal state established various of military factories. However, after the World War II, Turkish Defense Industry gained a new acceleration, in the results of improving military aids, internal production came to the point to stop. This situation continued until the middle of 1960's the problem of Cyprus, and the embargo imposed by the USA on Turkey. After this experience, Turkey discussed the need of being adequate by oneself without any help in the field of defense industry.After this term, state started the efforts to establish the national defense industry again. But, in 1985, in the frame of the law numbered 3238, liberal free competition of domestic companies with the foreign companies. With the reasons of not taking protective measures for the domestic companies couldn't find the opportunity to improve against the foreign companies.At the point being come today 79% of the needs of Turkish Armed Forces based on main system are covered from abroad. Now, Turkey is the only NATO member which makes affair of awarding the most in the field of the defence industry. As a result of dependence to abroad, Turkey is against the negative effects defensive expenses.To remove the negative effects of defensive expenses, internal production must be fulfilled in long term, and obstruct leaving of national sources abroad.

ÖZETII. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra çok sayıda işbirliği hareketinin meydana geldiği görülmektedir. Bu hareketlerin gelişmesinde, Avrupa Topluluğu'nun başarısı ve 1980'li yıllardaki büyük değişimler etkili olmuştur. Sovyet Birliği ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinde ekonomik, politik, sosyal ve kültürel alanlardaki köklü değişmeler, gelişmiş ülkelerin sanayi ve teknoloji toplumundan bilgi toplumuna yönelmeleri, savaştan sonraki dengeleri değiştirmiş ve dünyada yeniden yapılanma süreci başlamıştır. Değişen dünya düzenindeki yeni oluşumların dışında kalmamak için Türkiye, kendi girişimi ile 1990 yılı Ocak ayında Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Bölgesi Projesi'ni ortaya atmıştır. 3 Şubat 1992 tarihinde Türkiye, Romanya, Bulgaristan, Azerbaycan, Gürcistan, Ermenistan, Moldova, Ukrayna ve Rusya Federasyonu olmak üzere dokuz ülkenin katılımı ile parafe edilen KEİB Anlaşması, 25 Haziran 1992'de Yunanistan ve Arnavutluk'unda kurucu üye olarak katılımlarıyla on bir ülkenin devlet ve hükümet başkanları düzeyinde imzalanarak yürürlüğe girmiştir. Uluslararası bir ekonomik bütünleşme girişimi olan KEİB, Türkiye'yi bölgede önemli bir konuma getirmiş ve özel bir sorumluluk yüklemiştir. KEİB Projesi ile üye ülkelerin coğrafi yakınlıklarından ve ekonomilerinin birbirlerini tamamlayıcı özelliğinden yararlanarak, aralarındaki ticari, ekonomik, bilimsel ve teknolojik işbirliğini geliştirmeleri ve bölgenin barış ve refah bölgesi haline gelmesi öngörülmektedir. Bu temel ilke doğrultusunda KEİB'nin amacı; kısa dönemde bölge ülkelerinin işbirliğine gidebilmeleri için uygun ortamın yaratılması ve taraflar arasında mal ve hizmet ticaretinin arttırılması, uzun dönemde ise, üye ülkeler arasında ekonomik ilişkileri daha fazla geliştirebilmek maksadıyla kişilerin, malların, sermayenin ve hizmetlerin serbestçe dolaşımını sağlayarak, aşamalı olarak bir serbest ticaret bölgesi kurulmasıdır. KEİB Projesi'nin, üye ülkelerin üretim, tüketim, istihdam ve yatırım düzeylerinin olumlu yönde değişmesine ve kalkınma çabalarına büyük katkısı olacaktır. Bölgedeki ekonomik potansiyelin harekete geçirilmesiyle, ülkeler arasındaki ticari ve ekonomik işbirliği artabileceği gibi, Batı açısından da önemli bir pazar ortaya çıkacaktır. Ayrıca, bölgede ekonomik ve sosyal patlamaları önleyerek barış ve güvenliğin oluşturulmasına katkı sağlayabilir. Ancak, üye ülkelerin içinde bulundukları koşullar itibarı ile kısa zamanda giderilmesi gereken birçok sorunlarla karşı karşıya bulunulduğu unutulmamalıdır. KEİB'nin gelişmesi ve başarılı bir bütünleşme modeli oluşturulması her şeyden önce üye ülkelerin girişime inanmaları, geçici olarak bakmamaları ve mevcut sorunların çözümlenmesine bağlıdır. Sonuç olarak, KEİB'nin sadece Türkiye için değil tüm üye ülkeler için yeni bir ufuk açarak dünya ülkeleriyle entegrasyonu kolaylaştırıcı nitelikte bölgesel bir işbirliği hareketi olduğu söylenebilir. ABSTRACTIt can be observed that numerous cooperation movements occured after the World War II. In the development of such movements the success of the European Community and the big changes in the 1980's played an important role. Radical changes in economical, political, social and cultural areas in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and the trend of developed countries from an industrial and technological community towards an information community changed the post-war balances; thus a re¬structuring process launched on the World. Turkey introduced the Black Sea Economical Cooperation Project, in January 1990 with its own efforts, in order to catch the new changes in the changing world order. The BSEC Agreement was initialed by nine participant countries including Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Moldavia, Ukraine and Russian Federation in 3 February 1992, and was signed by Presidents and Prime-ministers of eleven member countries, with the participation of Greece and Albania as founding members, and came into force in 25 June 1992. BSEC, as an international integration enterprise, brought Turkey to an important situation in the Area, and gave it a special responsibility. It is planned by the BSEC Project, to develop the commercial, economical, scientific and technological cooperation between member states and to create a region of wealth in the Area, by making use of their geographical relationship and the integrational feature of their economies. The main objective of BSEC, considering this essential principle is; in short term to create an appropriate climate for cooperation among member states and to increase the volume of goods and service trade among them, and in long term to build a free trade region, by providing free circulation of people, goods, capital and services, in order to develop the economical relation among these countries. The BSEC Project will play an important role in development efforts and provide a positive change in the production, consumption, employment and investment levels of the member states. By stimulating the economical potential of the region, an important market will come into existence for the West, as well as an increase in the commercial and economical cooperation among countries. The BSEC can also contribute the peace and security in the region, by preventing economical and social explosions. However, it has to be taken into consideration that the member states are faced with many problems, which have to be solved in the shortest time, because of the conditions. The development of BSEC and the creation of an integration model depends first on the belief of the states in this subject, on consideration of the project as a long term project and solving the present problems. As a result, the BSEC can be observed as a regional cooperation movement, facilitating the integration with other countries, by creating a new horizon for all members, including Turkey.

AB SÜRECİNDE TÜRKİYE TARIMIAvrupa Birliği (AB); siyasi ve ekonomik anlamda uluslararası bir bütünleşmedir. Avrupa'da siyasi ve ekonomik bütünleşme Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu'nun (AET) kurulmasıyla başlamıştır. 1951 yılında kurulan Avrupa Kömür ve Çelik Birliği (CECA) bütünleşme yolunda atılmış ikinci adımdır. Ekonomik yönden birleşme fikrine yoğunlaşılması sonucunda 25 Mart 1957 tarihinde Avrupa Atom Enerjisi Topluluğu (EURATOM) kurulmuştur. Bu topluluklar AB'nin temelini oluşturmaktadır. 1 Ocak 1958 tarihinde kurucu altı ülke (Almanya, Fransa, İtalya, Belçika, Hollanda, Lüksemburg) tarafından imzalanarak yürürlüğe giren Roma Anlaşması ile Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu bugünkü adıyla Avrupa Birliği kurulmuştur. AB, Avrupa'da yaşanan savaşların tekrardan çıkmasını engellemek, ekonomi alanında yaşanan işsizlik sorunu çözmek, az gelişmiş bölgelerin kalkındırılması ve yaşam standartlarının yükseltilmeyi amaçlamaktadır.Avrupa Birliğinin İç politikalarının temeli, 'Serbest Piyasa Düzeni' oluşturmakla beraber birçok korumaya yönelik önlemler ve birlikte hareket etme prensibine önem verilmektir. Dış Politikaları ise, Topluluğun çıkarlarını temel almaktadır. Dış Politikalar; Ortak Tarım Politikaları, Ortak Ticaret Politikaları, Ortak Sanayi Politikaları ve Ortak Sosyal Politikalardan oluşmaktadır.Haziran 1993 tarihinde düzenlenen Kopenhag Zirvesinde, AB'ne üyelik koşulları belirlenmiştir. Bu koşullar üyelik için başvuran tüm aday ülkelerin yerine getirmesi gereken asgari koşullar olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Bu koşullar, siyasi, ekonomik kriterler ve müktesebat uyumu olmak üzere üç grupta toplanmaktadır.Türkiye AB ilişkileri 31 Temmuz 1959 tarihinde Türkiye'nin AETye ortaklık başvuru ile başlamıştır. Gümrük Birliği ve tam üyeliğe yönelik ilk adımlar 1 Aralık 1964 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren Ankara Antlaşması ile atılmıştır. Türkiye Avrupa Topluluğu (AT) ile 1963 yılında imzaladığı Ankara Anlaşması ve 1970 yılında imzalanan Katma Protokol ile; Topluluğa tam üyeliği amaçlanmakta ve taraflara bazı yükümlülükler getirilmektedir.Bu yükümlülüklerden birisi, Türkiye ile AT arasında emeğin serbest dolaşımı konusudur. Emeğin serbest dolaşımı konusu, Ankara Anlaşması ve Katma Protokol ile 1976-1986 tarihleri arasında aşamalı olarak gerçekleşmesi öngörülmüş olsa da bu durum AT tarafından kabul edilmemiştir. Türkiye AB' ne katılım süreci içerisindeki aday adayı ülke konumundan 1999'da düzenlenen Helsinki Zirvesi ile aday ülke konumuna geçmiştir. Ayrıca AB, bu süreçte Türkiye'nin diğer aday ülkelerle aynı şartlara sahip olacağını belirtmiştir.1923-1950 yılları arasında tarımsal KİT'ler kurulmuştur. Türkiye ekonomisinde 1960'lı yıllardan sonra planlı döneme geçilmiştir. 1960-1970 yılları arasında tarımsal girdi kullanımının teşviki ve sulama alanlarına yönelik yapılan yatırımlarla sağlanan verim artışı sonucunda destekleme alımları yapılmış ve desteklenen ürünlerin sayısı arttırılmıştır. Bu dönemde yaşanan sosyal ve siyasal istikrarsızlık, Kıbrıs Savaşı, petrol krizi ve döviz darboğazından dolayı ekonomide durgunluk yaşanmıştır. Bu gelişmeler sonucunda Hükümet önlemler almaya başlamış, 1978 yılında "istikrar programı "nı açıklamıştır. İstikrar programı içerisinde yer alan ve uygulanan önlemler; KİT açılarlını kapatmak amacıyla KİT ürünlerine zam yapılmış, ithalat zorlaştırılmış ve devalüasyon yapılmıştır. 1979 yılında uygulana yeni bir program ile KİT ürünlerine yönelik zam uygulamasına devam edilmiş, faiz oranları yükseltilmiş ve Türk Lirası yeniden devalüe edilmiştir. Enflasyona engel olunamamasından ve durgunluğun devam etmesinden dolayı 24 Ocak1980 Kararları alınmıştır. 1980 sonrası dönemde 24 Ocak 1980 Kararlarıyla; devletin tarım sektörüne sağladığı destek azalmıştır. Fiyat yoluyla desteklenen ürün sayısı, 1980 yılında 24 iken, 1981 yılında 20'ye, 1985 yılında 18'e,1990 yılında ise 10'a düşmüştür. Nisan 1994'de yaşanan ekonomik kriz nedeniyle desteklenen ürün sayısı azaltılmış Bu süreç 2001 yılı sonuna kadar devam etmiştir. 2000'li yıllara gelindiğinde etkinliğini yitiren tarım politikalarının yerini, rekabete dayalı, adil, çiftçinin gelir düzeyini yükseltmeyi amaçlayan çevreci olan daha etkin tarım politikaları almıştır. Yeni tarım politikalarının hedeflerine ulaşmak için kullanılan araç, Doğrudan Gelir Desteği Uygulaması'dır. Bu uygulama AB'nde uygulanan Tek Çiftlik Ödeme Yöntemi için temel oluşturma niteliğindedir.1980'li yıllarda AB üyelik sürecine yönelik atılan önemli adım Gümrük Birliği Anlaşması olmuştur. Gümrük Birliği sayesinde Türkiye ekonomisi AB pazarında rekabet edebilme gücünü deneme fırsatı bulmuştur. Ayrıca Gümrük Birliği ile rekabet, fikri sınai mülkiyet hakları, tüketicinin korunması gibi bir çok konuda gerçekleştirilen mevzuat uyumu sayesinde Türkiye küreselleşme sürecinde yol kat etmiştir.Türkiye toprakları içerisinde dağlık alanların geniş yer kaplamasına rağmen mevcutta tarıma elverişli alanların etkin kullanılması durumunda tarımsal üretimimiz kendimize yeterlilik düzeyini de aşarak dış ticaretimiz içinde önemli bir yere sahip olmasını sağlayacaktır.TURKEY AGRİCULTURE İN THE PROCESS OF EUROPEAN UNİONEuropean Union (EU), an international political and economic integration. Political and economic integration in Europe, the European Economic Community (EEC) began with the establishment. Founded in 1951, the European Coal and Steel Community (Ceca) towards a second step of integration. Economic aspects to the idea of combining the results concentrate on the March 25, 1957 the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) was established. These communities form the foundation of the EU. On January 1, 1958 the six founding countries (Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) signed by the Rome Treaty enters into force today with the European Economic Community was founded with the name of the European Union.EU to leave Europe to avoid repetition of recent war, the economy experienced in the field to solve the unemployment problem, to the development of underdeveloped areas and living standards are intended to be promoted.The European Union's internal policies based on the 'Free Market Order' measures aimed at protecting and creating together with many moving important principle. Foreign policy, the Community's interests are based. Foreign policies, the Common Agricultural Policy, Common Commercial Policy, Common Industrial Policy and Social Policy is made up of partners.Held on June 1993 in Copenhagen, the EU membership requirements have been identified. These conditions of all candidate countries applying for membership must meet the minimum requirements are being considered. These conditions, the political, economic criteria and the acquis compliance are to be grouped under three.EU-Turkey relations on July 31, 1959 began with Turkey's application for association AETye. Customs Union and the first steps towards full membership, which came into force on December 1, 1964 have been taken by the Treaty of Ankara.Turkey and the European Community (EC) signed in 1963 with the Ankara Agreement and Additional Protocol, signed in 1970, aimed at being a full member of the community and are parties to certain responsibilities.One of these obligations, Turkey and the EC is a matter between the free movement of labor. The issue of free movement of labor, with the Ankara Agreement and Additional Protocol between 1976 to 1986 was predicted to occur in phases, although this was not accepted by the EC.Turkey EU accession process and in what position the nominated candidate countries held in Helsinki in 1999 and became a candidate country. The EU, Turkey and other candidate countries in this process will have the same conditions stated.Agricultural state enterprises has been established between the years 1923-1950. Turkey's economy was in the late 1960s, after the planned period. Between 1960-1970 the use of agricultural input subsidies and investment in irrigation areas provided for an increase in productivity as a result of purchases made to support and increase the number of products are supported. The social and political instability experienced in this period, Cyprus, War, oil crisis and recession in the economy has experienced due to foreign exchange bottlenecks. As a result of these developments the Government has started to take measures, in 1978, "stabilization program" for oxychlorination. Stabilization program in place and implemented measures, in order to close açılarlını Kit Kit allowance made products, imports have been customized and made devaluation. Kit with a new program implemented in 1979 hike application was continued for products, interest rates raised and the Turkish lira was devalued again. Prevent inflation and recession because of the ongoing 24th Ocak1980 decisions taken. In the period after 1980 to January 24, 1980 Decision of the State to provide support to the agricultural sector has declined. The number of supported products through the price in 1980 was 24 in 1981 to 20 in 1985 to 18 in 1990, while 10 declined. April 1994 due to the economic crisis reduced the number of supported products until the end of this process has continued in 2001. When it comes to events in the 2000s to replace lost agricultural policy, competitive, fair, aiming to raise the income level of farmers with environmentalists was more effective agricultural policies. New agricultural policy tools used to achieve their goals, Uygulaması'dır Direct Income Support. This application of EU Single Farm Payment Methods applied for the basic building characteristics.In the 1980s, the important steps taken towards EU membership process has been the Customs Union Agreement. Customs Union with Turkey's economy to compete in the market power of the EU had the opportunity to experiment. Moreover, the Customs Union with the competition, intellectual and industrial property rights, consumer protection legislation is carried out a lot about the way the process of globalization has come through Turkey.Turkey in the mountainous area of land available in spite of the large space to be used effectively in the case of arable fields, our agricultural production ourselves in our foreign trade to exceed proficiency levels also have an important place will ensure that .

SUMMARYA great changement was occurring after fell down the Berlin Wall in East Europe, in 1989.The countries had begun to new period with high debts and inflation by these changements.East European countries have a common feature by carry out the transition period politics by rapidly in this process. So, it was necessity on stabilization politics but not easy.At result, privatization and restructure got an importance.I – THEORICAL AND CONSEPTIONAL FRAME OF MARKET ECONOMYFree market economy has the same philosophy and idea with liberalism. Economical liberalism is defended the free competition, reducing the customs taxes, import freedom and resisted to interference of state on the economy.Classical economy's base is economical freedom and market economy. Market economy is relying on free competition and private enterprise. Price mechanism and world prices are important. Interference of state must be in minimum levels. Public sector must be reduced. Basic factors such as wage, capital and foreign currency must reflect the real market prices, must get an importance to external trade.1-DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET ECONOMY1.1. CLASSIC REVIEWFree trade, specialization only on one field, annihilate the obstacles such as customs and quotas, interferences of state on the market are most important according to Adam Smith, which lived in 18th century.A specialization between nations must be obtained according to Ricardo. So, it must be an exchange on the entire world. 1.2. NEO-CLASSIC REVIEWAlfred Marshall, Leon Walras and Carl Menger is an echol. The state must be more active to improve the poor part of community and must create the opportunities on the market, get the taxes from revenues and wealth, finance the education, health, park and city planning, defence the personal freedom, private property and open markets, manufacture the public commodities.1.3. ORDO-LIBERALISM REVIEWIt is different from classic liberalism. Economical regularity is social which emerges in an evident process, not natural. Social and juridical standards emerge the economical system.Price, monetarily stability, sciences, stability and durability on economical politics are important to emerging of market economy.Basic aim is bring to existence an economical constitution.2- BASIC ELEMENTS OF MARKET ECONOMYBasic factors are enterprising, competition, economical ideas and attitudes.Enterprising is a person which makes unity the manufacturing factors, makes direct the investments, begins to motion by utilize the signals from internal and external markets, gets the share on productivity and determines the firm profit. Basic aim is profit.Competition is social event, protects the personal, which works with high productivity against to personal, which works with low productivity, uses the sources most effectively. Buyer and seller number must be too much in this system. Competition is opposed to monopolization but necessity laws and politics have to support it. ECONOMICAL IDEAS AND ATTITUDESIt includes price, wage, interest, hire and foreign currency. Price system occurs freely according to rate of request and demand conditions. At this straight, firms and consumers must carry out their decisions freely.3- MARKET MECHANISM FLOW AND ROLE OF SOURCE DISTRIBUTIONConsumers and producers have activities on the market economy. The prices are determined according to the lowest cost and to the highest profit.Ideal special future is high productivity, low profit and high production. Competition reduces the profit to the lowest level.Main mechanism on free market is price. If the relative scarcity is enough, request and demand is more or less equal.Producers and consumers may have a decision according to the price indicator and request and demand. This case makes lead the manufacturing, increases the alternatives, also economical activities make an harmony against to conditions.The evident features of market economy are free decision, liberty on preferences, a great price mechanism and competition. So, economical stability is obtainable.Interferences may apply on the market economy for public health, regulations on economical activities, protect the consumers. These motions are generally precautions to control of drugs and drink manufacturing and consumption, annihilation of harmful on public health, growth the power on economic morals, make grow the quality, regulation on manufacturing and marketing. The state may meddle with economy to development rapidly. For example, the state may encourage the saving, increase the rates of interest, decrease the taxes to get on the saving, provide the precautions on investment.The buyers and sellers cannot determine the price on one's own on free competition market. Otherwise monopoly, trust and cartels may occur, stability may out of order between commodity and services.Market economy may deviate from the rules on two main categories.Manufacturer, buyer and seller may make deviate from the rules. Especially trade unionization is effective on this deviation.The state may interfere in economy by taxes, if social and individual advantages different, it may deviate from competition market.The state is exist in every kind of economy and serves to people with harmony and politics and social philosophies of our age. Also it provides security, education and health services but it doesn't determine the prices. It is one of the biggest manufacturers at the same time.II – HISTORICAL WIEW TO BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD OF FREE MARKET ECONOMY1. BASIC SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL INDICATORS1.1. GENERALThe form of government is republic, capital is Sofia, Population is 8.297.000(1997), increasing of population is %0. 7, distinctive characteristics in common with Turkishs, Pomaks, Russians, Gipsies, Tatars, Jewishes are in 16 percent.Estimated agricultural area is 1/3 and woodland is 1/3 of all the land. Charcoal, petroleum, natural gas, ferrum and sources except metal are too much. Bulgaria can't use the money too much on surroundings cause of economical lacks.Too many people are migrated to Turkey reason of economical lacks after communism regime. Population is decreased year by year, but unemployment.2. BULGARIA BEFORE 1989Ottoman empire had governorship on the Bulgaria more 500 years till 1908. Then, Bulgarian Kingdom is founded in 1908. Stamboliyski is in powered from Farmer Party in 1920. A new fascism supporter government is founded but communists and farmers were outside of government.Bulgaria is allied with Germany in 1941. Although a new government was found in 1944, the republican regime with referendum is founded in 1946. The new constution is validated in 1947. Cercenkov is in powered in 1950, relations with U.S.A. were out of order and membership of United Nations was validity in 1955.The new constitution is validated in 1971. T.Jivkow is in powered continually, became arrested cause of irregularity in 1990 and then, again a new constitution is validated. Communist Party is made to take out of only one party. In that year, state's name is changed to Republic of Bulgaria and removed the communist symbols from flag. Privatizational laws are validated with Jelev in 1992. The Government of Videnov is contraried the privatization in 1994.Peter Stoyanov is Nato's supporter and he was president in 1996. United Democratic Forces is in powered with 52 percent of vote after selections in 1997.2.1. COMECON AND COLLAPSING OF SYSTEMComecon is a union that emerged by East European Countries. Bulgarian economy has begun to transition period with some negative ness like other East European countries causes of political incompetence and dissociating end of 1980s.Bulgaria which had more than 60 percent of export to associate but it had couldn't find the new markets cause of inadequate ship of quality standards and had an old technology. Foreign currency reserves are high level. It has too many debts, political incompetent ship in the land. Financial system is not conformity to market economy and also could not claim 2 million dollars of money owing from Iraq because of golf war. So, Bulgaria couldn't save from crisis because of above reasons.2.2 GENERAL ECONOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND SECTORSBulgarian manufacturing industry basically is founded on textile, wooden engrave, leather products and food prep rationing sectors.Bulgaria had realisation the attacks on the heavy industry that supported by S.S.C.B. after 2nd world war.Production of electro-mechanic and electronic goods in manufacturing sector is reached to an important share since 1970s.The biggest natural wealth of Bulgaria is productive earths. There are not important minerals in Bulgaria.In the following period of 2nd world war, metallurgy and chemical production had an importance. Industry sector had old technology. Its competition is losted the power with disunited of the Comecon.Productivity rates on industry are grown with economical reforms that started in 1979. Economical growing is dynamically continued in spite of reducing the productivity on agriculture sector, building sector and investments in Bulgaria. Especially, price volatility on agriculture sector is a reason of suspicion about real value of growth in 1988 according to 1987.Productions on agriculture and industry of Bulgaria are reduced according to statistics. Main problem on agriculture sector is delivery prices of goods.A stagnation indicator on Bulgarian economy is weakness of building and construction sector. Manufacturing products such as cement and weawing is in necessity. Manufacturing level is inadequate on that area and also unqualificationed organisations have been affected.2.3 - FOREIGN TRADEThere are no definite results on foreign trade reason of inadequate of numerical data's.However, export is increased up to the rate of 4 percent in 1988 and import is reduced to the rate of 1.8 percent. Bulgaria finance deficit is 600 million dollars result of trade with west countries in 1998. Tourism revenues are positive. Trade connections with Turkey are weak according to another East European countries.2.4 – PERESTROICA POLITICSThe new age on economy with state council's decision is started in January 9,1989. Activities to get the indepences of firms are velocitied. At the same time, this decision is more benefit to foreign investors too.3. 1989 – 1997 TRANSITION PERIOD3.1 – ECONOMICAL REFORM ACTIVITIESAlteration is started in east block countries after 1989 and together with this alteration. Comecon is losted the activity. So, idle capacities are commenced and Bulgaria is losted the production markets.The reforms are making started by new government in February 1991. External trade regime is liberalisation in one direction; this is one of the import nest factors of the reforms. With a decision is accepted in 1989, basic of economical reforms are occurred. Firms had equal rights to execution of economical activities. The laws related to foreign investment are validated in 1992.Commercial banks have gone to consolidation. Prices had freed except 11 basic consumption. Economical activities, government status on economy, foreign trade and foreign exchange regime, price regulations, privatization, tax systems are reorganized about foreign investors.3.2. SECTORAL CONSTITUTIONIndustrial sector had the over 50 percent of share on economy until 1990s. 11 private sector's share with service and trade sector approached to 60 percent between 1992 and 1997.SECTORSProductivity with old technologies on industrial sector is at low level. Engineering sector is developed. Products of textile sector are manufactured at high quality.CHEMICALSChemical products that have an important mark on export of Bulgaria. They were 1,096 milliard dollars with 22,3 percent in 1997 and 983 million dollars with 19.4 percent of total export in 1998.AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND TOBACCORate of plan tablelands are 34 percent in Bulgaria. Totally 304 firms are active on food, drink and tobacco sector.METALLURGY AND MINERSHIPIron product is 6.2 percent and other than iron is 6.8 percent on all of industry in 1998. In 1997, metallurgy sector is grown up to 117.2 percent with 529 million dollars in total amount of export in Bulgaria.MACHINEShare of machine sector is 13.8 percent in all of industry. Principal are; Machine parts, tractor, bus, ship, building and auto spare parts.CONSTRUCTIONPrivate firms in the sector have share with 13 percent in 1991. That share is grown to 62 percent in 1995 but then; it is reduced reason of financial inadequate ships.TOURISMTourism revenues are approximately 280 million dollars in 1995.4.5 million of transits and totally 8 million tourists are visited the Bulgaria in 1996.3.3. TRADE AFTER ECONOMICAL REFORMSExport of Bulgaria is totally 4.9 milliard dollars in 1997. The import nest export products are fuel oil, other fuels, cooper and its products and nuclear reactors. Import is 4.5 milliard dollars in 1997 and included the product such as mineral fuels, nuclear reactor heaters and spare parts, electric machines, mineral substances, cotton, synthetic fibres, cereals, auto and tractors.3.4. EXTERNAL DEBTSRate of the external debts to export revenues were 249.9 Percent in 1993 but then, back to 188.2 percent in 1994.Official external debts were 10.363 dollars in the end of 1997.3.5. FOREIGN INVESTORS EXTERNAL CAPITALMost investments with 636.2 million dollars by foreigners are made in 1997. This amount is 526 million dollars in 1998. Principal foreign investors are European countries and U.S.A. A new foreigner investment law is prepared in Oct 1997. Main sectors to investment are industry, trade, finance and tourism.3.6. COMMERCIAL BANKINGState banks are privatization by associate. Regulations relate to control of banking are valitidied by government. In the middle of 1997, a new law on banking are validated after economical crisis in 1996, Central Bank Law are rebuilt. High levels of capital and capital qualifications are obligationed.3.7. PRIVATIZATIONPrivatization is started with foundation transformation and privatization belongs to state and municipalities in April 1992. Privatization Agency is built-up. Privatization is realization with totally 836 million dollars between Jan 1,1993 and Dec 30,1998. Its part of 421.4 million dollars is in 1997 and part of 116 million dollars is realization in 1998.Foundations like ports, telecommunication and, etc.are out of privatization by laws. 95 percent of state firms transformed to form of private limited or nationalization. Share of these firms are belong to state.III. BULGARIA IN EUROPAN UNION AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEY1. BULGARIAN ECONOMY AND CONNECTIONS WITH TURKEYTest and certification operations, metal products except iron, chemical products, cereals, operational petroleum. Products are important substances from Bulgaria to Turkey.Although weaving products, food, chemical products, leather and stout leather products, glass, ceramics, brick products are ones of important from Turkey to Bulgaria.1.1. CONTENTS OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN TURKEY AND BULGARIAAll taxes and restrictictions on industrial products by signed on European Agreement between European Union and Bulgaria in Mar 8,1993 and validated in Dec 31,1993 will be removed till 2002.Turkey and Bulgaria made easy to particularization into agricultural products market by reduced the taxes for between their selves.End of signed acts, 131 products of 446 that stated to Turkey and 1141 goods of existing on European Union Agreement are liberalization by remove from list of sensitive products.Foreign companies had a partnership rights with corporations and individuals and also foreign individuals had a right on economical activities by law of keeping foreign investors, which is validated in 1992. Same economical rights are recognized between foreigners and Bulgarians and also getting unlimited share from exist companies and companies that will be found.2. CONNECTIONS WITH EUROPEAN UNION AND FINANCIAL PORTREIT OF BULGARIA2.1. CONNECTION WITH EUROPEAN UNION OF BULGARIAIn the autumn 1989, Berlin wall is demolished and this motion make united the European that had divided to east and west after 2nd world war. Comecon's mean is continuing the economical dependent ship to Soviet Union. But, most east and west European countries reject it. After these European Union augmented economical and political supports to that countries reason of carry out and conclude the reform, which is started in middle and east European countries.Firstly, a group includes the Turkey is formed by 24 of OECD countries. G24s are transferred to entrust with coordination of support to the European Union Commission.That commission is functionizationed the Phare program that helps on financial and technical areas to Poland and Hungary. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania in Sept.1990, Albanian, Estonia, Leetonia and Livonia in Jan.1992 and Slovenia in Aug.1992 are included by Phare program.Military regulations on security of West European losted the importance but they are already securely areas.Main political aims that related to Middle and East European countries of European Unions are explained below;a- Encouragement of liberal democratic system with respectful of law's superiority.b- to be sense on surroundingsc- to prevent the ethnical collidesd- to prevent the migration to foreign countries at the west.e- Phare program and encouragement of free market economy from planned economy.2.2. WHAT IS THE PHARE PROGRAM?Phare program's aim is build the encourage mental conditions to the market economy and to take pains about investments on economies of Middle and East Europe countries. This program includes unfinancable fields by traditional external supports. That supports on the program is formed by credits and encouragements and used for pilot projects related to reorganization of associations.Bulgaria is taken a support of 10.6 millions ECU by include of Phare program.European Union don't use only Phare program as a tool on politics related to Middle and East Europe countries, except itIncludes the programs within own constitution such as ERASMUS and COMETT.2.3. FIRST PERIOD (before 1989)In this period; trading is developed between Middle and East European countries that named as COMECON COUNTRIES but couldn't show the same developments against to West Europe in European Union.Soviet Union takes the priority on exporting with countries. Bulgaria is the develop pest country on trade with Soviet Union.2.4 TRANSITION PERIOD (1989-1992)The great changements occurred on trade in Soviet Union and Middle and East Europe countries from starting the reforms in 1989 to 1992.From 1989,trade and partnership agreements signed with Hungary and Poland then, with Czechoslovakia in 1990,also Bulgaria and Romania in 1991. At the same time, rejection is started on amount of restrictions. Exporting is increased between Middle and East European countries, Soviet Union and European Union other than below too;Devaluation in the countries other than Hungary,- Workings to join into the West European markets reason of re-emerging the losted ones in East European- Import is on peak-level from those countries to Germany after unitized the East and West Europe.2.5. EUROPEAN AGREEMENTSEuropean agreements are acted end of 1991.Bulgaria-Europe agreement's date of signature: Mar8, 1993Date of being inforce: Dec 31,1995Temporarily agreement: Dec 31,1992European agreement has been in force in Bulgaria, end of 1995. European agreements are partnership agreements that signed by based on 238th paragraph of Roma agreement and Maastricht agreement. According to that state, increasing of export is an prestipulation to growth the economy with stability.3. SUCCEED OF STABILITY PROGRAM IN BULGARIABulgaria signed on an agreement with IMF to pass over the economical hardships and started the reforms in 1991.Economy is grown at the rates of 2.1 percent in 1995.In 1997,economy has the new crisis related to Yugoslavia crisis and so, Bulgaria signed on a new agreement with IMF.Leva is fixed with 20 DM and 1000 Bulgarian Leva to 1 DM and constructral reforms is started to gain the speed.Economy in Bulgaria grown to positive from 1994 but to the 10.9 percent in 1996.- Inflation rates (%) in Republic of Bulgaria; 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 199882,2 72,8 96,2 62 123,1 1082,3 22,3After the stand-by agreement with IMF, inflation approached to 22.3 percent in 1998.Annual average of inflation is expected as 7.3 percent in 1999 and 9.0 percent in 2000.Bulgaria is the poorest country according to other east European countries candidate to membership of EU. Bulgarian Leva is determined by rejected the 3 zeros from Detsch Mark. So, new Leva is make related on euro at the rates of 1.95583:euro 1 (Lvl:DMI ).CONCLUSION:Bulgaria is declared the moratorium reason of hardness's to find an external debt, to refund the capital and interests of external debt.While external debt is 10.6-milliard dollars end of 1990,it has been 12.2 milliard dollars, end of 1993. So, started to paces towards to market economy in Feb 1991. Annual inflation is reduced from 338.5 percent in 1991 to 79.4 percent in 1992.The debts of managements of state are ruined the budget and also a reason to broken balance on economy too.The crisis on foreign currency is occurred in Mar 1994. Reforms have been out of control at the result of that crisis.Leva is devaluated as 100 percent and inflation is reduced to 90 percent on annual average. At this parallel, financial and revenue politics, money and its value are controlled. The debts to foreign countries are decreased to 9.8 milliard dollars with precautions in 1994 and end of 1996.Financial balance are obtained again in the first months of 1995, reduced the inflation and also rate of interests to 72 percent.Rate of exchange (Leva/$) was 503 percent between Jan 1 and Feb 12,1997. Especially, that increasing was 20-percent/each day in Feb 1997.Rate of interest was 300 percent in Sep.1996. 14 Banks are bankrupted in that period. Bulgaria had been 1st of the world from inflation increasing speed of view.Inflation, devaluation, unemployment and also wages are on the lowest level in transition period in Bulgaria. Incoming per person is decreased 50 percent between 1989 and 1995.Annual criminal events are increased 3 times more after 1990. Money committee had formed by advice of IMF in Jul 1997. 1Deutsche Mark is indexed on 1 Leva.Qualified personnel with educationed on technical areas is a great potential force of Bulgarian economy.Bulgaria will be completed the transition period when it became to membership of European Union.