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The German High Command (OHL) and the Foreign Office (Aus Amt) searched for new military strategies in an attempt to bring the war to an end after the horrendous losses of 1916. Specifically, they were horrified by the inability to advance on the Western Front – the trenches. Although the navy was blockaded in port in Kiel, they hoped that submarines could severely hamper the war effort of the Entente Powers. An important supply line was through the Mediterranean, and after losing their alliance with Italy in 1915, they saw neutral Spain as a possible base for submarine operations. Neutral Spain would also be used as part of a spy ring aimed at damaging their enemies' war effort. The effort of the German authorities was a combination of diplomacy and covert actions to implement their plans. Although ultimately unsuccessful, the use of submarines and spies revealed Germany's desperate attempt to bring the Great War a quick end in 1917. ; El Alto mando alemán (OHL) y la Oficina de Relaciones Exteriores exploraron nuevas estrategias militares en su esfuerzo por poner fin a la guerra luego de las terribles pérdidas en 1916. Las trincheras les horrorizaron por la imposibilidad de ganar terreno en el frente occidental. A pesar del bloqueo naval en el puerto de Kiel, se mostraron esperanzados en la capacidad de los submarinos para impactar adversamente el esfuerzo de guerra de los poderes de la Entente. Luego de perder el apoyo de Italia en 1915 y dado el hecho de que una línea importante de suministros atravesaba el Mediterráneo. España, como nación neutral, podría desempeñar un rol importante en una cadena de espionaje diseñada para impactar adversamente el esfuerzo de guerra del enemigo. Las autoridades alemanas combinaron diplomacia y actividades secretas en la implementación de sus planes. A pesar de su eventual fracaso, el uso de submarinos y el espionaje evidenció los desesperados esfuerzos alemanes por terminar de manera rápida la Gran Guerra en 1917.

Errata: p. [5] at end ; Dedication (to Sir Robert Sidney) signed: I.D ; Title vignette (printer's mark) ; Mode of access: Internet.

In September 2015, the Volkswagen Group (VW) admitted the use of 'defeat devices' designed to lower emissions measured during VW vehicle testing for regulatory purposes. Globally, 11 million cars sold between 2008 and 2015 are affected, including about 2.6 million in Germany. On-road emissions tests have yielded mean on-road NO[subscript x] emissions for these cars of 0.85 g km[superscript −1], over four times the applicable European limit of 0.18 g km[superscript −1]. This study estimates the human health impacts and costs associated with excess emissions from VW cars driven in Germany. A distribution of on-road emissions factors is derived from existing measurements and combined with sales data and a vehicle fleet model to estimate total excess NO[subscript x] emissions. These emissions are distributed on a 25 by 28 km grid covering Europe, using the German Federal Environmental Protection Agency's (UBA) estimate of the spatial distribution of NO[subscript x] emissions from passenger cars in Germany. We use the GEOS-Chem chemistry-transport model to predict the corresponding increase in population exposure to fine particulate matter and ozone in the European Union, Switzerland, and Norway, and a set of concentration-response functions to estimate mortality outcomes in terms of early deaths and of life-years lost. Integrated over the sales period (2008–2015), we estimate median mortality impacts from VW excess emissions in Germany to be 1200 premature deaths in Europe, corresponding to 13 000 life-years lost and 1.9 billion EUR in costs associated with life-years lost. Approximately 60% of mortality costs occur outside Germany. For the current fleet, we estimate that if on-road emissions for all affected VW vehicles in Germany are reduced to the applicable European emission standard by the end of 2017, this would avert 29 000 life-years lost and 4.1 billion 2015 EUR in health costs (median estimates) relative to a counterfactual case with no recall. ; Germany. Umweltbundesamt (UBA)

Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: Augsburg, Staats- und Stadtbibliothek -- 4 S 453 A

[4], 73, [1] p. ; "To the reader" signed: W. Perkins. ; Running title reads: The government of the tongue. ; Reproduction of the original in the Folger Shakespeare Library.

Based on two studies with Bosniak and Croatian students in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this paper analyzes the effects of religiosity on intergroup forgiveness and reconciliation. Both Christianity and Islam advance forgiveness and reconciliation as one of the major moral imperatives. Previous studies also indicate that religiosity can increase readiness to grant forgiveness on the inter-personal level and facilitate rapprochement. When it comes to inter-group level, prescripts of religious piety often conflict with norms of group solidarity and care. Another set of research suggests that religion obstructs conflict transformation due to the dogmatic reasoning it promotes, including reframing of immanent disputes in transcendental (and thus non-negotiable) terms. This study initially tested whether adding religious symbols to conflict narratives impacts prosocial attitudes of respondents and came with negative results. In other words, adding religious codes to already known narratives about conflicts did not have a significant impact on participants' attitudes. In a subsequent SEM analysis, it was found that religiosity in both groups is strongly correlated with group-centricity, which negatively mediates its relationship with both forgiveness and reconciliation. We conclude that collectivistic forms of religiosity that privilege ingroup solidarity might have negative effects on intergroup forgiveness and reconciliation in post-conflict settings.

Based on two studies with Bosniak and Croatian students in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this paper analyzes the effects of religiosity on intergroup forgiveness and reconciliation. Both Christianity and Islam advance forgiveness and reconciliation as one of the major moral imperatives. Previous studies also indicate that religiosity can increase readiness to grant forgiveness on the inter-personal level and facilitate rapprochement. When it comes to inter-group level, prescripts of religious piety often conflict with norms of group solidarity and care. Another set of research suggests that religion obstructs conflict transformation due to the dogmatic reasoning it promotes, including reframing of immanent disputes in transcendental (and thus non-negotiable) terms. This study initially tested whether adding religious symbols to conflict narratives impacts prosocial attitudes of respondents and came with negative results. In other words, adding religious codes to already known narratives about conflicts did not have a significant impact on participants' attitudes. In a subsequent SEM analysis, it was found that religiosity in both groups is strongly correlated with group-centricity, which negatively mediates its relationship with both forgiveness and reconciliation. We conclude that collectivistic forms of religiosity that privilege ingroup solidarity might have negative effects on intergroup forgiveness and reconciliation in post-conflict settings.

In public relations research, the concept of engagement is often theorized but seldom observed in practice. This research focuses on what public leaders learn when they undertake actions centered on learning by listening to society to implement governmental citizen engagement programs. Taking an inductive grounded approach to data analysis which draws on tools and methods of grounded theory as well as including a review of key concepts from public relations literature, a reflexive analysis of an action learning intervention involving the members of a provincial government was conducted. Results show that, when reflecting on interaction with stakeholders of the program, government members: increase their knowledge about both sides of the public organization-society relationship; become more sensitive to what listening is and implies, and, hence, more supportive of two-way communication; are challenged about the authenticity of the motivations behind their listening; become more aware of ways in which they work to build social capital; and, subsequently, increase their willingness to act together with society. This paper shows that reflection on the real implementation of engagement programs gives policy makers a better understanding of normative assumptions, and hence it instantiates public relations theories and concepts about engagement. By identifying acting-by-listening as integral to citizen engagement, it presents implications for the study and practice of public relations in public sector organizations.

[16], 254, [30] p. ; In verse. ; "An extasie", p. 233-254. ; Reproduction of the original in the Folger Shakespeare Library.

A messenger relates details of the state of government. References are made to taxes, the nobility, the marriage of Louis XIII's sister, Henrietta Marie, etc. Against Richelieu. ; Electronic reproduction ; [2], 3-11 p. ; 16 cm.

[12], 114, [2] p. ; The first leaf is blank except for a signature-mark and two headpieces. ; The last leaf is blank. ; Leaf [par. par.]2 is a cancel bearing verses by Robert Wright and John Budden. Variant (described by Madan): leaf [par. par.]2 is a conjugate blank. ; Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.

1 broadside. ; At head of title: Apud Falkland vltimo die men[?]s Iulij, anno. Dom. 1599. ; Formerly STC 21956.--Cf. STC (2nd ed.). ; Imperfect: creased and torn with loss of print. ; Reproduction of original in the Bodleian Library.

di Niccolò Machivelli ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Res/4 Ital. 267#Beibd.1

Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Helv. 659

Vorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: A COLOGNE. Par Hierome Bertulphe. 1574. [i.e. Genf: Jakob Stoer] ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- Gall.g. 484