Suchergebnisse

Motherhood without icing and retouching. The 'Polish Mother' icon in Polish literature created after the year 2000 and blogs Polish woman-centered symbolism has a specific dimension, which is depicted in the iconic 'Polish Mother' (Matka Polka). The iconic image is deeply rooted in Polish history and culture and it often refers to the mother of Jesus as she is expected to sacrifice her children for the motherland. As a woman, she realizes herself not only through motherhood but also in the service of her nation, and as such, she becomes a highly charged metaphor for both motherly love and patriotism. The 'Polish Mother' is a myth; a stereotype that has shaped the thinking of the nation for more than two centuries and is still largely in force. In contemporary literature (and also in various media texts and blogs) one can identify however, obvious attempts to re-evaluate this very traditional iconic image. Especially motherhood, in Poland today, has gained a new dimension. I investigate some of the most characteristic aspects of the selected texts, focusing on the discrepancy between the old clichés and expectations and the subversion of traditionally defined motherhood in a modern society, which no longer takes the 'Polish Mother' at face value.

In the last couple of years, the concept of knowledge co-production has become more prominent. However, the meaning of the term and its relationship with the evidence-based policy (EBP) remains ambiguous. The main objectives of the review were to describe how the co-production of knowledge has been defined, the roles that individual actors can play in the process and the relationship between knowledge co-production and the evidence-based policy approach. The author asserted that the knowledge co-production was treated by the researchers both as a participatory research method and as an institutional solution for better policy implementation.

Abstrakt

Il saggio presenta una ricognizione dei problemi e delle prospettive per la diffusione della lingua italiana nel mondo: lo fa con una logica da saggio di pensiero e non di dati, anche se rimanda ai dati degli Stati Generali dell'Italiano nel Mondo. Gli assi costitutivi della riflessione sono due: una riflessione sul 'mercato delle lingue' in un mondo che, dopo gli entusiasmi della globalizzazione di vent'anni fa, ha una pericolosa tendenza a tornare ad occuparsi del proprio particulare, in una logica estremamente locale, molto diversa dalla glocalizzazione al cui interno la diffusione dell'italiano pare facilitata; in secondo luogo, gli elementi caratterizzanti di una 'politica di qualità' secondo le regole del marketing, applicato al 'prodotto' Italia/italiano. Il quadro che emerge è molto meno drammatico di quanto si ascolti di solito nei convegni di italianisti, e presenta punti di forza accanto a punti critici, che tuttavia appaiono superabili.

"Stan generalny" języka włoskiego dla obcokrajowców

Esej diagnozuje problemy i prezentuje perspektywy rozprzestrzeniania się języka włoskiego na świecie: choć logika wywodu jest eseistyczna, ważny punkt odniesienia stanowią także dane instytucji Stati Generali dell'Italiano nel Mondo. Obrano dwie zasadnicze osie refleksji: pierwsza z nich podejmuje tematykę "rynku języków" we współczesnym świecie, w którym, przy ostudzonym znacznie zachwycie globalizacją sprzed dwudziestu lat, daje się zauważyć niebezpieczna tendencja powrotu do partykularyzmów, według logiki skrajnego lokalizmu, odmiennego jednak od "glokalizacji", w warunkach której rozprzestrzenianie się języka włoskiego wydaje się łatwiejsze. Drugą osią refleksji są charakterystyczne elementy "polityki jakości", opracowywanej według reguł marketingowych i aplikowanej wobec "produktu" pod nazwą Italia. Obraz sytuacji wyłaniający się z takiej refleksji okazuje się dużo mniej dramatyczny od tego, który zwykło się odmalowywać na konferencjach italianistycznych; wyodrębnione zostają bowiem zarówno mocne strony, jak i punkty krytyczne, które jednak nie wydają się przeszkodami niemożliwymi do pokonania.

The film is one of few examples of political documentaries produced in Poland after 1989. It is not limited to merely outlining the political argument over General Jaruzelski's decision to impose martial law. Although it concerns events in Polish history, it is not a historical documentary, as it brings forth present-day political conflicts that have arisen around historical events. Trying to reconstruct this current political argument, Zmarz-Koczanowicz reaches for a method developed in the 1970s by the so-called "Kraków School" led by Krzysztof Kieślowski. ^e "talking heads" method was meant to help documentary filmmakers in the Polish People's Republic reach what the person in the street actually thought and avoid the distortions of propaganda. For Kieślowski, however, the overriding aim was conciliation and an attempt to understand both sides of the political barricade - the authorities and the vox popu- li. His attitude, according to the terminology suggested by Chantal Mouffe, was a post-political one striving for an agreement through a rational dialogue. Zmarz-Koczanowicz's aim, however, is different: she is intent on showing a clash of different hegemonies that do not strive for consensus. Their agonistic argument, played out in the political register, rather than a moral one, is a guarantee, according to this Belgian philosopher of politics, that democracy will continue to exist.

The aim of this article is to outline the process of institutionalization of strategic studies, understood as the essence of contemporary security studies. Article explores the genesis of strategic studies and attempts to determine areas of reflection in this field of knowledge. Strategic studies developed in the half of the 20th century. Its mission was to form a creative synthesis of military, economic and political scientific approaches towards the threat of nuclear war. Crisis of strategic studies took place in the 70s. The end of so called Cold War popularized the issue of security within the non-military context. Therefore, problems analysed by traditional strategic studies evolved. Author's final reflection tries to strenghten Polish potential in developing contemporary security studies.

This paper discusses guidelines for implementation of art. 107–109 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, from the perspective of tax aid. This should lead to verification of the thesis that due to economic recovery plan – in response to the effects of the financial and economic crisis – implemented at EU level, the support of the public authorities in the form of tax subsidies has become the most broadly used form of State aid due to the value among all the forms of aid granted by member states of the European Union. The adoption of such a thesis raises the question of the influence of state aid on the size of the general government sector debt in the EU member states, which have provided tax aid. This analysis was carried out based on the linear regression model. The response variable (dependent variable Y) is the size of the general government sector debt, and explanatory variable (independent variable X) is the expenditure on state aid. ; W artykule omówiono wytyczne dla wdrażania art. 107–109 Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej, z punktu widzenia pomocy podatkowej. Prowadzi to do weryfikacji tezy, że ze względu na wdrożony na szczeblu UE – w odpowiedzi na skutki kryzysu finansowego i gospodarczego – plan naprawy gospodarczej, wsparcie ze strony władz publicznych w formie subsydiów podatkowych stało się najczęściej stosowaną ze względu na wartość formą pomocy publicznej spośród wszystkich form pomocy udzielanych przez państwa członkowskie Unii Europejskiej. Przyjęcie takiej tezy skłania do postawienia pytania o wpływ pomocy państwa na wielkość zadłużenia sektora finansów publicznych w państwach członkowskich UE, które udzielały pomocy podatkowej. Analiza ta została przeprowadzona na podstawie modelu regresji liniowej. Zmienną objaśnianą (zmienną zależną Y) jest wielkość długu sektora general government, a zmienną objaśniającą (zmienną niezależną X) są wydatki na pomoc państwa.

Scientific literature presents the labour market policy in Poland in an abstract way: through the prism of statistics, expenditure, regulations and organisational structures. However, we know very little about everyday work of public employment services (Powiatowe Urzędy Pracy, PUP), i.e. institutions created in response to a major societal problem of the unemployment. Referring to the research results, inspired by the street-level bureaucracy perspective, this paper explains why it is important to analyse routine, mundane activities of frontline staff of PUP. It also reconstructs which elements of academic narratives on the labour market policy in Poland move us away from the understanding of typical aspects of this administrative world.

Metal Music Studies started in 2008. This article describes their genesis and the history of their growth up to the present day. It summarizes the most important publications and lists the academic centers that proved to be crucial for stimulating their growth. The article moves on to describe the main research areas of Metal Studies, supplementing each description with relevant published research examples