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Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- About The Handbook of Natural Resources -- Acknowledgments -- Aims and Scope -- Editor -- Contributors -- Section I: Fresh Water and Hydrology -- 1 Aquifers: Groundwater Storage -- Introduction -- Compressibility -- Confined Aquifer Storage -- Unconfined Aquifer Storage -- Confining Units -- Three-Dimensional Storage -- Conclusion -- References -- Bibliography -- 2 Aquifers: Recharge -- Introduction -- Water Budget Methods -- Methods Based on Surface Water or Ground Water Data -- Darcian Methods -- Tracer Methods -- Other Methods -- References -- 3 Artificial Reservoirs: Land Cover Change on Local Climate -- Introduction -- Is the Impact of Dams Detectable from Observational Records? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Drainage and Water Quality -- Environmental Conditions -- Pollutant Properties -- Management Practices -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Endorheic Lake Dynamics: Remote Sensing -- Introduction -- Global Distribution of Endorheic Lakes -- Remote Sensing Monitoring of Endorheic Lakes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Eutrophication -- Introduction -- Cultural Eutrophication -- Rate of Eutrophication -- Effects of Eutrophication -- Reduction and Management -- References -- 7 Evaporation: Lakes and Large Bodies of Water -- Introduction -- Techniques for Measuring Lake Evaporation -- Estimation of Evaporation -- References -- 8 Evaporation and Energy Balance -- Introduction -- Energy Balance and Water Availability -- Determination of the Surface Energy Balance -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 9 Field Water Supply and Balance -- Introduction -- Water Balance Components -- Applications -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 Hydrologic Cycle -- Processes and Pathways -- Energy Sources.

Chapter 1. Freshwater microbiology: recent updates and prospects -- Chapter 2. The Chemical Composition of the Water in the Rivers, Lakes, and Wetlands of Uttarakhand -- Chapter 3. Microbial diversity of cold-water reservoirs and their prospective applications -- Chapter 4. Overview of microbial associations and their role under aquatic ecosystems -- Chapter 5. Plant-microbe interaction in Freshwater ecosystem for improving water quality -- Chapter 6. Microbial interactions with aquatic plants -- Chapter 7. Status of Microplastic pollution in the freshwater ecosystems -- Chapter 8. Heavy metal pollution in water: Cause and remediation strategies -- Chapter 9. Recent advances in biological wastewater treatment -- Chapter 10. Recent developments in wastewater treatments -- Chapter 11. Wastewater treatment: perspective and advancements -- Chapter 12. Overview of methods and processes used in waste water treatment -- Chapter 13. Role of microorganisms in polluted water treatment -- Chapter 14. Bioremediation of Polluted water -- Chapter 15. Pollution in freshwater: Impact and Prevention -- Chapter 16. Fresh water pollution: overview, prevention and control -- Chapter 17. Iron Degrading Bacteria in the Aquatic Environment: Current Trends and Future Directions -- Chapter 18. Bioactive compounds from aquatic ecosystem -- Chapter 19. Freshwater BGA: A potential candidate for sustainable agriculture and environment for the welfare of future planet earth -- Chapter 20. Factors affecting Fish migration.

Introduction -- There is a looming global fresh water shortage / Paul Alois -- To solve the looming fresh water shortage, people must learn not to take water for granted / Charles Fishman -- Desalination is part of the solution to fresh water shortages / McKinley Conway -- Desalination is too expensive to be a solution to fresh water shortages / Kris De Decker -- Desalination threatens the environment and public health food & water watch -- Human ingenuity will eventually solve the looming fresh water shortage / Brian Fagan -- Fresh water is becoming a privatized commodity instead of a public trust / Jeneen Interlandi with Ryan Tracy -- Fresh water should be treated as a commodity / Peter Brabeck-Letmathe -- Fresh water should be treated as a human right / Maude Barlow -- Access to fresh water may spark conflict in the Middle East / Daniel Darling -- Access to fresh water is a contentious issue in the Israel-Palestine conflict / Wilson Dizard -- Middle Eastern governments must adopt better fresh water conservation practices / Jon B. Alterman and Michael Dziuban -- Fresh water access can present opportunities for international cooperation / Karin R. Bencala and Geoffrey D. Dabelko -- Organizations to contact -- Bibliography -- Index

The Concerns for Global Sustainability of Freshwater Ecosystems -- Freshwater Pollution: Effects on Aquatic Life and Human Health -- Freshwater contamination: sources and hazards to aquatic biota -- Correlation Between Pollution Trends of Freshwater Bodies and Bacterial Disease of Fish Fauna -- Impact of Pollution on Quality of Freshwater Ecosystems -- Heavy metal intrusion and accumulation in aquatic ecosystems -- Impact of climate change on freshwater ecosystem and its sustainable management -- Role of biotools in restoration of freshwater ecosystems Bioremediation -- A Sustainable and Emerging Tool for Restoration of Polluted Aquatic Ecosystems -- Biosorption as Environmentally Friendly Technique for Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater -- Biotechnological interventions as an aquatic clean up tool -- Analysis of hydrology, sediment retention, biogenic-calcification and -scavenging as self-remediative lacustrine functions -- Remediation of pesticides through microbial and phytoremediation techniques -- Trends in Phyto-management of Aquatic Ecosystems and Evaluation of Factors Affecting Removal of Inorganic Pollutants from Water Bodies -- Urban Pond Ecosystems: Preservation and Management Through Phytoremediation -- Aquatic Pollution Stress and Role of Biofilms as Environment Cleanup Technology -- Wonders of Nanotechnology for Remediation of Polluted Aquatic Environs

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Soil and vegetation relationships were studied in freshwater swamp forest in Ikot Umiang Ede in Etinan Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State. The systematic sampling method was used to sample the vegetation in 10 x 10m quadrats. Plants were identified to species level. Frequency, density, height, basal area and crown cover were determined for each species. In each quadrat two soil samples were taken and then bulked into a composite sample. A total of 40 soil samples were collected. Soil physiochemical properties were analysed in the Soil Science Laboratory of University of Uyo, Uyo. The results showed that Elaeis guineensis was the dominant species with 40% frequency of occurrence, while 11 plant species had the least occurrence of 5% frequency. They are Baphia nitida, Cyrtosperma senegalensis, Homalium letestui, Marantochloa cuspidata, Nauclea diderrichii, Poga oleosa, Palisota hirsuta, Smilax anceps and Smilax kranssiana. Bambusa vulgaris, had the highest density of 760 ± 62.8 stem /ha while Palisota hirsuta had the least density of 2.15 ± 0.00 stems/ha. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides was the tallest plant with a height of 21.00±0.00m while Poga oleosa and Palisota hirsuta were the shortest species with a height of 0.01 ± 0.00m each. The soil was acidic (5.25 ± 0.11). Organic carbon, total nitrogen and potassium were low with mean values of 4.57 ± 0.25cmol/kg, 0.39 ± 0.02cmol/kg and 0.29 +0.00cmol/kg respectively. Exchangeable cations were low. Among the heavy metals, Fe had the highest mean value of 184.0 ± 52.54mg/kg. The soil had a high sand content (65.45 ±00.93%) and low silt and clay contents 23.25 ± 0.49 and 11.77±0.92%, respectively. Linear regression shows that, the relationship between soil parameters and plants density, height, crown cover and basal area were positive; indicating that soil parameters forms part of constellation of factors determining the existence of plants in the freshwater swamp.

THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE NATIONAL SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF FRESH WATER RESOURCES AND IT REVIEWS THE LINKS BETWEEN WATER AND CONFLICT. IT OUTLINES HOW WE MIGHT ASSESS WHEN AND WHERE WATER-RELATED CONFLICTS ARE MOST LIKELY TO OCCUR. INTERNATIONAL LAW FOR RESOLVING WATER-RELATED DISPUTES MUST PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE AND THE ARTICLE OUTLINES RECENT ADVANCES IN DEVELOPING PRINCIPLES FOR MANAGING INTERNATIONALLY SHARED WATER RESOURCES. THEIR STRENGHTS AND SHORTCOMING ARE ASSESSED, ALONG WITH THEIR ABILITY TO DEAL WITH THE KINDS OF UNCERTAINTIES THAT WILL INCREASINGLY DOMINATE INTERSTATE CONFLICT.

Anthropologists have written a great deal about the coastal adaptations and seafaring traditions of Pacific Islanders, but have had much less to say about the significance of rivers for Pacific island culture, livelihood and identity. The authors of this collection seek to fill that gap in the ethnographic record by drawing attention to the deep historical attachments of island communities to rivers, and the ways in which those attachments are changing in response to various forms of economic development and social change. In addition to making a unique contribution to Pacific island ethnography, the authors of this volume speak to a global set of issues of immense importance to a world in which water scarcity, conflict, pollution and the degradation of riparian environments afflict growing numbers of people. Several authors take a political ecology approach to their topic, but the emphasis here is less on hydro-politics than on the cultural meaning of rivers to the communities we describe. How has the cultural significance of rivers shifted as a result of colonisation, development and nation-building? How do people whose identities are fundamentally rooted in their relationship to a particular river renegotiate that relationship when the river is dammed to generate hydro-power or polluted by mining activities? How do blockages in the flow of rivers and underground springs interrupt the intergenerational transmission of local ecological knowledge and hence the ability of local communities to construct collective identities rooted in a sense of place?