Suchergebnisse

The proponent agency of this regulation is the Office of the Military Personnel Center. ; May 15, 1979. ; This pamphlet supersedes DA Pam 608-12, 2 August 1974; DA Pam 690-2, 30 January 1973; DA Pam 360-404, 18 February 1965. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2

At a time when protectionist tendencies are on the upswing world wide once again, it is important to gain evidence on the cause of such movements. Proper diagnosis of the determinants of protection may provide a more promising avenue to avoiding discriminatory economic policies than reiteration of the welfare losses of protection has been able to do. For this purpose Germany constitutes a potentially fruitful case study. First, historically, economic and political regimes have varied widely. Second, institutional conditions at the present are unique enough to warrant and require a closer look at the mechanisms which provide protection. Third, Germany constitutes a large and still relatively liberal market for the products of the less developed and newly industrialized countries. Hence, trade policy developments in Germany are likely to lead to serious repercussions in those countries. The general framework chosen for analysis of German protective mechanisms posits the existence of a political market for protection, and follows from the work of Downs (1957), Buchanan and Tullock (1962), and Ohlson (1965), as well as the application of this principle to international trade and protection issues by a number of authors. Very briefly, the demand for protection on the part of producing units is derived from firms' opportunity costs in eliciting protection; and the supply of protection is derived from governments' opportunity cost in granting protection. In applying this guiding hypothesis to Germany, explanatory variables are sought which messure or proxy those opportunity costs, both on average over time, and across industries at a point in time. The specific hypotheses tested must in part be derived from institutional features peculiar to Germany. In the next section of this paper, this framework is applied historically to the period 1880 - 1978, and in the section thereafter, it is applied to explain the structure of protection in manufacturing industries in 1974. Developments since then are briefly discussed.

With the end of the Franco-Prussian War on January 18, 1871, the German Empire under the leadership of the Hohenzollern king, William of Prussia, was proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles. Now Emperor Wilhelm I, Otto von Bismarck, his chancellor, and their staff as federal executives of the Empire possessed important legislative and economic powers. However, the individual states retained rights in some areas such as: education, health services, police protection and some powers of taxation, and in some instances, there was a distrust of the newly organized federal institutions. Consequently, this states' rights concept seemed to have prevented the formation of a highly centralized state and encouraged regional independence. Therefore, when Wilhelm II became emperor of the German Reich in 1888, he inherited a regime that appeared militaristic, authoritarian, and conservative. This premise is the central focus of my thesis. In spite of the authoritarian structure imposed on many aspects of German society by Wilhelm II, there were dissidents like the artists who developed artists' groups in the Empire that challenged the influence of the Kaiser, his concept of art, and the state-supported art institutions that propagated his views. In addition, I examine the reactions of the artists and their associations to the prescribed artistic tastes imposed by the Emperor and his followers. Chapter one of the paper provides a sketch of the social stratum of the Empire and of Wilhelm II. It focuses on the Kaiser's view of his responsibility to German art and his influence in the field of art. Finally, the chapter discusses the role of the state art institutions that the Kaiser supported. The purpose of chapters two and three is to consider the development of those artists' associations which challenged the status quo in German art institutions. These include: Munich Secession, Berlin Secession, Phalanx, New Artists' Association Munich, Blaue Reiter, and Die Brücke. In addition, I discuss those cities, Munich and Dresden, which provided an atmosphere for artistic dissent, as well as, the uniqueness of diverse art associations and their special schools. Second, an attempt is made to explain the reasons for dissolution of and the impact each group had on the development of the succeeding artists' associations. In the conclusion I comment on Expressionism as a challenge to the Emperor and the state-supported art institutions. However, the discussion is limited to an explanation of the artistic spirit that inspired the avant-garde of Expressionism rather than following the development of the movement and its many facets.

"This pamphlet supersedes DA Pam 608-12, 16 September 1969." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2

The purpose of this essay is to investigate the possible economic consequences of the recent German steel subsidy program and assess to what extent those consequences conform with the objectives which motivated that program's adoption. The paper is organized as follows: Particular developments in the steel industry are briefly described in section II, while in section III, the political economy of protection in Germany is examined to determine the primary beneficiaries of previous protectionist policies. Both serve as a basis for identifying the revealed political objectives behind the current steel program. The next step is to simulate the economic consequences of a decline in the world market price of steel in the absence of any government intervention, using a multi-sectoral general equilibrium model of an open economy that resembles Germany. The economic impacts of a sectoral policy response and a regional policy response are then likewise examined and compared. This occurs in section V. The main elements and assumptions of the model used are outlined in section IV; the complete model specification is presented in an appendix. Conclusions are drawn in section VI.

The second part of the book consists of summaries by A. J. and R. L. Merritt of the reports prepared by the Opinion Surveys Section, Office of Military Government of the United States for Germany. ; Continued by the authors' Public opinion in semisovereign Germany. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The fact that in recent years citizen action groups have caused a change In the structure of political processes in Germany can hardly be denied. But neither the state of research reached so far nor the experience of political practice in dealing with action groups permits reliable judgments on the importance of these changes . Did the political system of Germany gain a new element or are the activities of civic groups a more or less shortlived fad or are we at the start of a transformation of Western political systems at the end of which we will have the often described "participatory democracy"? No valid answer can be given to these questions - as there probably is no typical civic action group. We are dealing with a completely heterogeneous pattern of political organization and action if we take into account the aims of the groups, the means they use to achieve their ends, the organization and membership structure, their fields of activity, and more.

Besides being a centre for municipal social activities, this building is suitable for many uses, including the organisation of balls and dances, lectures, political meetings, talks, etc. It has a large dancing hall, and one of the best restaurants in Esslingen. The choice of materials for the decoration, mainly wood and concrete, has been an important factor in giving this center a very pleasant internal environment. ; Al mismo tiempo de constituir un Centro de vida social de la ciudad, este edificio recreativo destinado a múltiples usos sirve para la celebración: de bailes, conferencias, reuniones políticas, tertulias, etc. Dispone de un amplio salón de baile, y de uno de los más importantes restaurantes de Esslingen. El acierto logrado en la elección de los materiales empleados —preferentemente madera y hormigón— en la decoración, han contribuido poderosamente a que en su interior se disfrute de un ambiente agradable.

Gerhard Wettig ; Mit dt. Zsfassung ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- 4 Z 68.247-1982,10/15

Reprint of: 1978 ed. ; "September 1978." ; Cover title. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Vorgelegt wird ein Bericht über ein laufendes Forschungsprojekt zur Wissenschaftspolitik in Deutschland, vor allem in Preußen, in den Jahren 1870 bis 1914. In diesem Zeitraum wurden Kooperationsmuster zwischen Regierung, scientific community und privaten Unternehmern entwickelt, die die Bedeutung der Privatwirtschaft für die Wissenschaftspolitik erheblich stärkten und das bis dahin bestehende Staatsmonopol auf diesem Gebiet beendeten. Der Verfasser skizziert die für die nächste Forschungsphase geplanten quantitativen Untersuchungen. ; The report presents the results of an on-going project on science policy in Germany, particularly in Prussia during 1870 and 1914. During these decades patterns of cooperation between government, the scientific community, and private entrepreneurs were developed which tremendously increased the importance of private industry in matters of science policy and put an end to the monopoly which so far the state had enjoyed in this field. The plans for using quantitative methods in the forthcoming research are outlined.

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich. ; This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.

The German Government and federal authorities have stipulated in a special regulation that new nuclear power stations will only be licensed if safe waste management("Entsorgung") is guaranteed. Hence the energyproducing utilities commenced the planning of a national fuel-cycle-centre ("Entsorgungszentrum") which includes installations for reprocessing and ultimate storage. Detailed studies have shown that from a safety engineering viewpoint, there is no objection to this waste management concept. However, for political reasons, its realization is not acceptable at present. Hence the Federal Government considered alternative solutions, e.g. the contruction of away-from-reactor, temporary storage facilities and a small scale reprocessing plant.

von Gerhard Wettig ; Volltext // Exemplar mit der Signatur: München, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek -- 4 Z 68.247-1967,18/29

Dieser Beitrag zur Sozialgeschichte der Früherziehung in Deutschland will auf ein Forschungsdefizit aufmerksam machen. Auf der Grundlage autobiographischer, medizinischer und sozialpolitischer Literatur werden die vorliegenden Forschungsergebnisse zur Ammenfrage (De Mause, Shorter, Lüscher, Flandrin) für den deutschen Untersuchungsraum analysiert. Unter Nutzung der fächerübergreifenden Fragestellung berichtet die Autorin aus pädagogischer Perspektive über die Ammentätigkeit und nennt dabei weitere Forschungsfelder. Neben medizinischen, sozialpolitischen und literarischen Quellen des 18 und 19 Jahrhunderts wird auf ethnologische, kultur- und familiensoziologische Aspekte verwiesen. (DIPF/Orig.)