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The nineteenth and most of the twentieth century of Europe were dominated by the perspective of the nation-states. At the core of the European nation building was the social question. The (West) European unification project after 1950 was a rescue operation of the Western national welfare states under the conditions of the Cold War. The European rescue operation dealt with the maintenance of the welfare states. These attempts became problematic in the 1970s when the international order established after 1945 collapsed. EEC tried to respond to the experiences of crisis by a transfer of the social commitments to the Community level. The conceptualisation of such a transfer failed, however. The article analyses the failure of three subsequent key concepts in the European unification project: integration, identity and constitution. The analysis emphasises the connection between politics and language.

The nineteenth & most of the twentieth century of Europe were dominated by the perspective of the nation-states. At the core of the European nation building was the social question. The (West) European unification project after 1950 was a rescue operation of the Western national welfare states under the conditions of the Cold War. The European rescue operation dealt with the maintenance of the welfare states. These attempts became problematic in the 1970s when the international order established after 1945 collapsed. EEC tried to respond to the experiences of crisis by a transfer of the social commitments to the Community level. The conceptualisation of such a transfer failed, however. The article analyses the failure of three subsequent key concepts in the European unification project: integration, identity & constitution. The analysis emphasises the connection between politics & language. References. Adapted from the source document.

Exploring potentials and pitfalls of differentiation in Europe

For the first time since Yalta Europe is in the process of being fundamentally reorganized. The bipolar world of U.S. USSR hegemony is rapidly passing. As Europeans, we can no longer evade the task of defining the distinct European reality. In the first part of this essay I described some of the new definitions being proposed by those who envision a united and socialist Europe. It is not enough, however, simply to expose the dangerous fallacies in the proposals set forth by others. Conservatives are called upon to clarify the assumptions on which they would build an alternative definition of the European reality.

The 3rd millenium gives us the opportunity to construct activities on the field of the Constitution, giving that the level of constitutional development is achieved. The presentation of our futurological view of the Constituion will not be the product of imaginative assumptions, but the expectations we form based on the records of European constitutional experience so far. We certainly do not hide the fact that in our formulated standpoints the intuitive understandings of the future events in the constitutional field will also be included. At the same time, we are aware of the risks we take, because the primary standpoint we occupy is based on democratic development tendency in the field of the Constitution. Arguments in favor of that standpoint can be found in several unbiased facts which must be acknowledged, which provides the base of the acceptable scientific work with valid results. The forming of the constitutional reality of each individual country, considering all their specific qualities, is growingly under the influence of standardization established on the level of the European Union and the European rules outside the boundaries of European Union as well. It is obvious that we look at a complex constitutional puzzle formed by various parts, which does not stop us to present the existing and expected European Constitution (map consisting of individual constitutions of member states). For all these reasons, we are interested in recognizing the future development of the constitutionalism in Europe. It is therefore necessary to pay a special attention to the most vital, realistic and acceptable ideas about directions European constitutionalism should follow in the future. The unmeasurable and irreplaceable contribution which science can give, precisely consists of constructing and finding such ideas which can help main constitutional bodies to project new forms of constitution. In the great part of the article, the authors consider the idea of the European Constitution. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n9p124