Suchergebnisse

Sovietų okupacija nutraukė natūralią lietuvių, kaip ir kitų tautų – latvių, estų – kultūros raidą. Kūrybinės pajėgos buvo išblaškytos, prieš rašytojus vykdytos represijos. Prasideda mechaniškas, administracinis kultūros pakeitimas – politinis meno reikalų vertinimas, literatūra patiria ideologinį terorą (nutrūkusio alsavimo kelias (Brodskij, 2001)). Laisvos Vakarų pasaulio literatūros pažinimas lieka už įstatymo ribų; daugelio užsienio autorių, neatitinkančių sovietinės ideologijos reikalavimų, kūriniai eliminuojami iš literatūros studijų, mokslinių tyrinėjimų, iš bibliotekų. Nepaisant to, ir lietuvių, ir latvių visuomenėje tebeišlieka gyvas dėmesys Vakarams, ypač – prancūzų kultūrai ir literatūrai. Šis interesas ženklina laisvos dvasinės erdvės ir kultūrinės autonomijos savisaugą, demonstruojamą priklausymą ne Rytų, o Vakarų civilizaciniam kontekstui. Ilgainiui prancūzų kultūros ir literatūros propagavimas, itin sustiprėjęs Kaune, virsta viena iš inteligentijos pogrindinės kultūrinės veiklos ašių. Todėl šio straipsnio tikslas – apžvelgti tokios vakarietiškos sąmonės pasireiškimą sovietmečio Kaune.[.]

Sovietų okupacija nutraukė natūralią lietuvių, kaip ir kitų tautų – latvių, estų – kultūros raidą. Kūrybinės pajėgos buvo išblaškytos, prieš rašytojus vykdytos represijos. Prasideda mechaniškas, administracinis kultūros pakeitimas – politinis meno reikalų vertinimas, literatūra patiria ideologinį terorą (nutrūkusio alsavimo kelias (Brodskij, 2001)). Laisvos Vakarų pasaulio literatūros pažinimas lieka už įstatymo ribų; daugelio užsienio autorių, neatitinkančių sovietinės ideologijos reikalavimų, kūriniai eliminuojami iš literatūros studijų, mokslinių tyrinėjimų, iš bibliotekų. Nepaisant to, ir lietuvių, ir latvių visuomenėje tebeišlieka gyvas dėmesys Vakarams, ypač – prancūzų kultūrai ir literatūrai. Šis interesas ženklina laisvos dvasinės erdvės ir kultūrinės autonomijos savisaugą, demonstruojamą priklausymą ne Rytų, o Vakarų civilizaciniam kontekstui. Ilgainiui prancūzų kultūros ir literatūros propagavimas, itin sustiprėjęs Kaune, virsta viena iš inteligentijos pogrindinės kultūrinės veiklos ašių. Todėl šio straipsnio tikslas – apžvelgti tokios vakarietiškos sąmonės pasireiškimą sovietmečio Kaune.[.]

Sovietų okupacija nutraukė natūralią lietuvių, kaip ir kitų tautų – latvių, estų – kultūros raidą. Kūrybinės pajėgos buvo išblaškytos, prieš rašytojus vykdytos represijos. Prasideda mechaniškas, administracinis kultūros pakeitimas – politinis meno reikalų vertinimas, literatūra patiria ideologinį terorą (nutrūkusio alsavimo kelias (Brodskij, 2001)). Laisvos Vakarų pasaulio literatūros pažinimas lieka už įstatymo ribų; daugelio užsienio autorių, neatitinkančių sovietinės ideologijos reikalavimų, kūriniai eliminuojami iš literatūros studijų, mokslinių tyrinėjimų, iš bibliotekų. Nepaisant to, ir lietuvių, ir latvių visuomenėje tebeišlieka gyvas dėmesys Vakarams, ypač – prancūzų kultūrai ir literatūrai. Šis interesas ženklina laisvos dvasinės erdvės ir kultūrinės autonomijos savisaugą, demonstruojamą priklausymą ne Rytų, o Vakarų civilizaciniam kontekstui. Ilgainiui prancūzų kultūros ir literatūros propagavimas, itin sustiprėjęs Kaune, virsta viena iš inteligentijos pogrindinės kultūrinės veiklos ašių. Todėl šio straipsnio tikslas – apžvelgti tokios vakarietiškos sąmonės pasireiškimą sovietmečio Kaune.[.]

This article is focused on the conduct of French cultural diplomacy and its reliance on smooth functioning of governmental institutions. It is aimed to indicate rather clearly in what ways cultural diplomacy, often perceived as an intriguing phenomenon, might become of vital importance in spreading cultural values and gaining more political influence globally as well as locally. Willing to set proper limitations to the scope of the analysis, this article will be devoted to the practical appraisal of basic principles that have laid a sound foundation for the cultural diplomacy of France. In this context, special attention will also be paid to governmental institutions currently involved in the process of making strategic decisions and eager to ensure the effective implementation of French cultural diplomacy abroad.

This article is focused on the conduct of French cultural diplomacy and its reliance on smooth functioning of governmental institutions. It is aimed to indicate rather clearly in what ways cultural diplomacy, often perceived as an intriguing phenomenon, might become of vital importance in spreading cultural values and gaining more political influence globally as well as locally. Willing to set proper limitations to the scope of the analysis, this article will be devoted to the practical appraisal of basic principles that have laid a sound foundation for the cultural diplomacy of France. In this context, special attention will also be paid to governmental institutions currently involved in the process of making strategic decisions and eager to ensure the effective implementation of French cultural diplomacy abroad.

This article is focused on the conduct of French cultural diplomacy and its reliance on smooth functioning of governmental institutions. It is aimed to indicate rather clearly in what ways cultural diplomacy, often perceived as an intriguing phenomenon, might become of vital importance in spreading cultural values and gaining more political influence globally as well as locally. Willing to set proper limitations to the scope of the analysis, this article will be devoted to the practical appraisal of basic principles that have laid a sound foundation for the cultural diplomacy of France. In this context, special attention will also be paid to governmental institutions currently involved in the process of making strategic decisions and eager to ensure the effective implementation of French cultural diplomacy abroad.

With the beginning of the Arab Spring new opportunities for research on democratization emerged. One of the elements that could be examined is the external factors of democratization. The aspect of external factors is analyzed in the article with the focus on the French policy towards Tunisia, Libya and Egypt because these countries experienced the biggest changes in comparison with other countries of the Arab Spring. The article analyzes the rhetoric and actions of France aimed at Tunisia, Libya and Egypt during the Arab Spring. In the article it is argued that French policy towards the analysed states is a combination of pragmatism and idealism. This coexistence leads to emergence of double standards in foreign policy with short-term interests taking priority, but the long-term aspirations are not denied, especially what concerns rhetoric of France. The article argues that synthesis of the classical realism, the neo-liberalism and democratic peace theories can provide explanation for double standards and inconsistency in the French foreign policy towards Tunisia, Libya and Egypt during the Arab Spring. The article ends with evaluation of successes and failures of the French foreign policy towards Tunisia, Libya and Egypt in context of the Arab Spring.

With the beginning of the Arab Spring new opportunities for research on democratization emerged. One of the elements that could be examined is the external factors of democratization. The aspect of external factors is analyzed in the article with the focus on the French policy towards Tunisia, Libya and Egypt because these countries experienced the biggest changes in comparison with other countries of the Arab Spring. The article analyzes the rhetoric and actions of France aimed at Tunisia, Libya and Egypt during the Arab Spring. In the article it is argued that French policy towards the analysed states is a combination of pragmatism and idealism. This coexistence leads to emergence of double standards in foreign policy with short-term interests taking priority, but the long-term aspirations are not denied, especially what concerns rhetoric of France. The article argues that synthesis of the classical realism, the neo-liberalism and democratic peace theories can provide explanation for double standards and inconsistency in the French foreign policy towards Tunisia, Libya and Egypt during the Arab Spring. The article ends with evaluation of successes and failures of the French foreign policy towards Tunisia, Libya and Egypt in context of the Arab Spring.

With the beginning of the Arab Spring new opportunities for research on democratization emerged. One of the elements that could be examined is the external factors of democratization. The aspect of external factors is analyzed in the article with the focus on the French policy towards Tunisia, Libya and Egypt because these countries experienced the biggest changes in comparison with other countries of the Arab Spring. The article analyzes the rhetoric and actions of France aimed at Tunisia, Libya and Egypt during the Arab Spring. In the article it is argued that French policy towards the analysed states is a combination of pragmatism and idealism. This coexistence leads to emergence of double standards in foreign policy with short-term interests taking priority, but the long-term aspirations are not denied, especially what concerns rhetoric of France. The article argues that synthesis of the classical realism, the neo-liberalism and democratic peace theories can provide explanation for double standards and inconsistency in the French foreign policy towards Tunisia, Libya and Egypt during the Arab Spring. The article ends with evaluation of successes and failures of the French foreign policy towards Tunisia, Libya and Egypt in context of the Arab Spring.

Translation of terminology is an essential factor and often a challenging task in the translation of legal acts. Various databases are available to facilitate the translation process and ensure its quality. The main inter-institutional terminology database of the European Union is IATE ("Inter Active Terminology for Europe"). The aim of the paper is to conduct a contrastive analysis of a group of English, French and Lithuanian economic terms based on the information provided in IATE. The object chosen for the research is the English, Lithuanian and French multi-word terms including the word market. In total, 266 terms were collected from IATE: 90 English terms and their equivalents in French and Lithuanian. The paper presents a classification of the terms into semantic categories according to various aspects of markets (object of the market, place of the market, duration of the market availability, degree and nature of competition among the market participants, production stage of the items offered in the market, etc.), compares the formal structure of the English terms and their French and Lithuanian equivalents and reveals the tendencies of term formation in the investigated languages. Finally, the paper discusses the problem of synonymy of the terms and the data provided in the term entries of IATE.

Translation of terminology is an essential factor and often a challenging task in the translation of legal acts. Various databases are available to facilitate the translation process and ensure its quality. The main inter-institutional terminology database of the European Union is IATE ("Inter Active Terminology for Europe"). The aim of the paper is to conduct a contrastive analysis of a group of English, French and Lithuanian economic terms based on the information provided in IATE. The object chosen for the research is the English, Lithuanian and French multi-word terms including the word market. In total, 266 terms were collected from IATE: 90 English terms and their equivalents in French and Lithuanian. The paper presents a classification of the terms into semantic categories according to various aspects of markets (object of the market, place of the market, duration of the market availability, degree and nature of competition among the market participants, production stage of the items offered in the market, etc.), compares the formal structure of the English terms and their French and Lithuanian equivalents and reveals the tendencies of term formation in the investigated languages. Finally, the paper discusses the problem of synonymy of the terms and the data provided in the term entries of IATE.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.

During the reign of Stanilaw August unprecedented reforms were undertaken in different domains: political institutions, military, economy, education and science. Some French citizens, with pen or personal commitment took part to these reforms. In the last decades of the 18th century, some French who established in the Republic left a lastable trace in economic and cultural domains. Their commitment had not yet been fully analized. This dissertation presents the first synthesis of the recommendations given by French thinkers as well as the achievements of those who lived in the Republic, using new materials found in different archives, giving the possibility to reassess relationship between France and the Republic in the 18th century. The main novelties of the thesis are: 1) study for the first time in the most exhaustive way the French influence in the Republic in the second half of the 18th century; 2) Present the proposals made by Mably, Rousseau, the physiocrats and other French thinkers to reform the Republic of the two Nations; 3) analyze in what extent extent their advice was put into practice and in which fields French citizens commitment was the most influential in the Republic; 4) highlight the links between France and Republic citizens in the 18th century; 5) use of new material from the archive.