Suchergebnisse

A review of the American Petroleum Institute Standard 650 and Appendixes points out the advantages of using high strength steel and the variable point design method (Appendix K) to obtain reasonably uniform shell stresses. Design limitations imposed by notch toughness and residual stresses are pointed out. Design considerations for the installation of an internal floating roof in a standard cone roof tank are discussed. Methods of calculating evaporation losses and an economic justification for a floating roof are included. Budget estimate figures have been compiled as a function of tank capacity for tanks, site preparation and tank ringwall or piled mat foundations. Installation of a storage tank is subject to government approval by the State of New Jersey Department of Labor and Industry and Environmental Protection. A review of title 12:133 of the New Jersey Administrative Code (NJAC) "Flammable and Combustible Liquids" as it applies to tank construction was made. The requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) follow (NJAC) specifications.

Primary oil distillation units form the basis of all oil refineries; the quality and yield of the resulting fuel components, as well as raw materials for secondary and other oil refining processes, depend on their operation. Many Atmospheric Vacuum Tubing (AVT) plants are characterized by low recovery of heavy vacuum gas oil. Insufficient selection of heavy vacuum gas oil production leads to a high yield of vacuum residue - tar, which reduces the volume of oil refining in general.The article analyzes ways to improve the process of vacuum distillation of fuel oil at CDU/AVT primary oil distillation units, and searches for ways to increase the efficiency of already built CDU/AVT plants by increasing the selection of heavy vacuum gas oil. Options for technical re-equipment are presented to improve the technical and economic efficiency of atmospheric-vacuum tubing plants with the maximum use of the best achievements in this area and the maximum possible selection of heavy vacuum gas oil at existing primary oil distillation units. The schemes of intensification during vacuum distillation by the method of fractionation of hydrocarbon raw materials by exposing it to electromagnetic oscillations, by the method of gas oil cryolysis. Besides, the schemes of fuel oil distillation according to a two-column scheme and the rectification of half-tar in an additional vacuum column are considered. The main features in the technological design of the process, as well as the features of installation operation, are noted. The proposed schemes make it possible to obtain high-quality feedstock for catalytic cracking and hydrocracking with a high recovery of vacuum gas oil.

The energy crisis of the winter of 1973-74 led to severe shortages of fuel oil for home heating and a government request for voluntary conservation by the oil consumer. This experiment tested two methods of facilitating fuel-oil conservation. Home fuel-oil consumers were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: feedback of information on rate of oil use, feedback plus commendation for reduced consumption, or a no-treatment control. The consumption rate for the feedback plus commendation group was significantly lower than that of either the informational feedback group or the control group. The informational feedback group did not differ from the control group. The results suggest that feedback alone may not result in oil conservation, but that feedback combined with commendation can produce socially significant savings.