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This publication provides a gender analysis of socioeconomic areas and issues in Georgia and relevant operations of the Asian Development Bank. Georgia has advanced its gender equality agenda but progress is still needed to achieve some key gender equality outcomes. Georgia continues to fare poorly on key global indicators of economic status and political voice. Violence against women also remains a pervasive issue in the country, affecting one in seven women. Some gender-responsive practices were identified, but significant gaps and missed opportunities for women's empowerment and inclusion were also identified. Recommendations include the need for capacity-building on gender mainstreaming, increased human and financial resources, and an improved evidence base.

The problems of management of innovative systems that exist in Georgia at the present stage of development were studied in this research. Based on the objective, the project solves the following tasks: a) collect data on the innovative development of Georgia; b) comparing the data with those of other countries) analysis of the results. The subject of the study were the data on the innovative development of Georgia during the last period.In the process, applied general economic research methods: a) observation and collection of information, b) the method of scientific abstraction, c) analysis and synthesis, g) a systematic approach, d) induction and deduction, e) logic. The methodological basis for the study were research and publications Forbs Georgia, The Strategic Plan of Social and Economical Development of Georgia "Georgia 2020" and others. Studies have shown that problems are fixed in the following areas: protection of the rights of the owner, innovation, secondary and higher education, research, the level of competition in the internal market, the availability of financial resources, professional workforce, the degree of trust in politicians and political instability.Development of Georgia can be achieved only by means of economic transition to the innovative type of development, and this requires an individual approach to solving the country's problems of innovation. The study gives a complete picture of Georgia's innovative development and a list of the problems that exist at the present stage of development. The study shows in which direction should work the new government of the country, to the innovative development of the Georgian economy has translated into a new stage of development.

The author takes a look at the outstanding literary and legal works of feudal Georgia-The Knight in the Tiger Skin by Shota Rustaveli (11th-12th cc.); The Code of Laws of Beka and Agbuga (14th-15th cc.); The Royal Court Regulations of George V the Illustrious (1314-1346); The Description of the Kingdom of Georgia by Vakhushti Bagrationi (1696-1757); The Book of Law of King of Kartli Vakhtang VI (1675-1737); Kalmasoba by Ioann Bagrationi (1768-1830); and The Book of Wisdom and Lies by Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani (1658-1725)-in order to trace the development of economic thought in Georgia. He discovered that much of what can be found in these written sources is related to the economic doctrines of mercantilism, classical political economy, and particularly the ideas of the physiocrats.

This paper assesses democracy promotion in Georgia; its recent past and probable future. The emphasis lies on donor policies, and on recipient implementation through civil society organisations and government agencies. In the latter case the main focus is on support to Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), think tanks and other civil society actors. (.) The amount of funds and number of actors involved in democracy promotion in Georgia has been overwhelming during the past 5 years. This paper shows that the complexity of democracy promotion in Georgia has led to weak coordination and cooperation among donors. (.) (FRIDE/Pll) ; Jos Boonstra

This Country Gender Assessment (CGA) provides empirical evidence and analyses equality between the women and men of Georgia. Methodologically, the report adopts the Gender Assessment framework proposed by the World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development (WDR 2012) to analyze recent progress and pending challenges in gender equity, across three key dimensions: (a) endowments, (b) economic opportunities, and (c) agency and Voice. Based on this framework, extensive research was conducted to identify available data sources and empirical evidence, on indicators such as poverty, health, education, perceptions, and wellbeing, among others affecting gender equity in Georgia. In addition to its intrinsic value, promoting gender equality is a central priority to reduce poverty, boost shared prosperity, and advance the aspirations of the middle class. Georgia's development challenges entail adjusting and refining the country's growth paradigm, and translating economic growth to more rapid, sustainable poverty reductions (World Bank 2018a). However, sustained growth, poverty reduction, and shared prosperity require that economic gains improve welfare among all communities, households, and individuals (World Bank 2019). Promoting women's economic opportunities, access to endowments, and voice and agency is fundamental in tackling some of Georgia's main policy challenges, including raising labor productivity, integrating with the global economy, and invigorating stagnant rural areas (World Bank 2018a). Moreover, the socioeconomic impacts derived from the COVID-19 pandemic present countries with an inflexion point, to either enhance gender equality and benefit from its long-term benefits, or to risk losing fundamental progress in gender issues, and forego development opportunities in the future.

This country gender assessment (CGA) reviews the state of equality between women and men in Georgia in access to opportunities, that is, equality in rights, resources, and voice for women and men. Equality of rights refers to equality under the law, whether customary, or statutory. Equality of resources refers to equality of access to human capital investments, productive resources, and markets. Equality of voice refers to the capacity to make decisions about one's own life, to act on these decisions, and to influence and contribute to the political discourse and the development process. Recognizing the commitment to gender equality in the constitution, in the legal framework, and in policies, this report mainly focuses on the state of equality in resources and voice. Specifically, the report reviews the extent of equality in the areas of demography, human capital, economic opportunities, and voice and agency and points to some common patterns.

With the development of information technology to carry out effectively their missions the largest part of a variety of organizations, government agencies and services have become dependent on computer systems. For each of the organization's activities the IT environment must be properly studied and evaluated in which they perform the basic activities. Therefore, in such environment it is necessary to make the information technology audit of IT systems operating reliability and functionality in order to obtain reasonable assurance. IT governance and information systems audit is imperative for successful governance. This paper with a comprehensive literature review defines information technology audit, investigates how IT audit performs in the public sector of Georgia. Also it provides the thorough explanation of the experiences of the Georgian State Audit Office. The study analyses the challenges of the IT audit and point to future development directions of IT audit in the public sector. Although considerable research exists on IT control and on internal auditing, there is limited study that refers to IT evaluation control activities in the public sector auditing. As such, the findings from this research would generate new conclusion to enrich the existing literature on IT related auditing. The findings also may improve the IT evaluation activities in the Georgian public sector.

Hail is a hazardous weather phenomena, which inflict enormous damage to the economy, especially agriculture, since often completely demolishes or considerably damages crops, plants, gardens, vineyards, extirpates live-stock, destroys buildings and various constructions. Georgia was one of the first countries worldwide, where as early as from 60's of the last century has been arranged a specialized service for combating with hail, which protected about 200 thousands hectares of territory Hail-suppression works have been interrupted after the collapse of Soviet Union but in last year, as a result of catastrophic hail hits, which inflict considerable material damage, the Georgian government has raised a question of renewal of hail-suppression works. Institutes of Hydrometeorology and geophysics have been assigned with solution of this problem. All this placed on the agenda a question of necessity of study of space structure of number of hail days, its periodicity, intensity, duration and areas of hail hit on the basis of advanced materials, and that was namely the goal of this article. Number of hail days, periods of hailfall, intensity, duration, number and area of hail hits have been studied according the materials of observations made by 30 meteorological stations of Eastern Georgia as of from 1961 to 2012. Obtained results will be used in case of renewal of hail-suppression works.

The M. H. Ross Papers contain information pertaining to labor, politics, social issues of the twentieth century, coal mining and its resulting lifestyle, as well as photographs and audio materials. The collection is made up of five different accessions; L2001-05, which is contained in boxes one through 104, L2002-09 in boxes 106 through 120, L2006-16 in boxes 105 and 120, L2001-01 in boxes 120-121, and L2012-20 in boxes 122-125. The campaign materials consist of items from the 1940 and 1948 political campaigns in which Ross participated. These items include campaign cards, posters, speech transcripts, news clippings, rally materials, letters to voters, and fliers. Organizing and arbitration materials covers labor organizing events from "Operation Dixie" in Georgia, the furniture workers in North Carolina, and the Mine-Mill workers in the Western United States. Organizing materials include fliers, correspondence, news articles, radio transcripts, and some related photos. Arbitration files consist of agreements, decisions, and agreement booklets. The social and political research files cover a wide time period (1930's to the late 1970's/early 1980's). The topics include mainly the Ku Klux Klan, racism, Communism, Red Scare, red baiting, United States history, and literature. These files consist mostly of news and journal articles. Ross interacted with coal miners while doing work for the United Mine Workers Association (UMWA) and while working at the Fairmont Clinic in West Virginia. Included in these related files are books, news articles, journals, UMWA reports, and coal miner oral histories conducted by Ross. Tying in to all of the activities Ross participated in during his life were his research and manuscript files. He wrote numerous newspaper and journal articles on history and labor. Later, as he worked for the UMWA and at the Fairmont Clinic, he wrote more in-depth articles about coal miners, their lifestyle, and medical problems they faced (while the Southern Labor Archives has many of Ross's coal mining and lifestyle articles, it does not have any of his medical articles). Along with these articles are the research files Ross collected to write them, which consist of notes, books, and newspaper and journal articles. In additional to his professional career, Ross was adamant about documenting his and his wife's family history in the oral history format. Of particular interest are the recordings of his interviews with his wife's family - they were workers, musicians, and singers of labor and folk songs. Finally, in this collection are a number of photographs and slides, which include images of organizing, coal mining (from the late 19th through 20th centuries), and Appalachia. Of note is a small photo album from the 1930s which contains images from the Summer School for Workers, and more labor organizing. A few audio items are available as well, such as Ross political speeches and an oral history in which Ross was interviewed by his daughter, Jane Ross Davis in 1986. All photographic and audio-visual materials are at the end of their respective series. ; Myron Howard "Mike" Ross was born November 9, 1919 in New York City. He dropped out of school when he was seventeen and moved to Texas, where he worked on a farm. From 1936 until 1939, Ross worked in a bakery in North Carolina. In the summer of 1938, he attended the Southern School for Workers in Asheville, North Carolina. During the fall of 1938, Ross would attend the first Southern Conference on Human Welfare in Birmingham, Alabama. He would attend this conference again in 1940 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. From 1939 to 1940, Ross worked for the United Mine Workers Non-Partisan League in North Carolina, working under John L. Lewis. He was hired as a union organizer by the United Mine Workers of America, and sent to Saltville, Virginia and Rockwood, Tennessee. In 1940, Ross ran for a seat on city council on the People's Platform in Charlotte, North Carolina. During this time, he also married Anne "Buddie" West of Kennesaw, Georgia. From 1941 until 1945, Ross served as an infantryman for the United States Army. He sustained injuries near the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944. From 1945 until 1949, Ross worked for the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, then part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), as a union organizer. He was sent to Macon, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia and to Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where he worked with the United Furniture Workers Union. He began handling arbitration for the unions. In 1948, Ross ran for United States Congress on the Progressive Party ticket in North Carolina. He also served as the secretary for the North Carolina Progressive Party. Ross attended the University of North Carolina law school from 1949 to 1952. He graduated with honors but was denied the bar on the grounds of "character." From 1952 until 1955, he worked for the Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers as a union organizer, first in New Mexico (potash mines) and then in Arizona (copper mines). From 1955 to 1957, Ross attended the Columbia University School of Public Health. He worked for the United Mine Workers of America Welfare and Retirement Fund from 1957 to 1958, where he represented the union in expenditure of health care for mining workers. By 1958, Ross began plans for what would become the Fairmont Clinic, a prepaid group practice in Fairmont, West Virginia, which had the mission of providing high quality medical care for miners and their families. From 1958 until 1978, Ross served as administrator of the Fairmont Clinic. As a result of this work, Ross began researching coal mining, especially coal mining lifestyle, heritage and history of coal mining and disasters. He would interview over one hundred miners (coal miners). Eventually, Ross began writing a manuscript about the history of coal mining. Working for the Rural Practice Program of the University of North Carolina from 1980 until 1987, Ross taught in the medical school. M. H. Ross died on January 31, 1987 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. ; Digitization of the M. H. Ross Papers was funded by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.

Georgia is a country that gravitates towards Europe with strong tendencies to join the European Union. Since the early 1990-ties it has been undergoing the process of political reforms towards political pluralism and overall democratization, slowed by the civil war and war waged for its territorial integrity. The last period 2004-2014 is the one that promoted and speeded up the process of democratization especially at local level. These developmental trends were the subject of our analysis as concerning three very important areas: devolution of competencies or transfer of competencies from central to local authorities, fiscal decentralization and relations between central and local authorities. In this respect the research findings proved limited progress in respect to devolution of competencies and fiscal decentralization that provided some own revenues for local authorities and opportunities to freely dispose with some of the state grants as well as introducing criteria and supervisory procedures in exerting state administrative and financial control over local organs, but still the system is burdened by the centralistic tendencies, reaching the general conclusion that the Georgian local government in the last period (2004-2014) has made considerable developmental progress in comparison to the former periods but the system can be still characterized by fundamental restrictions in its functioning.

The Mapping Digital Media project examines the global opportunities and risks created by the transition from traditional to digital media. Covering 60 countries, the project examines how these changes affect the core democratic service that any media system should provide: news about political, economic, and social affairs.Digitization in Georgia has two speeds: there are plentiful examples of the swift adoption and innovative use of digital media, but just as abundant is the evidence of procrastination and reluctance to embrace new opportunities. It also presents two faces: a free and dynamic online environment and a heavily government controlled offline world. These contradictions have a direct impact on the overall news offer and on media consumption patterns.This report finds that the momentous change in ownership transparency regulation and the dynamic and free online environment are the most notable success stories since 2005. Yet these achievements are overshadowed by the lack of independence of the broadcasting regulator and the public broadcaster, as well as the slow pace of digital transition.In order to promote positive change, three kinds of reform need to be undertaken. First, the process of drafting the legal framework for digital switch-over must be made transparent and show results in the near future if the country is to be ready for the transition before the switch-off date in 2015. The public interest provisions, must-carry rules, and transparent spectrum allocation and gatekeeping should be given priority. Second, with public awareness of the purpose and implications of switch-over virtually non-existent, an information campaign and public debate need to start without delay.Finally, the independence of two key institutions, the Georgian National Communications Commission and the Georgian Public Broadcaster, needs to be strengthened. In both cases, this can be done by adopting clearer regulatory safeguards against government interference, enforcing transparency, and ensuring civil society participation in selection procedures.

Important is the fact that the transition from the industrial age of humanity to the information age and the transformation of information into the dominant the process of the development of civilization as a main strategic resource, acordingly, the incredible development of information-telecommunication technologies has shown unprecedented changes and trends in the world politics, military and other fields of the 21st century. In the new era, the security of modern Georgia, as well as other countries, is generally conditioned by many new challenges and threats. Moreover, the provision of its national security is to some extent also defined by the world of values of national self-determination, spiritual life, morality, culture and history. ; Important is the fact that the transition from the industrial age of humanity to the information age and the transformation of information into the dominant the process of the development of civilization as a main strategic resource, acordingly, the incredible development of information-telecommunication technologies has shown unprecedented changes and trends in the world politics, military and other fields of the 21st century. In the new era, the security of modern Georgia, as well as other countries, is generally conditioned by many new challenges and threats. Moreover, the provision of its national security is to some extent also defined by the world of values of national self-determination, spiritual life, morality, culture and history.

During 25 years of independence, because of different objective and subjective reasons, independent Georgian State could not fully get over the problems concerning ethnic minorities (despite the fact that in this direction after Rose Revolution of 2003 the situation was positively changed and several steps were made) We can single out still actual several main issues concerning ethnic minorities and their integration process.Among non-ethnic Georgians, especially in the compactly populated regions the level of knowledge of Georgian language is still very low.In the country the level of unemployment is quite high and ethnic minorities are no exception too. In non-urban space the level of unemployment is higher than in urban space. As a result, Georgian population has less possibility to interact with ethnic minorities in the public sphere. Cultural and informational alliance.The level of civic alienation is quite high too.Weak civic institutionalized space doesn't help the collaboration of ethnic groups and appropriate articulation of private interest. Until recently Georgian political establishment was very cautious with the ethnic politics and indecision in this regard was also quite often. Despite the individual projects and efforts carried out in recent years, it is still difficult to say that the Georgian government has consistent and effective policies in order to overcome problems caused by its ethno-religious multi-membership. Although in this sense recently there are some positive trends but the given efforts have still fragmented character and they can't be called well-formed reflexive and coherent policy that in the near future will bring rapid and effective changes in terms of civic integration. As we think among the strategies of ethnic approchmant the most optimal way for Georgia is the strategy of integration. The state can develop this strategy by several ways. Creation of stable democratic environment and institutional development.Strengthening of local self – government, what'll promote the ...

During 25 years of independence, because of different objective and subjective reasons, independent Georgian State could not fully get over the problems concerning ethnic minorities (despite the fact that in this direction after Rose Revolution of 2003 the situation was positively changed and several steps were made) We can single out still actual several main issues concerning ethnic minorities and their integration process. Among non-ethnic Georgians, especially in the compactly populated regions the level of knowledge of Georgian language is still very low. In the country the level of unemployment is quite high and ethnic minorities are no exception too. In non-urban space the level of unemployment is higher than in urban space. As a result, Georgian population has less possibility to interact with ethnic minorities in the public sphere. Cultural and informational alliance. The level of civic alienation is quite high too. Weak civic institutionalized space doesn't help the collaboration of ethnic groups and appropriate articulation of private interest. Until recently Georgian political establishment was very cautious with the ethnic politics and indecision in this regard was also quite often. Despite the individual projects and efforts carried out in recent years, it is still difficult to say that the Georgian government has consistent and effective policies in order to overcome problems caused by its ethno-religious multi-membership. Although in this sense recently there are some positive trends but the given efforts have still fragmented character and they can't be called well-formed reflexive and coherent policy that in the near future will bring rapid and effective changes in terms of civic integration. As we think among the strategies of ethnic approchmant the most optimal way for Georgia is the strategy of integration. The state can develop this strategy by several ways. Creation of stable democratic environment and institutional development. Strengthening of local self – government, what'll promote the ...

In recent years, the Government of Georgia and the National Bank of Georgia have taken significant steps in order to regulate non-banking lending institutions (MFIs and loan-issuing entities). MFIs are now required to provide additional information (such as information on shareholders, governance, and business plans), while a minimum initial capital requirement for MFIs of 1 mln GEL and ongoing minimum capital requirements of either 18% or 24%1 were also introduced, as well as minimum ongoing liquidity requirements for MFIs of either 18% or 25%2. It is worth noting that a maximum interest rate cap of 50% has been set and the individual loan limit has been increased to 100 000 GEL (instead of 50 000). Moreover, limits on investments and other regulations have also been imposed3. In this bulletin, the MFI sector in Georgia during the period of 2017-2020 will be reviewed.