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As a figure of thought, the concept of freedom tends to shuttle between abstraction and ideal -- the first exemplified by Isaiah Berlin's contrast between negative and positive liberty, and the second by Philip Pettit's neo-republican conception of freedom as non-domination. Located within the realm of lived experience however, freedom is invariably forged from context-specific constraints, hence the title of the proposed pamphlet: degrees of freedom. The point of departure is to approach freedom as a practice which is 'conditioned' by enclosures of power/knowledge which are also enclosures of the imagination. In terms of destination, the objective is to explore the question of how to breach such enclosures, thereby opening out spaces for alternative ways of practising freedom to emerge. The analysis will encompass three fields of practice and examine how freedom is drawing inwards around the freedom to compete in a zero-sum game among winners and losers. To get to grips with the 'how' of this requires dispensing with analytical tools that operate on the basis of dichotomy (such as power/resistance, freedom/domination, top-down/bottom-up) while also stretching the analysis across distinct-yet-related fields of action. The book will thus begin with a brief discussion that sets out key concepts and ideas before putting these to work through an analysis of 1. Sport & Academia, and 2. Art.

To rescue the concept of freedom for the soc sci's, one must distinguish between its purely emotive usages & its various descriptive meanings. Operational definitions are given for freedom & unfreedom in the interpersonal sense (for expressions such as: 'A leaves B free to do either (mean - average) or y or z'; 'With respect to A, B is unfree to do x'. E.g. the latter expression is defined as follows: 'A makes it impossible for B to do x, or A would punish B if B did x'). Thus defined, statements about interpersonal freedom & unfreedom can be empirically tested. Interpersonal unfreedom is not identical with control or power; A may make B unfree to do (mean - average) without controlling B's behavior, & vice versa. The concept of freedom of action does not refer to someone's freedom, but to his ability to do something. The distinction between 'negative' & 'positive' freedom is therefore untenable. (AA - IPSA).

Freedom House's annual press freedom index, now covering 195 countries and territories, has tracked trends in media freedom worldwide since 1980. Freedom of the Press 2008 provides comparative rankings and examines the legal environment for the media, political pressures that influence reporting, and economic factors that affect access to information. The survey is the most authoritative assessment of media freedom around the world. Its findings are widely utilized by policymakers, scholars, press freedom advocates, journalists, and international institutions

Freedom is commonly recognized as the struggle for basic liberties, societies based upon open dialogue, human rights and democracy. The idea of freedom is central to western ideas of modernity, but this engaging, accessible book argues that if we look back at the history of the idea of freedom, then what we mean by it is far more contested than we might think. To what extent does freedom have a 'social' component, and how is it being reshaped by our dominant consumer society? This book represents a wake-up call to all those who thought our basic ideas of freedom were settled. Today, the West s

A policy or institution is often objected to on the ground that it interferes with freedom. Yet even where a policy is shown to have certain effects, it is frequently far from clear whether these effects constitute a diminution of freedom. To clear up the matter, many thinkers have tried to elucidate "the meaning of freedom." Most who have made such an attempt have missed the mark through including within "the meaning of freedom" other things which they regard as desirable besides freedom itself. It is notorious that many who attempt to say what art is tell us only what they regard as good art. Many who try to define "law" fail to give an account applicable to bad laws as well as good laws. Recently a few attempts have been made to avoid this sort of pitfall in elucidating what is meant by the familiar word "freedom." The latest and most ambitious attempt at this is made by F. E. Oppenheim in his book Dimensions of Freedom.If a man has freedom, he is free. Yet if someone is not free on a certain evening, we should not say on that account that he is lacking freedom. "Freedom" is not simply the substantive corresponding to the adjective "free," as "redness" corresponds to "red." We speak of a room as being free of dust, of a lawn as free of weeds, of milk as free of impurities. The adjective "free" is applicable in many contexts in which the substantive "freedom" is not. Freedom is literally asserted only of human beings, whether singly or in groups. When applied elsewhere, as in speaking of a tiger recovering its freedom or "freedom of the will," it is used only metaphorically, on analogy to its literal use. Yet "freedom" is clearly also not the substantive that corresponds to the adjective "free" whenever this adjective is applied to human beings.

Artist Statement I am trying to show the freedom in my works that an artistic life provides to me and also find the process of making artwork is a way to release inner stress. I am focusing on the sculpture because making sculpture is perfect for creative expression and release of tension. I like to use the technique some like twisting, combination of the line and shape, hanging and mix material on my project, I think that is more suitable to show the meaning of freedom. And, sometimes my artwork takes a critical view of social, political and cultural issues, it is similar to a lot of artists in the world, Ai Weiwei is one of them, I am his big fans, the reason may be we both come from China, I can easily be understated the meaning he want to show in his work, and that was always my reference. I think that also a part of "the freedom" I keep searching for, it is the freedom of expression. So, I keep creating different project try to show the freedom feeling and talk about the social problem or the problem of human and nature. I still enjoy making other things as well to balance myself, I used to make some graphic designs, drawing and painting blend into my life, I like that so much, and I want to combine the 2D designs and the 3D sculpture. In most of my works, there is a narrative of freedom, which is mainly reflected in the way I produced and emotional performance. But what about this? For me, this makes some of the ironies of sensitive topics and from my understanding. As a Chinese art worker, in some cases, we do not have the freedom of speech, and in some cases, "some people" need to hide some of the real reports of things, so as to maintain social stability. But I think everyone has their analysis and understanding of things, of course, the best way is to say it boldly.

Artist Statement I am trying to show the freedom in my works that an artistic life provides to me and also find the process of making artwork is a way to release inner stress. I am focusing on the sculpture because making sculpture is perfect for creative expression and release of tension. I like to use the technique some like twisting, combination of the line and shape, hanging and mix material on my project, I think that is more suitable to show the meaning of freedom. And, sometimes my artwork takes a critical view of social, political and cultural issues, it is similar to a lot of artists in the world, Ai Weiwei is one of them, I am his big fans, the reason may be we both come from China, I can easily be understated the meaning he want to show in his work, and that was always my reference. I think that also a part of "the freedom" I keep searching for, it is the freedom of expression. So, I keep creating different project try to show the freedom feeling and talk about the social problem or the problem of human and nature. I still enjoy making other things as well to balance myself, I used to make some graphic designs, drawing and painting blend into my life, I like that so much, and I want to combine the 2D designs and the 3D sculpture. In most of my works, there is a narrative of freedom, which is mainly reflected in the way I produced and emotional performance. But what about this? For me, this makes some of the ironies of sensitive topics and from my understanding. As a Chinese art worker, in some cases, we do not have the freedom of speech, and in some cases, "some people" need to hide some of the real reports of things, so as to maintain social stability. But I think everyone has their analysis and understanding of things, of course, the best way is to say it boldly. ; https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/art498/1011/thumbnail.jpg

Intro -- Contents -- List of Illustrations andFigures -- List of Tables -- Introduction -- Emancipation: An Unfinished Story -- Song as Enactment ofAncestral Memory -- Section 1- Sustaining the Memory -- A Weh Dem A Go? The Slave Trade of Jamaica -- The Memorialisation of Slavery and the Slave Trade in Freedom Narratives -- Africans in Early English Jamaica (1655-1700): The Akan-Dominance Myth -- Freedom and Slavery in Maryse Condé's Moi, Tituba: From Spiritual Adaptation to Universal Magic -- Section II - Freedom Road -- Freedom Road: The Empowerment of the Enslaved Population by the Eighteenth Century -- The Nature of the Amerindian/European Encounter and Its Impact on theAmerindians -- Marginality or Activism: The Black Male and the Family in Nineteenth-Century Jamaica -- Section III - Rethinking Freedom -- 'All That is Buried is Not Dead': Public Histories and Legacies of Slavery in Post-Apartheid Cape Town -- The 1805 Haitian Constitution: The Making of Slave Freedom in the Atlantic World -- Section IV - Legacy -- The Legacies of the Transatlantic Trade inEnslaved Africans and Human Development Challenges: The Role of Education -- Two Hundred Years since the Abolition of the Slave Trade -- Section V - Unfinished Business -- I Remember Because I Am Free: Thoughts on the Bicentennial Celebration of the Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade -- The Black Resurrection -The Rastafari Perspective -- Unfinished Business: Ignored Voices -- Epilogue Reparations for African Enslavement: Preparing the Caribbean Case -- Notes on Contributors -- Index.

Examines the collaborative platform Two Fuse examine the practice of freedom in the context of neo-liberal enterprise culture, focusing specifically on how this is shaped by power relations that sustain social suffering by generating an equality of inequality.