4International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Judicial review of treaties by Constitutional Courts — Standards for protection against violation of basic constitutional principles by treaties — Whether withdrawal of certain pension rights available under German Social Insurance System by the Danish-German Cession Treaty compatible with German Basic Law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany
Romantic culture, far from only being an intellectual phenomenon, was a pivotal element in the 19th-century nation-building processes experienced in Europe, and it ended up influencing and being influenced by contemporary political events. The wars waged between Denmark and the German Confederation (1848-1864) are a foremost example of it, as the political claims for the control of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg intertwined with the intellectual polemics between some prominent German scholars (Jacob Grimm, Karl Müllenhoff etc.) who intended to prove the German nature of the duchies' cultural heritage and of Scandinavian cultures in general, and some Danish intellectuals (Nicolai Grundtvig, Rasmus Rask etc.) who strove to undo what they perceived as a politically-charged cultural aggression. The relevance of the Schleswig Wars and their related intellectual debate is not restricted to 19th-century studies, as some authors of the second half of the 20th century have suggested that the German-Danish intellectual conflict over the heritage of the Old North was actually a prelude to what would eventually be Nazi Germany's totalitarian ideology. Unfortunately, little has been written so far on the relationship between the Schleswig Wars and the then-contemporary scholarly debate. This article is intended to be an effective contribution in this direction.
In: Wivel , A 2014 , Still Living in the Shadow of 1864? Danish Foreign Policy Doctrines and the Origins of Denmark's Pragmatic Activism . in H Mouritzen & N Hvidt (eds) , Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2014 . DIIS, Danish Institute for International Studies , København , Danish Foreign Policy Review , vol. 2014 , pp. 109-139 .
The Danish defeat to Prussia in 1864 is typically regarded as the starting point for a reactive and pragmatic foreign policy, which was only replaced by foreign policy activism by the end of the Cold War. In contrast, this article argues that by reinterpreting Danish foreign policy practice in the light of Danish foreign policy thinking, i.e. the doctrines providing the principles for conducting foreign policy, pragmatism and activism may both be viewed as integral aspects of Danish foreign policy since the early twentieth century. The article discusses how to define foreign policy doctrine and how doctrines relate to grand strategy and foreign policy practice and it sets up a simple framework for identifying doctrines and their role in Danish foreign policy. From this starting point it identifies two Danish foreign policy doctrines – the Munch doctrine and the Hækkerup doctrine and discusses how these two doctrines have served as central bodies of principles on Denmark's role in Europe and the world. Two attempts at challenging the two dominant doctrines – the Danish 'footnote policy' towards NATO in the 1980s and Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen's 'super atlanticism' in the 2000s – are discussed and it is explored why both of these attempts at transforming Denmark's position turned out to be ultimately unsuccessful.
In: Jensen , M B 2016 , Environmental assessment of biowaste management in the Danish-German border region . Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment , Kgs. Lyngby .
De seneste år har der været et øget politisk fokus på behandling af organisk husholdningsaffald, der samtidigt behandles forskelligt fra land til land. I Danmark og Tyskland har behandlingen af organisk husholdningsaffald taget en meget anderledes drejning i det sidste århundrede. I Danmark indsamles det organiske husholdningsaffald som en del af restaffaldet, som primært forbrændes, og biologisk behandling er kun forsøgt i begrænset omfang. Tyskland derimod har fokuseret kraftigt på kildesortering med efterfølgende biologisk behandling og en blanding af forbrænding og mekanisk-biologisk behandling af det organiske husholdningsaffald i restaffaldet. Danmark har i de senere år øget fokus på at bevæge sig væk fra affaldsforbrænding og i stedet øge materialegenanvendelse, både på eget initiativ, men også drevet af EU's mål på 50% genanvendelse i 2020. Dette fokus omfatter genanvendelse af organisk husholdningsaffald samt tørre affaldsfraktioner. Dette ph.d.-projekt blev gennemført som et partnerskab mellem Danmark Tekniske Universitet og fem affaldshåndteringsselskaber på tværs af den dansk-tyske grænse, tre i Danmark og to i Tyskland, alle med ønsket om at øge kildesortering og adskilt behandling af det organiske husholdningsaffald. Den nuværende praksis på det danske område omfatter ikke kildesortering, og alt organisk husholdningsaffald forbrændes som en del af restaffaldet. Den tyske region har allerede en veletableret kildesortering, men ønsker at øge denne. Gennem livscyklusvurderinger og eksperimentelt arbejde på et kombineret biogas- og komposteringsanlæg, er resultatet af projektet blevet en anbefaling til affaldsselskaberne vedrørende øget genanvendelse af det organiske husholdningsaffald. En stor del af ph.d.-studiet var indsamling af data om alle aspekter af affaldshåndteringskæden. Alt fra affaldsmængder over indsamling og transport til behandling og endelig bortskaffelse blev analyseret. Den mest detaljerede analyse fandt sted på et kombineret biogas- og komposteringsanlæg, hvor faste og flydende prøver blev taget og diffuse luftemissioner blev målt. Livscyklusvurdering vurderer håndteringen af det organiske husholdningsaffald i den dansk-tyske grænseregion. Det vigtigste resultat af livscyklusvurderingen viser store forskelle i de miljømæssige effekter af de to forskellige regioner, hvor den danske region klarer sig bedst i de fleste påvirkningskategorier. Desuden er betydningen af energisystemerne undersøgt og viser, at resultaterne i høj grad er afhængige af det omgivende energisystem. Udover at sammenligne de to regioners aktuelle miljøpåvirkning med hinanden, blev de sammenlignet med fire fremtidsscenarier med øget kildesortering og forskellige biologiske behandlinger. Denne livscyklusvurdering er i dette tilfælde brugt som et planlægningsværktøj for det fremtidige affaldshåndteringssystem og til at identificere miljømæssige hotspots for både nuværende og mulige fremtidige systemer. I alle tilfælde viser resultaterne, at lokale forhold spiller en stor rolle for, hvordan systemet kan forbedres; konklusioner på et for overordnet niveau (alle fem affaldsselskaber sammen) kan føre til dårlige beslutninger, og det er vigtigt at se på hver affaldshåndteringsvirksomhed for sig. Vigtigst for de biologiske behandlingsanlæg er en høj produktion af biogas og lave emissioner (diffuse og direkte) af metan, lattergas og ammoniak. De diffuse emissioner målt ved et kombineret biogas- og komposteringsanlæg var meget væsentlige og en livscyklusvurdering førte til at anlægget, går fra at være en miljømæssig gevinst til en belastning i miljøpåvirkningskategorien "Global opvarmning". I sidste ende er øget kildesortering af organisk dagrenovation for de fem affaldsselskaber en realistisk mulighed, hvis fokus for virksomhederne er fleksibelt brændstof (biogas), kompostproduktion og deraf følgende ressourcebesparelser. Men billedet er ikke krystalklart, da den nuværende affaldsbehandling, hovedsagligt forbrænding, allerede fungerer godt, og i nogle tilfælde udkonkurrerer den biologiske behandling. ; The treatment of organic waste from households has gained significant interest in recent years. Each country in the EU and the rest of the world treat their organic waste in many different ways, and Denmark and Germany are no exemption in this regard. The treatment of household organic waste in these two countries has taken a very different turn in the last century. Denmark has been incinerating organic household waste as part of a residual waste policy for more than a century, but it has only attempted biological treatment to a limited extent. Germany, on the other hand, has focused intensely on source separation followed by biological treatment and a mixture of incineration and mechanical and biological treatment for any organic matter remaining in residual waste. In recent years, Denmark has increased its focus on moving away from incineration and increasing material recycling, both on its own initiative and also incentivised by the EU's 50% recycling target for 2020. This focus includes recycling organic waste from households as well as dry recyclable waste fractions. This PhD project was carried out as a cross-border partnership with five waste management companies, three located in Denmark and two in Germany, all with the wish to increase the source separation and treatment of organic household waste. The current practice in the Danish border region does not include source separation, and all organic household waste is incinerated as part of the residual waste. The German region already has a well-established source separation system, but it wants to increase its efficiency. The main aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to compare current organic waste management systems across the Danish-German border with future scenarios intended for the treatment of organic waste using LCA. The outcome of the project was a recommendation to waste management companies through life cycle assessment and experimental work at a biological treatment plant. A major part of the PhD study was collecting data on all aspects of the waste management chain. Waste generation through to collection, transportation, treatment and final disposal were analysed. The most detailed analysis took place at a combined biogas and composting plant, where solid and liquid samples were taken and air emissions measured through whole-site fugitive emissions. The assessments were done by using a combination of material flow analysis, substance flow analysis, life cycle inventories and life cycle assessments, using the EASETECH modelling software. The life cycle assessment assessed the management of organic household waste in the Danish-German border region. The main output was a life cycle assessment showing large differences in the environmental performance of the two different regions, with the Danish region performing better in most impact categories. Furthermore, the importance of the energy systems was investigated, showing that a large influence on the results was the surrounding energy system. Besides comparing the two regions' current performances to each other, they were compared to four future scenarios featuring increased source separation and different biological treatments. In this case the life cycle assessment was used as a planning tool for a future waste management system where environmental hotspots could be identified for both current and possible future systems. In all cases, the results showed that local conditions can play a major role in where the system can be improved, and conclusions made on an overall level (all five waste management companies together) can lead to suboptimal decisions; it is therefore important to look at each waste management company individually. Major differences in environmental performance were seen when changing from incineration or mechanical and biological treatment to biological treatment, such as increased savings of phosphorous and increased loadings of ammonia. Most important for the environmental performance of the biological treatment facilities were high biogas production and low fugitive methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions. Fugitive emissions measured at a combined biogas and composting plant were very significant and led to a turnaround in the environmental performance of the plant, going from a saving in greenhouse gas potential to a loading when including the measured emissions and applying the life cycle assessment principles. Ultimately, increasing the source separation of organic household waste for the five waste management companies is a viable option, if the focus of the companies is on flexible fuel (biogas), compost production and subsequent resource savings. However, the picture is not clear, as the current waste management system (mainly incineration) is already working well, and in some cases it outperforms the biological treatment option.
In: Ibsen , C L & Thelen , K 2020 , Growing Apart : Efficiency and Equality in the German and Danish VET Systems . Michigan State University , MIT Industrial Performance Centre, Cambridge, Massachusetts .
Many American labor experts have looked upon Europe's vocational education and training (VET) systems with admiration. One of the great strengths of these systems has been the way in which they have fulfilled important economic objectives, such as furnishing firms with a steady supply of skilled workers, while at the same time performing critical social inclusion functions, such as opening a pathway for lower-income and non-academically inclined youth to acquire the training they need to find stable, well-paid employment. Contemporary changes—both in the mix of skills demanded by firms and a growing drift on the part of youth into higher education—are placing new pressures on these systems. This policy brief compares recent developments in Germany and Denmark, two of the hitherto most successful systems of firm-sponsored VET, documenting their divergent responses to these new challenges. Germany has pursued a firm-led strategy in which adjustments to VET reflect the needs of the country's largest and most sophisticated firms, emphasizing the economic objectives of training, but at the partial expense of its social inclusion functions. By contrast, Denmark has pursued a more state-led strategy; legislative reforms in the 1990s played an important role in shoring up the VET system's social inclusion functions, but these interventions may have also contributed to a deterioration in the public image of VET. An unintended result has been a decline in participation among the most advanced Danish firms, which in turn has reduced the attractiveness of VET for Danish youth—trends that the government has since struggled to reverse. The brief begins by situating these two cases within a broader comparative context, and ends with a reflection on the policy lessons for the United States.
