Suchergebnisse

This article analyzes the connection between the socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, education level, type of settlement, marital status) and attitudes towards migrants of the Russian people. The authors point out that, throughout the course of a decade (2006-2016), over 60% of respondents were negatively assessing the changes occurring in our country due to immigrant presence, which actualizes the need to study the group which bears the utmost negative attitude, with it being considered a latent threat to the stability of society. Based on analyzing contemporary scientific research, we know that in most studies socio-demographic variables are used in regression models, though they are introduced into equations with no initial theoretical assumptions – so any results attained are not discussed, but merely acknowledged. Thus, we have identified that the results of studies of the connection between socio-demographic characteristics and respondents' attitudes towards migrants are controversial and largely dependent on factors of context (such as the country under examination, its cultural and historical specifics). Based on data from the European social survey (2018), while using a decision tree technique (CHAID), the connection between socio-demographic characteristics and attitudes towards migrants is analyzed with the goal of determining those groups of Russians that hold the most contempt for migrants. As it turns out, such a group is represented by women aged 60-69 with basic secondary education, residing in large cities or their suburbs. An assumption is made about this group of the population possibly being influenced by mass media, which is escalating an "immigration panic". Overall the analysis shows that the connection between socio-demographic characteristics and attitudes towards migrants is not a constant pattern. The results and vector of this connection change depending on the year when the study was conducted, on the context, the political situation, as well as other factors. The only exception being the connection between education level and attitude towards immigrants: in all of the examined studies a high level of education was invariably associated with a positive attitude towards migrants. In conclusion, the potential of qualitative methods was assessed – them being a viable option for further studying the topic – as well as the media's role in shaping the image of immigrants in the public mind.

The article analyzes the dynamics of perception of the migration situation by the host population in the Republic of Mordovia. Public opinion is being monitored on potential problems created by immigrants when moving to the region, on their impact on ethno-confessional relations and the social and criminogenic situation.
The empirical base included the results of annual regional sociological studies of the ethno-confessional and migration situation conducted in the period 2021–2023. The sociological survey was conducted in accordance with the Methodological Recommendations for Conducting Sociological Research in the subjects of the Russian Federation proposed by the Federal Agency for Nationalities of the Russian Federation (FADN of Russia). This methodology makes it possible to carry out sociological monitoring of key indicators of the state of ethno-confessional relations and migration processes in the Russian Federation. The volume of the sample population was n = 700 people, the representative features were gender, age, place of residence and nationality. As a tool for collecting primary information, a quantitative method was used — an individual face-to-face interview at the respondent's place of residence using a paper questionnaire (PAPI).
It was revealed that in Mordovia, the attitude towards immigrants is gradually changing: the share of the population concerned about the problems of competition in the labor market, the deterioration of ethno-confessional relations, experiencing anxiety from the presence of migrant workers is decreasing. It is determined that the presence of immigrants in the region does not provoke an aggravation of ethnic conflicts and the idea of restricting/reducing the entry of migrants is becoming less popular.
The author concludes that the attitude of the receiving population to immigrants is determined by the level of socio-economic development of the region.

Рассматривается современное состояние исторических исследований проблемы социальной сплоченности в контексте Второй мировой войны. Анализируются основные работы, отражающие вызванные войной процессы консолидации и раскола, перемены в сознании общества и отдельного человека как в воюющих на стороне антигитлеровской коалиции странах, так и в Германии. Подчеркивается, что социальная сплоченность остается неизученной темой в работах, посвященных социальной истории Второй мировой войны. В заключении отмечается исследовательский потенциал анализа проблем солидарности и единства в годы Второй мировой войны. ; The historiography of World War II is one of the most extensive research topics in historical science. Over the years, a comprehensive study of the military, political and economic history of wartime has been conducted. Particular attention during recent decades has been given to the social aspects of the war. However, the topic of social cohesion in the warring countries remains insufficiently analyzed. Thus, the main objective of the article is to analyze the current state of research on social cohesion in the context of World War II in contemporary British, German and Russian historical literature. The present study of the reflection of cohesion problems in Soviet Union, Great Britain and Germany during World War II is based on the principles of a new interdisciplinary branch of social science – anthropology of war. It integrates the achievements, subject areas and research tools of history, sociology, military psychology, cultural studies, pedagogy, medicine and other disciplines that study the existence of people and society at large in wartime conditions. A comparative analysis of the chosen historiography shows that at the present stage there is a commonality of approaches among historians related to interest in certain personalities, everyday life during World War II and war's gender dimension. The differences in assessments and methods are determined by the role and place of a particular state in the military-political confrontation as well as by prevailing historiographical paradigms. In any case, the theme of social cohesion was not adequately reflected in these studies. In conclusion, the authors note the research potential of analyzing the problems of social cohesion during World War II.

At present, great importance is attached to the problem of maintaining the professional health of the working-age population and prolonging professional longevity in the world and in the Russian Federation. This problem has become especially urgent in recent years, in connection with the change in the country's retirement age.

the lack of proper information on the epidemiological characteristics of epilepsy results in significant shortcomings in available health care. This pharmacoepidemiological study was undertaken to improve the situation. Objective: to assess the prevalence profile and management of patients with epilepsy in Minsk based on out-patient visit data obtained in health centres subordinate to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus. Materials and methods: the epidemiological study was conducted in accordance with the ILAE 'Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy'. Results: epilepsy incidence and prevalence were evaluated across Minsk gender- and age-based population groups. Aetiological and social aspects of epilepsy were reviewed. Out-patient visit data collected for the period from 2008 to 2012 revealed 705 patients with epilepsy. The overall epilepsy prevalence rate of the district varied from 165.2 per 100,000 population in 2008 to 275.5 per 100,000 population in 2012, while the incidence rate ranged from 36.9 per 100,000 population (in 2008) to 25.0 per 100,000 population (in 2012). The most frequently administered anti-epileptics included carbamazepine (52.9 % of patients) and valproates (31.0 % of subjects). The most commonly administered second-generation anti-epileptics were topiramate (7.1 % of patients) and lamotrigine (2.9 % of subjects). No anti-epileptics were used by 9.5 % of study subjects. Conclusions: the prevalence of epilepsy corresponds to the European Union prevalence rate. Proposals have been made concerning optimization of health care for patients with epilepsy. There is a need for large-scale pharmacoepidemiological and pharmacoeconomic studies. ; отсутствие должной информации об эпидемиологических характеристиках эпилепсии обусловливает существенные недостатки организации медицинской помощи. Для устранения этих факторов предпринято данное фармакоэпидемиологическое исследование. Цель: исследование профиля заболеваемости и ведения пациентов с эпилепсией в г. Минске по данным обращаемости за медицинской помощью в учреждения системы Минздрава Республики Беларусь. Материалы и методы: исследование эпидемиологии проводилось в соответствии с руководством по проведению эпидемиологических исследований эпилепсии (Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy) ILAE. Результаты: изучена заболеваемость эпилепсией и распространенность в гендерновозрастных группах населения г. Минска. Рассмотрены этиологические и социальные аспекты эпилепсии. По данным обращаемости в амбулаторно-поликлинические учреждения за период 2008-2012 гг., выявлено 705 пациентов с эпилепсией. Общая заболеваемость эпилепсией в районе составляла от 165,2 на 100 тыс. населения в 2008 г., до 275,5 – на 100 тыс. населения в 2012 г., первичная – от 36,9 на 100 тыс. населения (в 2008 г.), до 25,0 на 100 тыс. населения (в 2012 г.). Среди назначаемых противоэпилептических препаратов наиболее часто применялись карбамазепин (52,9% пациентов) и вальпроаты (31,0% пациентов). Из противоэпилептических препаратов II поколения назначались топирамат – 7,1% пациентов, и ламотриджин – 2,9% пациентов. При этом 9,5% пациентов не принимали противоэпилептических препаратов. Выводы: распространенность эпилепсии соответствует уровню распространенности в Евросоюзе. Предложены пути оптимизации оказания противоэпилептической помощи. Существует потребность в проведении масштабных фармакоэпидемиологических и фармакоэкономических исследований.

This thesis studies the narrative interview of an Ingrian woman, who was evacuated to Finland with her family as thousands of other Ingrian Finns during the Second World War, according to the agreement between Finnish and German authorities. However, in 1945 the government of the USSR demanded return of those soviet citizens back to the Soviet Union, where they would live in Siberia or other places of the Soviet Russia without any right to go back to the places of their origins or leave the country. Therefore, tens of thousands Ingrian Finns who survived the WWII had to survive also the life in exile. The problematic of Ingrian Finns has been studied by different scientists from a variety of academic fields. This thesis makes an attempt to find out how the interviewee shapes her identity and constructs spaces and chronotopes during the process of narration, what kind of interconnection is there between the categories identification and space in the autobiographical interview. This research is constructed as a case study design. In order to understand remigrant woman s sense of identity and space gender approach is combined with cultural studies perspective in addition to sociological framework. By using narrative analysis this study tries to investigate which meanings in the text of the autobiographical interview emphasize the significance of some events and periods of time in the participant s life. What kind of events are there as a background on which the respondent shapes her identity and constructs spaces? How the narrator creates places and what are their meanings? These and some other questions arise here during the research. Hence, this study makes an attempt to define and deeply analyze the key concepts and events chosen by the respondent in her story-telling that play essential part in the process of identification and the construction of space in narrative. As a kind of discourse, narrative involves a dialogue about the variety of perceptions and understandings of the world. It has been an absolute privilege to be able to take a part in a life journey of the person who is willing to share her own understanding of the world and the way she makes sense of life. This kind of life experience makes the study unique and valuable by offering different perspectives on identity and space research. ; Жизнь как путешествие : хронотопы и нарративная самоидентификация в автобиографическом интервью

Using the example of the literary projections of French culture on the Russian literature of the eighteenth century, this article examines the evolution of Gallomania as the most important phenomenon of Russian noble culture. The aim of the article is to study the main stages of Gallomania in Russian literature from A. Kantemir to I. A. Krylov. An analysis of these stages makes it possible to trace how Russian literature, through ridiculing various types of Russian Gallomaniacs and types of Gallomaniac behaviour, made a decisive turn from Gallomania in its full sense to Gallophobia as an almost complete rejection of French culture and refusal to follow the precepts of Paris in all spheres of life — from politics to fashion.The main methods used in this work are the methods of cultural-historical, typological, and conception-character analysis of texts. The typology of the image of the Gallomaniac as a "Russian Frenchman", which received various cultural forms in the 1730s–1750s, 1760s–1770s, and 1790s–1800s, determined various concept-character orientations of literary texts of the eighteenth century. Between the 1730s and 1750s, the dominant image of the Gallomaniac was the petit maître, for whom Gallomania was associated with objects of the "fashionable vocabulary". The image of such a petit maоtre can be found in the satires of A. Kantemir, epistles, and comedies of A. P. Sumarokov. In the 1760s–1770s, fashionable Gallomania was replaced by ideological Gallomania, which included both the philosophy of Voltaireanism and the reaction to the creation of a cultural myth about Eastern Europe in Western Europe, of which Russia was an example. This stage in the development of Gallomania is characterised by the emergence of a pronounced Gallophobic mood, which is reflected in the works of D. I. Fonvizin and N. I. Novikov. Finally, the third period of Gallomania in the context of an aggravated military and political confrontation between Russia and France is characterised by accentuating the gender component, when mainly fashionable women and girls (Fashionable Wife by I. I. Dmitriev, comedies by I. A. Krylov) became the medium of Gallomanic mentality, who do not have corresponding male parallels. ; В статье на примере литературных проекций французской культуры на русскую словесность XVIII столетия рассматривается эволюция галломании как важнейшего феномена русской дворянской культуры. Целью статьи является исследование основных этапов галломании в русской литературе: от А. Кантемира до И. А. Крылова. Анализ данных этапов позволяет проследить, как русская литература через осмеивание различных типов русских галломанов и видов галломанского поведения осуществляла решительный поворот от собственно галломании к галлофобии как почти полному отвержению французской культуры и отказу следовать предписаниям Парижа во всех сферах бытия — от политики до моды.Основными методами, используемыми в работе, являются методы культурно-исторического, типологического и идейно-образного анализа текстов. Типология образа галломана как «русского француза», получающая различные культурные формы в 1730–1750-е, 1760–1770-е и 1790–1800-е гг., определила различные идейно-образные установки литературных текстов XVIII столетия. В 1730–1750-е гг. доминирующим образом галломана оказывался щеголь-петиметр, для которого галломания ассоциировалась с предметами «модного лексикона». Образ подобного петиметра можно найти в сатирах А. Кантемира, эпистолах и комедиях А. П. Сумарокова. В 1760–1770-е гг. на смену модной галломании приходит галломания идеологическая, включающая в себя как философию вольтерьянства, так и реакцию на создание в Западной Европе культурного мифа о Восточной Европе, образцом которой была Россия. Данный этап в развитии галломании характеризуется появлением ярко выраженных галлофобских настроений, находящих свое отражение в творчестве Д. И. Фонвизина и Н. И. Новикова. Наконец, третий период галломании в условиях обострившегося военного и политического противостояния России и Франции характеризуется заострением гендерной составляющей, когда носителями галломанского сознания становятся в основном модные женщины и девушки («Модная жена» И. И. Дмитриева, комедии И. А. Крылова), не имеющие соответствующей мужской параллели.

The concept of sustainable development is a paradigm of balanced, self-sustaining development through the interconnected achievement of environmental, social and economic goals. Although the achievement of the sustainable development goals remains pertinent for Russia in the framework of the country's reforms and international cooperation, there are almost no practical studies on the achievement of individual goals of the concept. This fully applies to the eighth goal of sustainable development, which includes the aspects of labor market and unemployment. The article attempts to fill this gap. The article provides a retrospective analysis of the concept of sustainable development, identifies the prerequisites and reasons for its appearance, the relationship between the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development. The evolution of the concept is considered through the prism of basic research papers, international events, program documents and decisions made by the world community. The change in attitude to the goals, indicators and metrics of the sustainable development is revealed. The problems of measuring the sustainable development, change of the bases for the concept and goals that ensure their achievement are considered. The role of labor and employment are considered as the bases for achieving all the goals of the sustainable development. A comprehensive analysis of the implementation of the eighth sustainable goal in Russia, which is a "decent work" category, including an assessment of its qualitative and quantitative characteristics, has been carried out. A comparative analysis and content analysis of the implementation of the goals in the field of labor and employment are carried out at the legislative and executive levels, such as in the state policy of the Russian Federation, presidential decrees, national projects and state programs. A statistical analysis of the indicators, according to which the implementation of the "decent work" goal is monitored in the Russian Federation, and a comparative analysis of the unemployment rate in the Russian Federation and developed countries have been carried out. A dynamic and correlationregression analyses of the structure of unemployment, informal employment in non-agricultural sectors, the structure of NEET youth and gender differences in wages in various sectors of the Russian Federation have been carried out. The trends characterizing the gender equality and equality of rights in the Russian labor market have been identified and statistically confirmed. Finally, it has been proved that in the near future the situation on the Russian labor and employment market may become a destabilizer of the national socio-economic system due to uneven spatial and regional development, as well as gender factors, and may pose a threat to achieving all the goals of the sustainable development. ; Концепция устойчивого развития – это парадигма сбалансированного, самоподдерживающегося развития, путем взаимосвязанного достижения экологических, социальных и экономических целей. Хотя достижение целей устойчивого развития актуально для России в рамках проводимых в стране реформ и международного сотрудничества, практических исследований достижения отдельных целей концепции практически отсутствуют. Это в полной мере относится к восьмой цели устойчивого развития, различные аспекты рынка труда и безработицы. В статье предпринята попытка ликвидировать обозначенный пробел. В статье проведен ретроспективный анализ концепции устойчивого развития, выявлены предпосылки и причины ее появления, взаимосвязь между понятиями устойчивость и устойчивое развитие. Рассмотрена эволюция концепции через призму главных работ, международных событий, программных документов и принимаемых мировым сообществом решений. Выявлено изменение отношения к целям, показателям и индикаторам устойчивого развития. Рассмотрены проблемы измерения устойчивого развития, изменение основ концепции и обеспечивающих их достижение целей. Рассмотрена роль труда и занятости как основ достижения всех целей устойчивого развития. Проведен комплексный анализ реализации в России восьмой цели устойчивого – категории «достойного труда», включая оценку ее качественных и количественных характеристик. Проведен сравнительный анализ и контент-анализ реализации целей в области труда и занятости на законодательном и исполнительном уровнях – в государственной политике РФ, указах президента, национальных проектах и государственных программах. Проведен статистический анализ показателей, по которым осуществляется мониторинг реализации цели «достойный труд» в РФ и сравнительный анализ уровня безработицы в РФ и развитых странах. Проведен динамический и корреляционно-регрессионный анализ структуры безработицы, неформальной занятости в несельскохозяйственных секторах, структуры NEET молодежи и гендерных различий в оплате труда в различных секторах РФ. Выявлены и статистически подтверждены тенденции, характеризующие гендерное равенство и равноправие на российском рынке труда. Доказано, что ситуация на российском рынке труда и занятости, обусловленная неравномерным пространственным и региональным развитием, а также гендерными факторами, в ближайшем будущем может стать дестабилизатором национальной социально-экономической системы и представлять угрозу для достижения всех целей устойчивого развития.

The article studies the late 19th-century occupational structure of Tobolsk in the context of other major Siberian cities. Many urban centres were strongholds for governing this huge territory, and Tobolsk was a typical provincial capital in this regard. In the most economically developed Western and Southern Siberian provinces, cities were not only administrative hubs, but also cultural and economic centres. The authors look at how urban populations were distributed among different occupational groups and social classes, and what role gender and family relations played in terms of employment. This is important, as it may help understand whether Russia's huge eastern provinces were ready for the transformations which started just two decades after the period whence the main source material of the article originates. The research is based on the first general census of the Russian Empire in 1897. The archives have not preserved primary census manuscripts as a unified collection: so far, only scattered manuscripts have emerged. Clearly, the use of the individual-level nominative census data found for Tobolsk considerably broadens the scope of the research, which was previously limited to aggregate data. The aggregate data provide an opportunity to characterise employment in Siberian cities more generally, demonstrating the occupational specificity of the 'military' and 'agrarian' cities as well as the provincial centres of Western and Eastern Siberia. The authors more closely analyse the nominative 1897 census data using the database 'Tobolsk Population in 1897', which contains information about 92.5 % of employed citizens. The individual-level data made it possible to reconstruct the age and gender structure of the economically active population of the provincial centre, to study the occupations of different estate groups, to look into specific features of secondary occupations, and to see the family's influence on the choice of occupation. All the employment data on the Siberian urban population were coded according to the HISCO standard. ; Рассматривается профессиональная структура города Тобольска конца ХIX в. Сибирь была самым масштабным регионом Российской империи со слабо развитой сетью городов, большинство из которых выполняли роль опорных центров для административного управления огромной территорией. В наиболее освоенных и развитых в хозяйственном отношении западных и южных губерниях Сибири города становились не только административными, но и культурными, и экономическими их центрами. Вопрос представляется актуальным для понимания готовности сибирских губерний к тем общественным трансформациям, которые начались спустя два десятилетия после рассматриваемого периода. Особенностью исследования является использование персональных данных Первой всеобщей переписи населения Российской империи 1897 г. На уровне персоналий оно позволяет существенно расширить исследовательский диапазон, ранее ограниченный опубликованными агрегированными материалами. С их помощью дана характеристика занятости городского населения крупных сибирских городов, показана специфика занятости «военных», «аграрных» городов, а также губернских центров Западной и Восточной Сибири. Обработка данных переписи 1897 г. на индивидуальном уровне производилась с помощью базы данных «Население Тобольска в 1897 г.», включающей сведения о 92,5 % горожан, имевших самостоятельные занятия. Персональные данные позволили провести реконструкцию возрастной и гендерной структуры экономически активного населения губернского центра, выявить особенности занятости представителей разных сословных групп, специфику дополнительных занятий городского населения, определить влияние семьи на выбор сферы деятельности человека. Все сведения о занятиях населения городов Сибири, в том числе Тобольска, были закодированы с помощью Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations.

The object of this master thesis is public policy of the United Kingdom and Germany in domestic violence. The main goal of this research is to analyze the current situation of chosen countries and as well as to discover similarities and differences of methods for preventing violence in the United Kingdom and Germany and other EU states. The main task of my study is to identify how cultural factors impact the policy-making process in case of domestic violence. The usage of such methods as analysis of literature, legislation analysis, interview analysis, discourse analysis and comparative analysis led to a conclusion that domestic violence subject is a globally gender-based problem that touches each country. However, all states solve this problem in their own ways. Moreover, many countries don't even gather data regarding violent cases and don't take any legislation and methods for preventing domestic abuse. As well as many policies that were implemented in other countries, don't work due to many reasons. First, it happens because the governments don't take into consideration cultural factors that play a big role in the society, introducing a new legislation. As well as females keep silent about domestic violence in their families due to many reasons so that it`s impossible to gather accurate data that shows the size of the problem and it helps to take proper measures for combating domestic violence. The governments and authorities that are specialized on this subject should put this problem in the priority list and introduce a new legislation considering all factors that can hinder the policy`s success. For my thesis, I use resources and literature related to domestic violence problems on the territory of the United Kingdom and Germany that help me to identify similarities and differences that exist in methods for preventing domestic abuse. Moreover, I used official websites and studies related to domestic violence not only in the United Kingdom and Germany but also in other EU countries. I recommend my thesis for politicians and authorities that are specialized on domestic violence problem and for individuals who are interested in this subject.

The object of this master thesis is public policy of the United Kingdom and Germany in domestic violence. The main goal of this research is to analyze the current situation of chosen countries and as well as to discover similarities and differences of methods for preventing violence in the United Kingdom and Germany and other EU states. The main task of my study is to identify how cultural factors impact the policy-making process in case of domestic violence. The usage of such methods as analysis of literature, legislation analysis, interview analysis, discourse analysis and comparative analysis led to a conclusion that domestic violence subject is a globally gender-based problem that touches each country. However, all states solve this problem in their own ways. Moreover, many countries don't even gather data regarding violent cases and don't take any legislation and methods for preventing domestic abuse. As well as many policies that were implemented in other countries, don't work due to many reasons. First, it happens because the governments don't take into consideration cultural factors that play a big role in the society, introducing a new legislation. As well as females keep silent about domestic violence in their families due to many reasons so that it`s impossible to gather accurate data that shows the size of the problem and it helps to take proper measures for combating domestic violence. The governments and authorities that are specialized on this subject should put this problem in the priority list and introduce a new legislation considering all factors that can hinder the policy`s success. For my thesis, I use resources and literature related to domestic violence problems on the territory of the United Kingdom and Germany that help me to identify similarities and differences that exist in methods for preventing domestic abuse. Moreover, I used official websites and studies related to domestic violence not only in the United Kingdom and Germany but also in other EU countries. I recommend my thesis for politicians and authorities that are specialized on domestic violence problem and for individuals who are interested in this subject.

Problem setting. Studying the factors that determine health shows that medicine is important along with biogenetic and environmental factors. However, the leading factors of health in modern conditions are the level and quality of life of people, the level of their health culture and lifestyle. This increases the role of researches on social and cultural conditions and determinants of health in the framework of not only medical sciences, but also the sociology of medicine, health and disease, wellness studies.Recent research and publications analysis. Development of the sociology of medicine and health has received significant support after the report of the Minister of Health of Canada M. Lalonde, "A new perspective on the health of Canadians", in which new strategies of forming a culture of public health and improving the quality of life and people's well-being were proposed. Sociological analysis of the problems of health and the development of healthcare has been significantly developed in the works of such researchers in Western Europe and North America, as R. Dubo, Т. MacKeown, V. Navarro, I. Illich, E. Friedson, I. Zola, S. Szreter, A. Williams, R. Stevens, K. Winter, A. Titmonas, N. Gail, C. Lafontaine, E. Annandale, D. Mechanic, G. Weiss, K. White, S. Blum, D. Black, H. Freeman, S. Levine, F. Wolinsky, J. Gable, M. Elston, N. Hart, J. Travis and others. Such Russian and Ukrainian scientists have contributed to the development of the sociology of medicine and health, as V. Lupandin, A. Izutkin, A. Sahno, J. Lisicin, N. Vinogradov, V. Dil'man, I. Brehman, G. Caregorodcev, V. Dimov, V. Kochenov, I. Zhuravleva, N. Grigor'eva, K. Habibulin, A. Reshetnikov, E. Dmitrieva, N. Antonova, G. Apanasenko, V. Petlenko, L. Sushhenko, I. Gorbas', G. Slabkij, V. Moskalenko, T. Gruzeva, O. Cimbrovskij, N. Panina, Y. Golovaha, O. Balakireva, N. Ringach, R. Levin, I. Venirchuk, N. Soboleva, G. Chepurko and others.Paper objective. Consideration of the main problems of modern sociology of health and healthcare as the objects of sociological research.Paper main body. Problem field of the sociology of health and medicine has a wide range of different aspects of the study of values, knowledge, ideas, norms, as well as indicators, conditions and factors of health, its pathologies at the individual, group, national and global levels. Sociology studies the development of healthcare system and medical services from an institutional point of view, considering it as a modern complex institutional phenomenon. An important aspect of sociological analysis of this institution are the manifestations of socio-economic, territorial, gender, ethnic inequality in access to medical care, health improvement and health culture. The manifestations of subnational and global gaps in access to medical care and health improvement are considered by experts as the most acute problems of modern health care.Sociological approach involves understanding the inter-institutional relations of the development of medical and healthcare through the study of their economic, political, legal, cultural, vocational, scientific, technical, information and communicative manifestations.In Ukraine, the sociology of medicine and health shows achievements in the empirical field of research and is progressively developing within the framework of academic science and universities in the medical and sports fields. Actual problems of sociological analysis of the state of health and its preservation are studies of causes of high morbidity and mortality, low birth rates, gender analysis of health and causes of morbidity, issues of the quality and accessibility of medical services, the effectiveness of health care reform, prospects for the development of insurance medicine in Ukraine, ways to increase public health culture.Conclusions of the research. Modern sociology makes an important contribution to health management as a comprehensive area of modern science about problems of public and individual health, institutional foundations of healthcare, trends and prospects for the transformation of medicine and health culture in the context of globalization and internetization of society and implementation of sustainable development strategies. The development of sociology of medicine and health is an important element in the scientific, informational and analytical support of effective policies in the field of maintaining health, improving the welfare of society and people's happiness. ; В статье рассматриваются проблемы современной социологии здоровья и медицины, объектом которых выступают исследования уровня и показателей здоровья и заболеваемости населения, их факторов, уровня культуры здоровья, а также изучение медицины как социального института, который обеспечивает процессы диагностики, лечения и профилактики заболеваний. Анализируются основные проблемы, тенденции и перспективы развития системы здравоохранения современного общества. ; У статті розглядаються проблеми сучасної соціології здоров'я та медицини, об'єктом яких є дослідження рівня і показників здоров'я і захворюваності населення, їх чинників, рівня культури здоров'я, а також вивчення медицини як соціального інституту, який забезпечує процеси діагностики, лікування і профілактики захворювань. Аналізуються основні проблеми, тенденції та перспективи розвитку системи охорони здоров'я сучасного суспільства.

Problem setting. Studying the factors that determine health shows that medicine is important along with biogenetic and environmental factors. However, the leading factors of health in modern conditions are the level and quality of life of people, the level of their health culture and lifestyle. This increases the role of researches on social and cultural conditions and determinants of health in the framework of not only medical sciences, but also the sociology of medicine, health and disease, wellness studies.Recent research and publications analysis. Development of the sociology of medicine and health has received significant support after the report of the Minister of Health of Canada M. Lalonde, "A new perspective on the health of Canadians", in which new strategies of forming a culture of public health and improving the quality of life and people's well-being were proposed. Sociological analysis of the problems of health and the development of healthcare has been significantly developed in the works of such researchers in Western Europe and North America, as R. Dubo, Т. MacKeown, V. Navarro, I. Illich, E. Friedson, I. Zola, S. Szreter, A. Williams, R. Stevens, K. Winter, A. Titmonas, N. Gail, C. Lafontaine, E. Annandale, D. Mechanic, G. Weiss, K. White, S. Blum, D. Black, H. Freeman, S. Levine, F. Wolinsky, J. Gable, M. Elston, N. Hart, J. Travis and others. Such Russian and Ukrainian scientists have contributed to the development of the sociology of medicine and health, as V. Lupandin, A. Izutkin, A. Sahno, J. Lisicin, N. Vinogradov, V. Dil'man, I. Brehman, G. Caregorodcev, V. Dimov, V. Kochenov, I. Zhuravleva, N. Grigor'eva, K. Habibulin, A. Reshetnikov, E. Dmitrieva, N. Antonova, G. Apanasenko, V. Petlenko, L. Sushhenko, I. Gorbas', G. Slabkij, V. Moskalenko, T. Gruzeva, O. Cimbrovskij, N. Panina, Y. Golovaha, O. Balakireva, N. Ringach, R. Levin, I. Venirchuk, N. Soboleva, G. Chepurko and others.Paper objective. Consideration of the main problems of modern sociology of health and healthcare as the objects of sociological research.Paper main body. Problem field of the sociology of health and medicine has a wide range of different aspects of the study of values, knowledge, ideas, norms, as well as indicators, conditions and factors of health, its pathologies at the individual, group, national and global levels. Sociology studies the development of healthcare system and medical services from an institutional point of view, considering it as a modern complex institutional phenomenon. An important aspect of sociological analysis of this institution are the manifestations of socio-economic, territorial, gender, ethnic inequality in access to medical care, health improvement and health culture. The manifestations of subnational and global gaps in access to medical care and health improvement are considered by experts as the most acute problems of modern health care.Sociological approach involves understanding the inter-institutional relations of the development of medical and healthcare through the study of their economic, political, legal, cultural, vocational, scientific, technical, information and communicative manifestations.In Ukraine, the sociology of medicine and health shows achievements in the empirical field of research and is progressively developing within the framework of academic science and universities in the medical and sports fields. Actual problems of sociological analysis of the state of health and its preservation are studies of causes of high morbidity and mortality, low birth rates, gender analysis of health and causes of morbidity, issues of the quality and accessibility of medical services, the effectiveness of health care reform, prospects for the development of insurance medicine in Ukraine, ways to increase public health culture.Conclusions of the research. Modern sociology makes an important contribution to health management as a comprehensive area of modern science about problems of public and individual health, institutional foundations of healthcare, trends and prospects for the transformation of medicine and health culture in the context of globalization and internetization of society and implementation of sustainable development strategies. The development of sociology of medicine and health is an important element in the scientific, informational and analytical support of effective policies in the field of maintaining health, improving the welfare of society and people's happiness. ; В статье рассматриваются проблемы современной социологии здоровья и медицины, объектом которых выступают исследования уровня и показателей здоровья и заболеваемости населения, их факторов, уровня культуры здоровья, а также изучение медицины как социального института, который обеспечивает процессы диагностики, лечения и профилактики заболеваний. Анализируются основные проблемы, тенденции и перспективы развития системы здравоохранения современного общества. ; У статті розглядаються проблеми сучасної соціології здоров'я та медицини, об'єктом яких є дослідження рівня і показників здоров'я і захворюваності населення, їх чинників, рівня культури здоров'я, а також вивчення медицини як соціального інституту, який забезпечує процеси діагностики, лікування і профілактики захворювань. Аналізуються основні проблеми, тенденції та перспективи розвитку системи охорони здоров'я сучасного суспільства.

Introduction. The Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), developed on the basis of J.Haidt's moral foundations theory, has become a popular tool for studying morality. The questionnaire contains five scales corresponding to moral foundations – namely, harm/care, fairness/reciprocity, in-group/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity. Despite moderate reliability of the scales, the technique can be instrumental in identifying moral foundations of social stereotypes and political beliefs in Russian samples, as well as in developing Russian instruments for diagnosing individuals' morality. This study presents the psychometric characteristics of the MFQ Russian version and provides new evidence of the relationship between moral foundations and other variables. Methods. To verify the validity of the proposed MFQ Russian version, we employed the Portrait Values Questionnaire (S.Schwartz) and the Short Dark Triad questionnaire (M.S.Egorova et al.) for measuring Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism. The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) was employed for evaluating respondents' tendency to social desirability (E.N.Osin's adaptation). Socio-demographic characteristics were identified using a special questionnaire. Results. Testing the modified version of the questionnaire on a sample comprised of 354 individual participants showed a moderate reliability of five primary scales (0.62–0.68) and a good reliability of secondary scales (0.79–0.84). The factor structure of the MFQ Russian version demonstrated a satisfactory level of matching the original technique. The respondents' answers reflected a moderate level of social desirability. The scales of moral foundations and secondary scales ('ethics of autonomy' and 'ethics of community') showed the expected relationship with values, negative personality traits, religiosity, and gender. Discussion. The unique outcome of pilot testing of the MFQ Russian version was the demonstration of a direct relationship between the individualizing and uniting moral foundations. All other results are in good agreement with the predictions of moral foundations theory and with the conclusions of previous studies. ; Введение. Разработанный на основе теории моральных оснований Дж.Хайдта «Опросник моральных оснований» (MFQ) стал популярным инструментом в зарубежных исследованиях морали. Он включает пять соответствующих моральным основаниям шкал: «забота», «справедливость», «лояльность группе», «уважение» и «чистота». Несмотря на умеренную надежность шкал, методика может оказаться полезной для исследования моральных основ социальных стереотипов и политических убеждений в русскоязычных выборках, а также для разработки отечественных методик диагностики моральной сферы. В данном исследовании впервые представлены психометрические характеристики русскоязычной версии опросника моральных оснований и приведены новые данные о связи моральных оснований с другими качествами. Методы. Для проверки валидности предложенной русскоязычной версии опросника моральных оснований использовались «Портретный ценностный опросник» (Ш.Шварц) и «Короткий опросник Темной триады», направленный на измерение макиавеллизма, психопатии и нарциссизма (М.С.Егорова и др.). Для анализа подверженности ответов тенденции к социальной желательности использовался опросник социальной желательности BIDR (адаптация Е.Н.Осина). Социально-демографические характеристики были выявлены с помощью специальной анкеты. Результаты. По итогам апробации адаптированной версии методики на выборке из 354человек сделаны выводы об умеренной надежности пяти первичных шкал (0.62–0.68) и хорошей надежности шкал второго уровня (0.79–0.84). Факторная структура русскоязычной версии показывает удовлетворительное соответствие оригиналу. Выявлена умеренная подверженность ответов тенденции к социальной желательности. Анализ валидности показал, что шкалы моральных оснований и шкалы второго уровня («этика автономии» и «этика сообщества») демонстрируют ожидаемые связи с ценностями, негативными чертами личности, религиозностью и полом. Обсуждение результатов. Особенностью русскоязычной версии является наличие прямых связей между индивидуализирующими и сплачивающими моральными основаниями. Тем не менее, остальные результаты хорошо соответствуют предсказаниям теории моральных оснований и выводам, полученным в зарубежных исследованиях.

Purpose of research. The article examines the human potential of the Russian Federation in the context of the established second wave of the demographic crisis. The article analyzes the state of the number, composition and structure of the population of the Russian Federation during the first (1992–2012) and second demographic crisis (2016 and up to the present), taking into account the factors of population reproduction (birth rate and mortality) and migration inflows to the country. Factors and causes of external migration with the CIS countries are identified, as they have been and remain the main donors for replenishing the population of the Russian Federation. On the basis of analytical indicators of dynamics and methods of statistical relationships, an assessment of external migration growth and its impact on the country's economy is carried out. Special attention is paid to measures taken at the state level to stabilize and improve migration problems.Materials and methods. The information base of the study is statistical data and analytical information on external migration flows, based on statistical surveys conducted in the country. The methodological basis of the research is represented by statistical methods of information analysis: comparative analysis, structural and dynamic analysis, analysis of the interrelationships of migration and economic indicators.Results. The article analyzes in detail the results of current events in the country during periods of demographic decline and population growth since 1992. Due to the demographic policy implemented in the country, as well as the peculiarities of the age and gender structure of the population, it is proved that the main component for population growth is still the migration inflow. Special attention is paid to external labor migration in recent years. The impact of migration growth on economic indicators (unemployment rate, real wages, index of physical volume of GDP) and the development of the economy as a whole are estimated. Also, on the scale of the State National Policy Strategy being implemented until 2025, state measures to stabilize and improve the situation in the field of migration policy are presented and analyzed.Conclusion. Due to the fact that migration policy is a defining component of demographic policy, which is currently one of the priorities of the state's development, it is advisable to regularly study external migration as one of the most important sources of replenishment of human capital and hence the development of the country's economy. Therefore, the government of the Russian Federation should pay special attention to measures to attract foreign highly qualified labor force in active working age; providing foreign students who have successfully completed their studies and defended their diplomas in Russian universities with the opportunity to find a job in our country in order to obtain Russian citizenship and create a family in Russia. As well as carrying out regular monitoring studies on adaptation of foreign citizens, taking into account regional peculiarities of development of economy of our country, because today in the conditions of demographic decline of the Russian population it is one of the main sources of economic development on the geopolitical level, as labor potential – a basis for national economic growth. ; Цель исследования. В статье проводится исследование человеческого потенциала Российской Федерации в условиях устоявшейся второй волны демографического кризиса. Анализируется состояние численности, состава и структуры населения РФ в периоды первого (1992–2012 гг.) и второго демографического кризиса (2016 год и по настоящее время) с учетом факторов воспроизводства населения (рождаемости и смертности) и миграционных притоков в страну. Выявляются факторы и причины внешней миграции со странами СНГ, так как они были и остаются основными донорами для пополнения состава населения РФ. На базе аналитических показателей динамики и методов статистических взаимосвязей приводится оценка внешнего миграционного прироста и его влияния на экономику страны. Особое внимание уделяется проводимым на государственном уровне мерам стабилизации и улучшения проблем миграции.Материалы и методы. Информационной базой исследования являются статистические данные и аналитическая информация о потоках внешней миграции, на основе проводимых в стране статистических обследований. Методологическую базу исследования представляют статистические методы анализа информации: сравнительный анализ, структурно-динамический анализ, анализ взаимосвязей миграционных и экономических показателей.Результаты. В статье детально разобраны результаты происходящих событий в стране в периоды демографической убыли и роста населения с 1992 года. Благодаря демографической политике, проводимой в стране, а также особенностям возрастно-половой структуры населения, доказывается, что главной компонентой для роста численности населения, по-прежнему остается миграционный приток. Особое внимание уделяется трудовой внешней миграции за последние годы. Оценивается влияние миграционного прироста на экономические показатели (уровень безработицы, реальную заработную плату, индекс физического объема ВВП) и развитие экономики в целом. Также в масштабах проводимой до 2025 года Стратегии государственной национальной политики, приводятся и анализируются государственные меры по стабилизации и улучшению ситуации в области миграционной политики.Заключение. В силу того, что миграционная политика является определяющей компонентой демографической политики, являющейся в настоящее время одной из приоритетных задач развития государства, целесообразно регулярное исследование внешней миграции, как одного из важнейших источников пополнения человеческого капитала, а значит и развития экономики страны. Поэтому особое внимание Правительству РФ необходимо уделять мерам по привлечению зарубежной высоко- квалифицированной рабочей силы в активном трудоспособном возрасте; предоставлению иностранным студентам, успешно закончивших обучение и защитивших дипломы в российских вузах возможности трудоустроиться на перспективную работу в нашей стране с целью получения российского гражданства, создания семьи в России. А так же проведения регулярных мониторинговых исследований в области адаптации иностранных граждан с учетом региональных особенностей развития экономики нашей страны, ведь на сегодняшний день в условиях демографической убыли российского населения это – один из основных источников развития экономики на геополитическом уровне, так как трудовой потенциал –основа для роста национальной экономики.