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Throughout the history of the United States, gangs have existed in one form or another, from the violent thugs of old New York to the holdup gangs of the Old West and from Prohibition-era bootleggers to modern-day street gangs. Each type of gang has posed a serious problem for law-enforcement authorities. Police have developed numerous techniques for identifying gangs, tracking their activities, breaking up illegal rackets, and addressing the social issues that contribute to the formation of gangs. Gangs and Gang Crime details the history of criminal gangs and law-enforcement efforts to fight

Cover -- Half Tital -- Tital -- Copyright -- Content -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: What Causes Gangs and Gang Violence? -- Chapter Preface -- Gangs Form in Response to a Breakdown of Law and Order -- Gangs are an Outgrowth of Poverty and Discrimination -- Chicago Gangs Don't have to Go Far to Buy Guns -- Availability of Guns does not Fuel Gang Violence in Chicago -- Gang Violence can have Small-Scale Local Causes -- Gangs have Deep Roots in Latino Communities -- Heroin Fuels Gang Violence in Chicago -- Drug Warriors and Gun Violence -- Chapter 2: Are Gangs and Gang Violence Increasing in the United States? -- Chapter Preface -- Social Media has Led to an Increase in Gang Violence -- Detroit is Experiencing an Epidemic of Gang Violence -- Gang Violence is Increasing in Denver -- Fracturing Gangs has Increased Violence in Chicago -- Gang Violence in Los Angeles has Decreased -- How to Return New York City to the Street Gangs -- Santa Ana Violent Gang Crime Reported Down 40 Percent -- Gang Violence has Fallen in Aurora, Colorado -- Chapter 3: do Antigang Policies Violate Civil Rights? -- Chapter Preface -- Antigang Strategies Justify Profiling and Discrimination -- Police in Chicago do not Discourage Gangs but Act Like a Gang Themselves -- Racial Profiling Targets Innocent Children -- In Prison, Gang Affiliation is Used as an Excuse for Inhumane Treatment -- Police Use Criminal Profiling to Fight Gangs and Crime -- Police Balance Public Safety and Civil Rights in San Juan -- Chapter 4: What is the Gang Problem Like in other Countries? -- Chapter Preface -- Crime in Mexico: Out of Sight, not Out of Mind -- Canadian Gangs are Linked to the Global Drug War -- Medellín, Columbia, Fights Ongoing Drug Gang Violence -- Gangster Trials Highlight China's Crime Battle.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Gang Presence in Suburban Areas is Rising -- 2. Girl Gangs are a Growing Problem in Many Parts of the World -- 3. Gang Members are Infiltrating the US Military in Increasing Numbers -- 4. Claims That Gangs are Infiltrating the US Military are Overblown -- 5. Decriminalizing Drugs Would Disempower Gangs -- 6. Decriminalizing Drugs Would not Solve the Gang Problem in Central America -- 7. Stopping Illegal Immigration Would Weaken Hispanic Gangs in the United States -- 8. Illegal Immigrants do not Commit More Crimes than Native-Born Americans -- 9. The Youth PROMISE Act Would Decrease the Numbers of Young People in Gangs -- 10. School Counselors Play an Important Role in Decreasing Gang Membership -- 11. City Parks and Recreation Departments Provide Young People with Effective Alternatives to Joining Gangs -- 12. Christian Organizations Can Transform Gang Members by Offering Them Second Chances -- 13. Government Programs Discourage Youth from Joining Gangs and Reform Current Gang Members -- Appendix -- What You Should Know About Gangs -- What You Should do About Gangs -- Organizations to Contact -- Bibliography -- Index -- Picture Credits -- Back Cover.

Cover Page -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Gangs Are a Serious Problem -- 2. Gangs Affect Every Part of a Community -- 3. Gangs Create Community for Members -- 4. Gangs Are an Urban Problem -- 5. Gangs Are a Suburban and Rural Problem -- 6. Hip-Hop Culture Promotes Gangs -- 7. Hip-Hop Music Can Discourage Gang Activity -- 8. The Number of Girls in Gangs Is Increasing -- 9. The Number of Immigrants in Gangs Is Increasing -- 10. Gang Intervention Programs Are Successful -- 11. Gang Intervention Programs Are Not Successful -- 12. Community-Based Gang Intervention Is Effective -- 13. Mentoring Is the Most Effective Gang Intervention -- 14. Positive Family Values Are the Most Effective Gang Intervention -- Appendix -- Organizations to Contact -- For Further Research -- Index -- Picture Credits -- Back Cover

Prison gangs are a growing problem in prisons. In recent times, Skarbek's (2011, 2014) governance theory has become increasingly popular in explaining their emergence. Yet, this theory downplays the role that deprivation and importation theories can play in understanding the emergence and behaviour of these gangs. This chapter seeks to address this shortcoming by demonstrating how the inclusion of these theories, alongside the governance theory, can enhance our understanding of prison gang emergence and when gang fragmentation or consolidation may occur. Drawing on research conducted in the US and beyond, this chapter argues that a holistic understanding of prison gangs and their monopolisation of power requires a consideration of the importation and deprivation theories, together with Skarbek's (2011, 2014) governance theory. Special attention is paid to the wider role political and social processes may play in influencing whether monopoly power by prison gangs is supported and legitimised or not.

Explores the relation of general gang structure & criminal activity to the criminal behavior of individual gang members, drawing on survey data from 373 male juveniles who identified themselves as gang members prior to incarceration in mostly maximum security correctional facilities, in CA, LA, IL, & NJ. Respondents were questioned about the organization of the gangs to which they belonged; their gangs' involvement in carrying firearms, using drugs, selling drugs, robbery, & burglary; & their own involvement in these same offenses. It is concluded that gang- & individual-level criminality is generally specialized. Gang structure is ambiguously associated with the forms of crime gangs commit, but is unrelated to individual members' criminality. Types of gang- & individual-level criminality are related. "Gang" thus signifies more than the nominal congregation of youth for protective & social purposes. 4 Tables, 38 References. Adapted from the source document.

Examines the relationship between globalization and street gangs, arguing that gangs are global phenomena not because they have become transnational criminal organizations but because members and their culture have become hypermobile. The proliferation of gangs throughout the US is described. This trend repeats internationally, particularly in Latin America and Asia, where gang culture is spread and links between gang members established. US immigration policy has helped spur this by deporting thousands of gang members to countries ill equipped to address the flow. The Internet is seen to foster a virtual sort of gang warfare as well as copycat gangs unable to live historically or geographically the local meanings found in the names of the gangs they co-opt. This kind of proliferation might give the false impression of global reach for gangs. However, there is potential for gangs to carry on illicit activities on the Web; distinguishing between the banal and the dangerous will be a key task in the future. Globalization's ongoing impact will determine how gangs continue to proliferate; most gangs are not dangerous criminal organizations and should not be treated as such.

Machine generated contents note: -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Author -- Introduction -- A History of Respectable Fears -- Estimating the Number of Gangs, Gang Members, and Gang Crimes -- Chapter 1. Early Research and Perspectives -- 18th- and 19th-Century Gangs -- Thrasher: The First Gang Researcher -- Gangs as Delinquent Subcultures -- Differential Opportunity Theory -- Lower-Class Culture and Adolescence -- Gangs as Near-Group -- Group Process and Gang Delinquency -- Roles within Gangs: Keiser and the Vice Lords -- Street Gangs and Street Workers -- Chapter 2. Definitions, Daily Life, Dynamics, and Risk Factors -- Sociological Definitions -- Legal Definitions -- What Gangs Are Not -- A Structured Typology -- Daily Life -- Positive and Negative Aspects -- Interrelated Dynamics -- Membership -- Organization -- Subgroups -- Intensity -- The Causes and Correlates Studies -- Protective Factors -- Chapter 3. Race, Migration, and Immigration -- A Brief Note on Race Relations in American History -- Black Gangs -- The Crips and Bloods -- Latino Gangs -- The People Nation and the Folks Nation -- A Typology of Mexican American Gangs -- Asian and Asian Pacific Islander Gangs -- Chinese Gangs -- Southeast Asian Gangs -- Filipino Gangs -- Native American Gangs -- White Gangs -- Skinheads -- Skinheads as Gangs -- Nazi Low Riders -- Chapter 4. Females -- Early Studies and Stereotypes -- Increases in Female Arrests and Incarceration -- Further Developments in Female Gang Research -- Differences and Similarities between Gang Females and Males -- The Number of Female Gangs and Gang Members -- Different Types of Female Gangs -- Female Gang Violence -- Sexual Victimization -- Identity, Femininity, Sexuality, and Respect -- Pregnancy and Motherhood -- Prosocial Functions and Post-Gang Lives -- Chapter 5. Drug Use and Sales -- Substance Use Patterns -- Alcohol -- Marijuana -- Other Illicit Drugs -- Attitudes about Hard Drug Use -- Drug Addiction -- Drug Selling -- Myths ab --- "Gangs: An Introduction provides a wide-ranging overview ideal for courses on gangs. Opening with a discussion of early research and perspectives from the late 1920s until the early 1970s, the book then moves on to cover sociological and legal definitions of gangs; daily life and risk and protective factors; race and immigration; female gang members; drug use and selling; violence and victimization; the cultural criminology of gangs; theories on gangs and gang behaviors; desistance; suppression, intervention, and prevention; and more. FEATURES * A focus on theories of gangs, rather than on criminological theories * Original contributions to the gang literature * An emphasis on evidence-based practices * Examples of real-life court cases * Interview excerpts from gang members, drawn from the author's research *Media Check! sections in each chapter featuring examples from movies, documentaries, TV shows, and music"--- "This is a textbook for undergraduate majors and non-majors in an introductory Juvenile Delinquency course or course on Gangs"--

Preface to 4th edition -- Contemporary American youth gangs -- Youth gang violence -- Race, ethnicity, and contemporary youth gangs -- Female gang members and female gangs -- Gangs in western history -- Youth street gangs in other countries -- Pieces of the puzzle : typologies and classical theories of youth gangs -- Theoretical propositions about youth gangs -- Legislative and justice system gang interventions: incapacitation and deterrence -- Prevention and assistance programs: education, employment, opportunity, and -- Empowerment -- The future of youth gangs -- References -- Name index -- Subject index

This 7‐year study of 1,170 male adjudicated youth examined how self‐esteem, psychopathy, and psychosocial maturity relate to gang status (low‐level member, leader, and non‐gang member). Low temperance, perspective, and responsibility predicted being a low‐level gang member, whereas only lower temperance predicted being a gang leader. Low self‐esteem predicted gang membership (low‐level and high‐level) at a younger age (i.e., during adolescence). However,higherself‐esteem and grandiose‐manipulative traits predicted being a gang leader during young adulthood. Over time, low‐level members became more psychopathic and less psychosocially mature. Gang leaders also became more psychopathic and undercontrolled (as indicated by lower temperance); however, their perspective and responsibility aspects of psychosocial maturity were not affected.