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Cover -- CONTENTS -- GLOSSARY -- PREFACE -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- I. TRENDS IN PUBLIC INVESTMENT -- A. Background -- B. Trends in Total Public Investment and Capital Stock -- C. Composition and Financing of Public Investment -- II. EFFICIENCY AND IMPACT OF PUBLIC INVESTMENT -- III. PUBLIC INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS -- A. The PIMA Framework -- B. Investment Planning -- C. Investment Allocation -- D. Investment Implementation -- IV. CROSSCUTTING ISSUES -- A. Legal and Regulatory Framework -- B. IT Systems and Data Management -- C. Capacity Building -- BOXES -- 1. Government Platform 2016-20 Infrastructure Investments -- 2. GNERC WACC Calculation Inputs -- 3. Key Features of the PPP Law -- 4. Desirable Features of PC Monitoring -- 5. Definition of Capital Project Used in the Capital Projects Annex to the Budget -- FIGURES -- 0.1. Strength of Public Investment Management Institutions -- 1. Total Investment -- 2. Public Investment and Capital Stock -- 3. General Government Capital Stock -- 4. General Government Capital Stock per Capita 2011 -- 5. General Government Fiscal Balance -- 6. Composition of Public Spending -- 7. General Government Fiscal Balance -- 8. General Government Fiscal Balance and Gross Debt -- 9. PPP Capital Stock, Georgia and EMEs -- 10. PPP Capital Stock, Comparing Georgia with Peer Countries 2015 -- 11. Georgia, Composition of Public Investment by Functional Classification -- 12. EMEs Composition of Public Investment by Functional Classification -- 13. Composition of Public Investment Portfolio 2015-17 -- 14. Investment in Public Infrastructure Assets 2005-17 -- 15. Financing of Investment Spending by General Government 2009-17 -- 16. Perception of Infrastructure Quality, Comparison with Peers -- 17. Perception of Infrastructure Quality, Components for Georgia -- 18. Measures of Infrastructure Access.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- PROGRAM PERFORMANCE -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Creating Fiscal Space for Education while Advancing Structural Fiscal Reforms -- B. Supporting Price Stability and Reserve Accumulation with Continued Exchange Rate Flexibility -- C. Strengthening Financial Resilience -- D. Harnessing Structural Reforms to Promote More Inclusive Growth -- PROGRAM ISSUES AND FINANCING -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Developing Local Capital Markets in Georgia -- 2. Female Labor Force Participation in Georgia -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector and Inflation Developments -- 2. External Sector Developments -- 3. International Investment Position -- 4. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 5. Financial Sector Developments -- 6. Macro-Financial Developments -- 7. Macro-Structural Challenges -- 8. Public Sector Debt Sustainability Analysis - Baseline Scenario -- 9. Public Sector Debt Sustainability Analysis - Composition of Public Debt and Alternative Scenarios -- 10. External Debt Sustainability: Bound Tests -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 2017-24 -- 2. Balance of Payments, 2017-24 -- 3a. General Government Operations, GFSM2001 2017-24 (In millions of GEL) -- 3b. General Government Operations, GFSM2001 2017-24 (In percent of GDP) -- 4. Monetary Survey, 2017-20 -- 5. Selected Monetary and Financial Soundness Indicators, 2016 - Mar 2019 -- 6. External Vulnerability Indicators, 2017-24 -- 7. Gross External Requirements, 2017-24 -- 8. Indicators of Fund Credit, 2018-24 -- 9. Schedule of Reviews and Available Purchases -- 10. External Debt Sustainability Framework, 2015-2024 -- ANNEXES -- I. Risk Assessment Matrix -- II. External Sector Assessment -- APPENDICES -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment I. Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies -- Attachment II. Technical Memorandum of Understanding.

Intro -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- Georgia [Republic]: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests( -- Summary -- Political Background -- Georgia: Basic Facts -- Human Rights -- Economic Conditions -- Georgia and Russia's Accession to the WTO -- Foreign Policy and Defense -- The August 2008 Russia-Georgia Conflict -- U.S. Relations -- Contributions to Counter-Terrorism Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan -- End Notes -- Georgia Country Profile( -- People and History -- Government -- Principal Government Officials -- Political Conditions -- Economy -- Foreign Relations -- U.S.-Georgia Relations -- U.S. Assistance to Georgia -- 2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-Georgia( -- Introduction -- Executive Summary -- Section 1. Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from -- a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life -- b. Disappearance -- c. Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment -- Prison and Detention Center Conditions -- d. Arbitrary Arrest or Detention -- Role of the Police and Security Apparatus -- Arrest Procedures and Treatment While in Detention -- e. Denial of Fair Public Trial -- Trial Procedures -- Political Prisoners and Detainees -- Regional Human Rights Court Decisions -- Civil Judicial Procedures and Remedies -- Property Restitution -- f. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence -- g. Use of Excessive Force and other Abuses in Internal Conflicts -- Killings -- Abductions -- Section 2. Respect for Civil Liberties, Including -- a. Freedom of Speech and Press -- Status of Freedom of Speech and Press -- Internet Freedom -- Academic Freedom and Cultural Events -- b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association -- Freedom of Assembly -- Freedom of Association -- c. Freedom of Religion

The National Bank of Georgia (NBG) has a broad mandate to safeguard financial stability inGeorgia and has applied several measures that can be considered macroprudential. For instance, the NBG adjusted risk weights for foreign-currency (FX) loans to unhedged borrowers in a countercyclical manner in recent years. Going forward, it plans to introduce the Basel III countercyclical capital buffer regime for the banking system in 2015, which will require that it sets or releases the buffer on a regular basis, based on assessments of cyclical risks.Policymakers should consider establishing a full-fl

This book presents the outcomes of a review of legal and institutional frameworks for fighting corruption in Georgia, which was carried out in the framework of the Anti-Corruption Network for Transition Economies based at the OECD. The review examined national anti-corruption policy and institutions currently in place in Georgia, national anti-corruption legislation, and preventive measures to ensure the integrity of civil service and effective financial control. This publication contains the recommendations as well as the full text of the self-assessment report provided by the government of Georgia.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- PROGRAM PERFORMANCE -- OUTLOOK -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Fiscal Policy -- B. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies -- C. Financial Sector Policies -- D. Structural Policies -- PROGRAM ISSUES AND FINANCING -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- FIGURES -- 1. Fiscal Performance under the Extended Fund Facility, 2016-23 -- 2. Real Sector and Inflation Developments -- 3. External Sector Developments -- 4. International Investment Position (IIP) -- 5. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 6. Financial Sector Developments -- 7. Macro-Financial Developments -- 8. Macro-Structural Challenges -- 9. Public Sector Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) -- 10. Public Debt Sustainability Analysis - Composition of Public Debt and Alternative Scenarios -- 11. External Debt Sustainability: Bound Tests -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 2015-23 -- 2. Summary Balance of Payments, 2015-23 -- 3a. General Government Operations, GFSM 2001, 2015-23 (In millions of GEL) -- 3b. General Government Operations, GFSM 2001 2015-23 (In percent of GDP) -- 4. Monetary Survey, 2015-19 -- 5. Selected Monetary and Financial Soundness Indicators, 2015-August 2018 -- 6. External Vulnerability Indicators, 2015-23 -- 7. Gross External Requirement, 2017-23 -- 8. Indicators of Fund Credit, 2015-23 -- 9. Schedule of Reviews and Available Purchases -- 10. External Debt Sustainability Framework, 2014-23 -- ANNEXES -- I. Risk Assessment Matrix -- II. Spillovers from the Deterioration in the Turkish Economy -- APPENDIX -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment I. Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies (MEFP) -- Attachment II. Technical Memorandum of Understanding (TMU)

Real GDP growth for 2010 has been revised upward to 6.3 percent, and annual CPI inflation has increased to about 10 percent. End-December performance criteria (PC) are expected to be met, with the exception of the fiscal deficit and general government expenditure targets owing to the late disbursement of budget grants and disbursements under a project loan on-lent by the government, which came in earlier than the authorities anticipated. Policies are on track and have broadly delivered on program objectives

KEY ISSUESContext. Georgia's previous Fund-supported program, which expired in April 2014, met most of its objectives, in particular by reducing Georgia's external and fiscal imbalances. The program also helped preserve the central bank's independence after the 2012–13 political transition and strengthened its inflation-targeting framework. However, over time it proved increasingly difficult to reconcile the program's fiscal objectives with the new government's policies of increasing social spending, especially after the economy slowed and revenues fell short in 2013. Also, despite the progres

Cover -- CONTENTS -- GLOSSARY -- PREFACE -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. DESIGN OPTIONS FOR THE FISCAL RULES -- A. International Experience -- B. Fiscal Rules in the Georgia Context -- C. Corrective Mechanisms -- D. Escape Clauses -- E. Oversight Arrangements -- F. Revisions of the Fiscal Rules -- G. Recommendations -- III. COVERAGE AND MEASUREMENT -- A. Institutional and Transactional Coverage -- B. Measurement of Government Transactions -- C. Implications for the Fiscal Aggregates -- D. Recommendations -- IV. IMPLEMENTING THE FISCAL RULES -- A. Applying the Fiscal Rules in Fiscal Policy -- B. Reporting on the Fiscal Rules -- C. Compliance by Subnational Governments -- D. Enhancing Budget Institutions -- E. Recommendations -- BOXES -- 1.1. Constraints on Taxes in the Constitution and the ELA -- 2.1. Assessment of Fiscal Rules -- 2.2. Considerations for Expenditure Rule Coverage -- 3.1. Delineation between General Government and SOEs -- 3.2. Accounting Government Support to SOEs in Fiscal Statistics -- 4.1. Illustrative MTBF Model -- 4.2. Country Examples of Ceilings in their PPP Laws -- 4.3. Considerations for the Design of PPP/PPA Ceilings -- FIGURES -- 2.1. International Experience with Fiscal Rules -- 2.2. Fiscal Rules with Escape Clauses -- 2.3. Real GDP Growth 2000Q1-2016Q4 (year-on year) -- 4.1. Debt Trajectory and Safe Debt Level -- 4.2. Debt and Deficit Paths Under Alternative Options -- 4.3. Municipal Budget Balance and Liabilities -- 4.4. Successive Real GDP and Inflation Forecasts 2010-16 -- 4.5. Revisions to Medium-term Plans -- TABLES -- 0.1. Overview of Recommendations -- 1.1. Fiscal Forecasts and Outturns in Georgia -- 3.1. Transactions of LEPLs Controlled by Central Government 2015-16 -- 3.2. Revision to Government Deficit due to the Change in Sector Classification, 2013.

This study of the education system of Georgia is part of the handbook "The education systems of Europe" which presents an analytical description of the education systems of all European countries, following common guidelines. The study begins with the historical and socio-cultural background of the Georgian educational system which is followed by the description of the organizational and administrative context of the current education system. The next step is the functioning of the current education system, beginning with a structural overview and followed by an analysis of the different levels of the education system, including, as a separate chapter, post-secondary and tertiary education. The country study ends with an analysis of current problems and opens perspectives for further development. A diagram illustrating the structural scheme of the Georgian educational system is part of this article. (DIPF/Orig./Kie.).