In this article we provide the literature review of the geological and geographical problems which were successfully solved due to application of GRACE satellite mission data. GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) is gravitational satellite mission the purpose of which is precise mapping of variations of Earth's gravity field. The data has high resolution that gives the opportunity to solve a lot of geological and geographical problems.
The importance of federation as a form of state arrangement in solving national problems in the USSR is discussed. The USSR is a socialist federative state where 100 nations & peoples are united into 53 national state formations, ie, 15 union sovereign & 20 autonomous soviet socialist republics, besides 8 autonomous regions & 10 national districts, which are situated in different geographical regions of the Soviet country. All forms of the Soviet national state structure & the USSR as a whole, are made up as a result of the freely expressed will of its nations & peoples. The part of economic & geographical factors in forming & consolidating the federation is great. The importance of scientifically-based geographical labor division, economic regioning, economy dislocation & specialization, extension of economic & cultural links in forming Soviet federative state subjects are explored. AA
The article proposes a method for identifying "reviving" rural settlements (RS). Case studies of the Tver region RS revealed what features of the geographical location determine a settlement opportunities for revitalization. The previous typology, based on the analysis of satellite images, showed a considerable differentiation in the degree of RS degradation, classified according to the 2010 census as "without population". Further work to determine the leading factors of revitalization was based on the study of those RS where the houses and outbuildings, identified by satellite images, have been preserved to the greatest extent. Nearness to rivers and water bodies, position relative to federal and regional highways, and location near the regional and/or district center were chosen as key features of the geographical location that have an effect on the prospects for revitalization of a territory. The presence of registered residents (according to current records) and demarcated cadastral plots are indicators of the RS revitalization. The study showed that one third of all RS, which fell into the category "without population" according to 2010 statistics, could now be considered "reviving". A key factor in the revitalization of rural settlements of the Tver region is their nearness to the river, mainly to the Volga River. Another important factor is the location in the zone of influence of main centers, primarily the city of Tver. The main function is the recreational (dacha) use of such villages.
Military affairs as public activities and institutions are fundamentally connected to their geographical environment and landscape. While this close relationship has been a constant phenomenon in the cultural history of human societies, its manifestations have been different in each historical era. Nevertheless, this process can best be described by the tightening relationship between geographical factors and military affairs. The significance of the impact of geographical relations on military activities was realized from the beginning, but the development of this understanding - from empiricism to modem academic military geographical thinking - has been a special process of cultural history. The way military decisionmaking has considered geographical factors over time shows a tight correlation with the general geographical literacy and the standing of geography as a science in a given era, as well as with how developed management theory was at the time. The present study describes the main steps and some special features of the cultural history of this multifaceted development, which involves both management theory and strategic management.
AbstractThe high rate of poverty in Nigeria is alarming with over 105 million people living in poverty. Despite the significant proportion of the population living in poverty in the country and the obvious spatial variations, there is scant evidence regarding the spatial factors driving the variations, leading to ineffectual policies for tackling the problem. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the geographical distribution of poverty and the predictors across Nigeria with a view to providing spatially explicit policies to curb the high poverty rates. The data were obtained from the United Nations Development Program Report and the National Bureau of Statistics. Spatial statistics of global and local Moran's indexes, ordinary least squares regression, and the geographically weighted regression techniques were adopted for the data analysis. Noticeable geographical variations in poverty rates in the country were observed, with high clusters in northern Nigeria. Moreover, the predictors of poverty differed significantly across the country, following socioeconomic pathways and location. While the illiteracy rate and location (distance to the coast) were predictors of poverty in northern Nigeria, unemployment was more of a predictor in southern Nigeria. The study recommends spatially explicit policies to curb poverty in the country.
