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Over the past three decades, the important role that anthropological theory has bestowed on the body, modernity, nationalism, the state, citizenship, transnationalism, globalization, gender, and sexuality has placed sports at the center of questions central to the discipline. New approaches to the body, based on practice theory, view the sporting body as more than just a biological entity, allowing us to observe sports as they "travel" transnationally and illuminating issues relevant to such dynamics as colonialism, globalization, sport mega-events, and labor migration. A distinctly anthropological approach, with its unique research methods, approaches to theory, and holistic thinking, can utilize insights from the constitution of sport as human action to illuminate important social issues in a way that no other discipline can. On this foundation, the anthropology of sport is now poised to make significant contributions to our understanding of central problems in anthropology.

This article argues that the recent growth of interest in the body in Western social science has been largely based on Western assumptions of social development. In particular, studies of sport and body culture more generally have either ignored non-Western societies, such as Japan, or sustained stereotypical views of Japanese culture. As a small amount of research being developed by anthropologists suggests, the study of sport and body culture in Japan reveals similarities and differences with the West. The pattern of Japanese social development is both a route to modernity and one of the roots of modernity. Reflections on three areas (body culture, physical culture and sport) illustrate this argument and suggest where further research is required.

Athletes are often at a greater risk for disordered eating development due to their perfectionistic tendencies, as well as physical performance- and appearance-related demands of various sports in which they compete. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the possibility of independent contributions of perfectionism and body satisfaction on dieting behaviour among male and female athletes. Two-hundred-eighty (192 male; 88 female) athletes provided their answers on the Eating Attitudes Test 26 (EAT-26), Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PANPS) and modified Body Image Satisfaction Scale from Body Image and Body Change Inventory. No gender or sport type differences were observed in dieting behaviour and body satisfaction was the only significant predictor of dieting for female athletes. Mediation analysis demonstrated that body satisfaction is a mediator between both adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism and dieting. These findings emphasize the important role that body satisfaction has in disordered eating development in female athletes.

This article compares the Golden Girls of Sport calendar, which was ostensibly launched to provide Australian women competing in the 1996 Olympic Games with greater access to the media, with a special issue of black+ white magazine, titled The Atlanta Dream, which featured Australian men and women competitors at the Olympic Games in Atlanta. The two publications are analysed in the context of gender theory, with particular focuses on the social construction of gendered bodies and the different ways that femininity and masculinity are represented in the mass media.

Mit der aktuellen Diskussion um die Gleichstellung der Frau ist auch der Gleichberechtigungsartikel des Grundgesetzes in das Zentrum des Interesses gerückt. Nachdem die Vorschriften, die Frauen ausdrücklich benachteiligen, weitgehend aus der Rechtsordnung verschwunden sind, werden neue Probleme an ihn herangetragen, wie etwa die Frage nach der Zulässigkeit von Frauenquoten.Damit muß grundsätzlich geklärt werden, wie das Grundrecht "Männer und Frauen sind gleichberechtigt" zu verstehen ist. Hierzu werden die Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts analysiert und die verschiedenen Phasen der Auslegung in der Literatur kritisch gewürdigt. Ein rechtsvergleichender Blick gilt der parallelen Diskussion in den USA. Die Autorin kommt mit Hilfe der klassischen Auslegungsmethode zu dem Ergebnis, daß der Gleichberechtigungssatz als gruppenbezogenes Dominierungsverbot zu verstehen ist.Die 1. Auflage der Untersuchung hat ein großes Echo in der Fachöffentlichkeit und darüber hinaus gefunden. Die 2. Auflage wurde um einen Nachtrag erweitert, der die Entwicklung seit dem Jahr 1991 verarbeitet und insbesondere die kürzlich vorgenommene Verfassungsänderung berücksichtigt.

This study focuses on how sports attitudes and participation relate to physical aggression outside sport for college athletes. Data were derived from a survey of nearly 200 male and female athletes at a medium-size (11,500-student) comprehensive university. Physical aggression was measured by an item concerning whether the respondents ever physically harmed or injured other persons outside sport in fights or disagreements. Although exploratory, this study suggests potentially valuable insights about how gender, beliefs in the value of toughness in sport, accidentally or intentionally hurting other athletes in competition, and participation in a team or contact sport relate to physical aggression outside sport. Whereas attitudes, having hurt other athletes, and team and contact sport participation all were related to physical aggression outside sport for male athletes, only participation in a contact sport was related to physical aggression outside sport for female athletes.

"This book critically explores the history of gender verification in international sport, to show how culture, politics, and science come together to produce "femaleness" and, consequently, the female body as we know it. Tracing gender verification policies and practices in sport since the 1930s till the present, the book shows how and why medical "sex tests" have been used to "verify" women athletes' femaleness, in ways that both reflect and have shaped broader social and scientific ideas about femaleness in the process. Exploring how geopolitics, gender, class and race relations intertwined with scientific ideas about femaleness and womanhood to shape gender verification, the book shows how sports competitions became a battleground where new and old ideas about sex difference collided. By mapping the social, historical, and material instability of sex and gender, it shows why so much investment has been placed in distinguishing femaleness from maleness in sport and beyond. The book will be of interest to researchers, later-year undergraduate and graduate students in a broad range of areas including gender studies, sports studies, social and historical studies of science and medicine. It will also be relevant to sports policy as it historically and conceptually contextualises gender verification policies"--

"This book focuses on elite disability sport in China in the context of history, politics, policies and practice from 1979 to 2012. It examines the relationship between athletes with disabilities and the three major disability games: the Paralympic Games, the Special Olympic Games and the Deaflympic Games. Three key questions are asked: What policies have ensured the success of elite disability sport? How do the elite sport system and management of elite disability sport work in China? In what way has elite disability sport empowered athletes with disabilities in China? The book includes a comprehensive literature review on the historical development of disability sport in China and beyond. Functionalism and empowerment are the major theoretical backgrounds for the research. The former analyses the function of elite sport policies, systems and other factors occurring during the process, whilst the latter examines the relationship of empowerment between elite disability sport and athletes in China. The three major disability competitions are used as case studies. The book concludes by indicating some potential future directions for further research"--

Our body is always a "social" fact. It is an expression of existing social conditions, which determine how we perceive and control our physical selves, how we use our body as an expressive medium, how we handle our body and control it, how we make use of our bodies, and how we view our body. When we speak of our body as a social fact, we mean the following four elements: a) the "techniques of the body", or in other words, the way motion (e.g., walking, running, jumping, swimming) is traditionally realized in a society; b) "expressive body movement" such as posture, gesture, facial expressions and so on, which serve as symbolic forms of self-expression and of (non-verbal) communication; hence, as "body language"; c) "body ethos" or the attitude towards one's own body, which match person al and social identity; d) controls of drive and need. Every society recognizes, and also usually differentiates on a class and gen der-specific basis, a norm for each of these dimensions of the body which firmly establishes body techniques, expressive body movement, body ethos, and physical self-control. Such norms apply to all bodily movements and to the control of drives and needs; hence also to sports. What is "possible" and "not possible" in sports, what is acceptable in bodily exertion, body control, posture, which presentation of the body is acceptable for men and women, for old and young, for members of the lower or the upper class, is defined by just such social norms and rules, that determine the body as a social fact. These relationships should be examined in detail, if we wish to judge the significance of body sociology for the sociology of sports. For this, it is necessary: 1) to make clear the anthropological prerequisites of a sociology of the body, 2) to describe the already mentioned individual components of the body as a social fact to classify its socio-cultural, class and gender-specific differentiations and, 3) to treat the specific dependence-relationship of the body as a social fact upon social development.

Feminist approaches to multi-scalar, more-than-human, power and politics pushes critical agrarian studies in novel directions. Gender-nature-body are critical sites for realignments of social, material and political relations, resulting in uneven access to and control over resources. Gender, race, class and other forms of intersectional socionatural relations are foundational to agrarian studies concerns such as class formation, collective action, extractivism and land grabs. The chapter reframes agrarian conflicts as the material and emotional outcomes of embodied, differentiated responses to enclosure and commodification, linking scales from the global economy to the uneven conditions of peoples' lives to illuminate spaces of transformation.