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This article is devoted to systemizing the stages of online research development in Germany, based on analyzing the reports of the main German-language conference on online research (General online Research Conference). The article focuses on the thematic and methodical evolution of online research since 1995 till the present day, emphasizing the most popular methods and areas of science where using this type of research is widespread. The author describes the history of online research and identifies four stages of online research development in Germany: online research as a method (Stage 1); atomization of subject areas (Stage 2); technological development and methodological improvement (Stage 3); distribution of Big Data (Stage 4). The stages are arranged by year, with systemization based on the thematic and methodical orientation during a particular period. The author analyzes the features of each of the stages in terms of technological innovation. The transformation of traditional offline methods in web space is also considered in the article. Particular attention is paid to the fact that both Russian and German languages have no single conceptual apparatus, and use a very broad list of terms in their specialized literature. This was the motivation behind compiling a terminological thesaurus within this work.

The given paper touches upon the problem of German migration policy in contemporary period. The on-going processes allow us to conclude that the German migration paradigm has been changing as well as one of the most successful states in the European Union and as a state endowed with the greatest peace load after the crisis of 2008. The study gives the main qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the German migration policy in the 2000s. First of all, it is characterized by changes in the geography of migration flows. In 2004, with ten new countries entering the EU, the inflow of migrants from Eastern Europe countries began to increase. During this period, the number of immigrants from Poland has almost doubled. After Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU, the number of people from these countries also increased by more than three times. At the period of 2008 crisis, the inflow of migrants from Italy, Spain, Greece and the Balkan countries intensified; the number of migrants from Croatirapidly increasedafter this country joined the EU in 2013. The author analyzes the qualitative composition of migrants and concludes that, from the beginning of the 21st century, the working migration, having dominated for many decades, is gradually changing in favor of skilled workers' migration. The important role of universities in order to attract highly qualified specialists is substantiated. The migration impact on the labor market is studied with a special attention. It is due to the fact that, when arriving in the country and getting the opportunity to apply skills and realize their human capital, a migrant becomes a kind of investor in the hosting country economy, contributing to its growth. One of its main advantages is that, already having a certain set of knowledge and skills (the hosting country does not need to pay for his education), he can generate new knowledge, create innovations, thereby increasing the competitiveness of the recipient country economy. Germany has a policy of attracting highly qualified ...

Author reveals the features of the political culture of the electorate in Russia and Germany. Through the comparative survey he finds gender differences in political consciousness and the voting behavior. Author analyzes the reasons for the limited participation of women in Russian political life and provides some recommendations
for improving the democratization process of the political sphere.

This article provides a brief description of the tax system of the Federal Republic of Germany. An analysis of the main taxes and fees in modern Germany is presented, as well as the unique taxes that distinguish this state with its tax policy.

The subject. The article is devoted to problems of institute of legal aid in German civil procedure law.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that financial support is the main but not exclusive form of legal aid in Germany.The methodology of the study includes analysis and synthesis of German civil procedure legislation, description of decisions of German Federal Court of Justice and interpretation of legal studies concerning legal aid issues.The main results and scope of their application. The right to state support for equal access to judicial protection, regardless of property status, has constitutional grounds. The fundamental aspect of the principle of the rule of law is the prohibition of unauthorized enforcement of legal claims, and, therefore, the need to go to the court. Thus, ensuring equal access to judicial protection for all, including the needy persons, is a duty of a state governed by the rule of law. An important guarantee in this case is legal aid. In Germany, this aid, enshrined in civil procedure law, is a special reflection of the General social and legal institution of social assistance.The author reveals the structure of the main costs associated with the conduct of the process and covered by the legal aid, as well as conditions for the provision of such assistance in Germany – personal preconditions and prerequisites regarding the prospects for the conduct of the process. The provision of legal aid does not exclude the risk of a poor party that arise in connection with the loss process and the reimbursement court costs to the prevailing party. In addition, the provision of legal aid does not exempt from the obligation of its subsequent reimbursement to the Federal land budget from free revenues.The compilation and maintenance of statistics on the cost of certain types of proceedings by the Federal States of Germany, which account for the lion's share of the costs of maintaining the judicial system, seems justified from a fiscal point of view. However, it does not mean that the judicial system as a whole should be subordinated to the logic of economic profitability of "services" for dispute resolution.Conclusions. The provision of legal aid in Germany requires the identification of a set of conditions-relating to both the person and the prospects of the case. However, financial assistance in the conduct of proceedings is not the only way to ensure legal aid, another is, for example, the simplification of judicial procedure. It is at the discretion of the state to choose the means of legal aid to ensure effective protection of rights, however it may not be possible without qualified legal assistance. ; Раскрывается структура помощи в ведении процесса, а также условия ее предоставления в Германии – относящиеся как к личности, так и к перспективам рассмотрения дела. Отмечается, что предоставление помощи в ведении процесса не исключает риски малоимущей стороны, которые возникают в связи с отказом в удовлетворении ее требований и необходимостью возмещения выигравшей стороне судебных издержек; кроме того, предоставление помощи в ведении процесса не освобождает получателя от обязанности ее последующего возмещения в бюджет федеральной земли из свободных доходов. Делается вывод, что выбор средств обеспечения эффективного доступа к правосудию находится в усмотрении государства.

The article analyzes the situation in Europe at the final stage of the great Patriotic war. The situation around two German surrender ceremonies is described in detail: the preliminary one on 7 may 1945 before the allied forces in Reims and the full, unconditional one in Karlshorst on 8 may 1945.

В статье рассматриваются предпосылки формирования востребованной миграции в Германию, а также трансформация миграционных потоков от внешней трудовой миграции к миграции беженцев. Привлечение внешних мигрантов способствовало экономическому росту Германии, однако обнажило проблему взаимодействия мигрантов-мусульман и местного общества. Несмотря на официальную позицию политического руководства Германии, базирующуюся на позициях мультикультурализма, реализуемые, в связи с этим программы, как на федеральном, так и на региональном уровне не всегда достигают поставленных целей интеграции мигрантов в немецкое общество. Данный факт обуславливает рост критического восприятия мигрантов в современной Германии, что говорит о необходимости выработки новых, более эффективных подходов к реализации моделей политики интеграции.

The article discusses the history of local taxation in Germany and its current state, focusing on the correspondence of the existing local taxes to the criteria of optimal local taxation. The author's hypothesis is that the German system of local taxation, which dates back to the imperial period, can and should be reformed in order to meet the internationally recognized criteria. The analysis is based on several criteria: the general criteria, which apply to all taxes, including federal; criteria for local and central taxes and, last but not least, criteria for relationships between local governments. The history of the three local taxes (property tax, business tax and income tax) is viewed in the light of the above-described criteria. It is shown that the local business tax needs to be adjusted according to the criteria of optimal local taxation. The author also explains why, from the theoretical perspective, it was important to transfer the revenue from the income tax to the local level in 1969 and points out that local governments currently lack the authority to set tax rates. The case of the property tax, introduced in 1936, is particularly interesting, taking into consideration the current plans to amend the existing legislation. The author compares the two possible scenarios of the future tax reforms and comes to the conclusion that only one of them fully meets the international standards. The analysis has shown that the local taxation system in Germany is quite efficient, although there is definitely some room for improvement. The combination of the business tax and the income tax allow local authorities to balance the interests of local households and businesses.For citationZimmermann H. History of local taxation in Germany. Journal of Tax Reform. 2019;5(1):57–69. DOI:10.15826/jtr.2019.5.1.060Article infoReceived December 17, 2018; accepted March 12, 2019 ; Не ограничиваясь простым описанием истории местного налогообложения в Германии, автор оценивает существующую систему и ее историческое развитие на соответствие различным критериям оптимального местного налога. Гипотеза автора говорит о том, что немецкая система местного налогообложения, сложившаяся с имперских времен, может быть реформирована, чтобы достаточно хорошо соответствовать общепринятым критериям. Для анализа выделено несколько критериев: критерии для любого налога (также федерального), критерии для местных и центральных налогов и, что не менее важно, критерии для отношений между местными органами власти. Основываясь на этих критериях, описывается история трех местных налогов (налог на имущество, местный налог на бизнес, местный налог на прибыль). Развитие налога на имущество описано с момента его введения в 1936 г. вплоть до настоящего времени. С учетом наличия планов по внесению дальнейших изменений в законодательство, оценены две возможные альтернативы его предстоящего реформирования. Сделан вывод, что из двух предлагаемых вариантов его изменения лишь один соответствует международным стандартам. На основе анализа системы реформ, последовательно изменявших местный промысловый налог, сделан вывод о необходимости его скорейшего реформирования в целях приведения в соответствие с критериями оптимального местного налогообложения. Оправдана, с теоретических позиций, важность передачи на местный уровень власти в 1969 г. доли поступлений от налога на доходы. Вместе с тем отмечен недостаток полномочий местного уровня по установлению налоговой ставки. Анализ показал, что система местного налогообложения в Германии в целом не плоха, но может быть значительно улучшена. Промысловый налог и налог на доходы, работая совместно, создают предпосылки для балансирования интересов коренного населения и предпринимательского сообщества, а в целом три названных источника доходов сформировали неплохую местную систему налогообложения Германии. Вместе с тем все элементы этой системы нуждаются в реформировании.Для цитированияЦиммерманн Х. История местного налогообложения в Германии // Journal of Tax Reform. 2019. Т. 5, № 1. С. 57–69. DOI:10.15826/jtr.2019.5.1.060Информация о статьеДата поступления 17 декабря 2018 г.; дата принятия к печати 12 марта 2019 г.

В настоящее время цифровые технологии позволяют активно использовать в образовательном процессе самые разные визуальные средства. Однако, как показывает опыт, преподаватели иностранных языков довольно редко включают просмотр кинолент в процесс обучения. Цель настоящего исследования заключалась в описании роли художественных фильмов в формировании социокультурной компетенции и определении их места в процессе обучения немецкому языку. Для достижения указанной цели были проанализированы актуальные исследования о фильмах как средстве формирования социокультурной компетенции. Анализ показал, что они могут служить не только средством повышения мотивации, но и богатейшим источником социокультурных знаний, зачастую компенсируя информационные пробелы в учебниках. На эмпирическом этапе исследования был проведен опрос среди студентов, изучающих немецкий язык, и выявлены основные тенденции в использовании аутентичных художественных фильмов - студенты мало знакомы с немецким кинематографом, невысоко ценят актуальность фильмов, а преподаватели редко предлагают их к просмотру, ограничиваясь при этом лишь несколькими известными картинами. Таким образом, предположение о весьма скромной роли фильмов в процессе обучения немецкому было подтверждено эмпирически. В заключение даны рекомендации об использовании немецкоязычных художественных кинолент, обладающих богатым дидактическим потенциалом для развития социокультурной компетенции.
Nowadays, digital technology allow to actively use a variety of visual media in an educational process. However, the experience shows that foreign language teachers rather rarely include movies in their lessons. The purpose of this study is to describe the role of feature films in the development of sociocultural competence and to determine their place in teaching German. In order to achieve this goal, we analyzed the current research works on films as a means of development of sociocultural competence. The analysis showed that movies not only increase motivation, but can also be a rich source of sociocultural knowledge that often compensates for information gaps in textbooks. At the empirical stage we made a survey among the students studying German and revealed the main trends in the usage of authentic feature films. Students know little about German cinematography, value low the relevance of films, and teachers rarely offer films for watching, limiting themselves to a few famous films. Thus, our assumption about the very modest role of films in the German learning process was confirmed empirically. We conclude with recommendations for German-language feature films that have rich didactic potential for the development of sociocultural competence.

The article is devoted to the study of the doctrine of formalized and non-formalized basic human rights in Ukraine and Germany. To achieve this research goal, the following research objectives have been identified: 1) to outline a subsystem of formalized fundamental human rights and freedoms in accordance with the German fundamental doctrine of fundamental human rights; 2) identify the subsystem of unformalized basic human rights and freedoms in accordance with the German fundamental doctrine of fundamental human rights, to name the problems of its functioning; 3) to analyze the national doctrine of formalized and non-formalized human rights and freedoms, to make proposals on the development of the theory and practice of affirmation and maintenance of human rights and freedoms in Ukraine. As a result of the study, the following conclusions are made: a) It is found that one of the dimensions of the existence of the human rights and freedoms system in Germany is its division into: formalized (written) and unformalized (unwritten) human rights. However, both types of human rights have equal constitutional status; b) It is stated that the formation of the human rights system, both formalized and unformalized, is not monopolized by the state. Legal science is actively involved in the formation of this system. Scientists' conclusions and suggestions, both on the list and on the content of individual human rights, are applied at the same level as the legislation in the exercise of a specific human right or freedom in Germany; c) it is determined that the list of unformalized (unwritten) human rights in Germany is open, as new informal human rights can emerge as a result of the activities of both the judiciary and the state; d) it is stated that in Ukraine only formalized human rights that have a normatively defined mechanism of their realization are able to be asserted and secured by the Ukrainian state. Informal rights can exist only in the form of scientific theories and concepts, but do not have a real dimension of ...

The paper analyzes political decisions in the field of personnel and educational policy as a response of four German administrations, with Angela Merkel as the Federal Chancellor, to challenges of digitalization. Since challenges in the development of labor market induced by demographic and migration factors are similar for Russia and Germany, German experience may be useful for Russia as a large federal state with significant risks of rising social inequality. Challenges in the development of the labor market induced by demographic and migration factors are common for Russia and Germany. The author addresses the key challenge for the German government — the organization of humane working conditions in a new digital reality presented in the White Paper "Work 4.0" after careful examination and consultation with main actors: associations, trade unions, companies, academia and civil society. He sees the solution to the problem in improving qualifications and developing digital skills, as well as ensuring attractive working conditions, in the first place for specialists in engineering, technical and natural science specialties (STEM). The analysis concludes with recommendations for policymakers which include such measures as improving gender equality in STEM professions and selective migration policy that mitigates unnecessary barriers for highly qualified immigrants.

The article deals with the main linguistic mechanisms of renaming and the extralinguistic motives to change the name on the material of the modern political parties of Germany. ; В статье рассматриваются основные языковые механизмы осуществления переименования и экстралингвистические мотивы смены имени на материале современных политических партий Германии.

The article analyzes the specifity of the activity of modern higher education institutions in Germany. It has been stated that improving the content and quality of the training of specialists at Ukrainian higher education institutions will be facilitated by the study and creative use of pedagogically valuable ideas and experience of the leading countries of the world, in particular Germany. It has been emphasized that the government of the country is constantly improving and introducing original forms and methods of training future specialists in various fields of knowledge. It has been established that S. Vitvytska, B. Vulfson, O. Dzhurynskyi, T. Kalinichenko, Yu. Pyvovar, S. Cherkashyn and others were engaged in studying the formation, development and analysis of the current state of higher education institutions in both Ukraine and the leading countries of the world. In the process of the scientific search we used theoretical methods – systematization of sources on the problem under study; analysis of normative documents, legislative acts, current documentation on the content, forms and methods of the activity of IHE; comparative-historical methods (in order to analyze domestic and foreign experience); logic and structural and retrospective methods in order to summarize and systematize the theoretical positions and activities of modern higher education institutions in Germany and to identify the prospects of using the best assets on the outlined problem in modern higher education in Ukraine. It has been proved that the specifity of the activity of higher education institutions in Germany is fundamentalisation of higher education; giving preference to the classical university education; individualization of learning; implementation of corporate programs that involve a close combination of higher education with work in firms or companies; broad involvement of young people in scientific activities; continuous improvement of the quality of higher education; modernization of training technologies; intensification of both the educational process and the process of training qualified teaching staff; improvement of the system of verification of the educational activity, etc. The study has shown that there are some problems in the organization of education in higher education institutions in Germany. These problems include ensuring a high level of the training of specialists while their number is significantly increasing; search for ways of balancing humanitarian, natural and technical training programs, theoretical and practical components of the educational process, educational and research work, etc.Keywords: Germany, IHE, education, trends, students. ; У статті проаналізовано специфіку діяльності сучасних закладів вищої освіти Німеччини. Констатовано, що покращенню змісту та якості підготовки фахівців у вищій школі України сприятиме вивчення та творче використання педагогічно цінних ідей та досвіду провідних країн світу, зокрема Німеччини. Наголошено на тому, що уряд зазначеної країни постійно удосконалює та впроваджує в життя оригінальні форми та методи підготовки майбутніх фахівців різних галузей знань.Установлено, що дослідженням питань становлення, розвитку та аналізу сучасного стану закладів вищої освіти як України, так і провідних країн світу займалися С. Вітвицька, Б. Вульфсон, О. Джуринський, Т. Калініченко, Ю. Пивовар, С. Черкашин та ін. У процесі наукового пошуку використано теоретичні – систематизація джерел із досліджуваної проблеми; аналіз нормативних документів, законодавчих актів, поточної документації щодо змісту, форм і методів діяльності ЗВО; порівняльно-історичні (з метою аналізу вітчизняного та зарубіжного досвіду); логіко-структурні та ретроспективні методи з метою узагальнення й систематизації теоретичних положень та діяльності сучасних закладів вищої освіти Німеччини та виявлення перспектив використання кращих надбань із окресленої проблеми в сучасній вищій школі України.Доведено, що специфіка діяльності закладів вищої освіти Німеччини полягає у: фундаменталізації вищої освіти; наданні переваги класичній університетській освіті; індивідуалізації навчання; впровадженні корпоративних програм, які передбачають тісне поєднання навчання у вищій школі з працею у фірмах або компаніях; широкому залученні молоді до наукової діяльності; постійному вдосконаленні якості вищої освіти; модернізації технологій навчання; інтенсифікації як навчального процесу, так і процесу підготовки кваліфікованих викладацьких кадрів; удосконаленні системи перевірки навчальної діяльності та ін. Проведене дослідження дало змогу стверджувати, що організація навчання у закладах вищої освіти Німеччини має і певні проблеми. До зазначених проблем можна віднести: забезпечення високого рівня підготовки фахівців водночас з суттєвим збільшенням їх кількості; пошук шляхів збалансування гуманітарних, природознавчих та технічних напрямів підготовки, теоретичної та практичною складових освітнього процесу, навчальної та науково-дослідної роботи тощо. Ключові слова: Німеччина, ЗВО, освіта, тенденції, студенти.

For the first time in Russian-language historiography on the basis of an analysis of the most important components of Franco-German cooperation in the field of higher education the evolution of cooperation between higher education institutions of France and Germany in the post-war period is presented. The prerequisites for Franco-German cooperation after the Second World War are determined. The evolution of academic mobility between these countries is considered. The results of activities to create equivalents of documents on higher education in France and Germany are revealed. The Franco-German joint institutions of higher education are characterized. The aim of this work is to consider the evolution of cooperation between France and Germany in the field of higher education in the post-war period of time through the prism of its key aspects. The relevance of this study is due to the lack of research on this issue in Russian-language historiography. In addition, the study of Franco-German relations in the field of science and higher education in the post-war period is also of practical importance, since the experience of this cooperation, or its individual aspects, can be used in the field of higher education and science of our state. As a result of the analysis of key aspects of the Franco-German university cooperation, the following stages were identified in bilateral cooperation. 1. Establishment of Franco-German educational cooperation (1949–1963) – a period of post-war contradictions and the emergence of academic mobility between universities in France and Germany. The intensification of Franco-German cooperation in higher education was due to the unfolding Cold War and the ongoing process of European integration: the cultural sphere acted as a means of overcoming Franco-German antagonism. 2. Franco-German cooperation after the conclusion of the Treaty of Elysee (1963 – the end of the 1970s) – a period of expansion of academic mobility and the creation of new tools for its implementation; at the same time, this period of cooperation was marked by a shift in the attention of the governments of France and Germany towards national education issues. 3. The beginning of the process of institutionalization of Franco-German cooperation (late 1970s – 1993). The transition to the third stage of cooperation is due to the emergence of new trends in bilateral educational partnerships: the creation of coordinating institutes and joint educational institutions and the beginning of solving the problem of equivalence of diplomas. 4. The cooperation of France and Germany after the formation of the EU in 1993 – the Franco-German partnership at the present stage and within the European Higher Education Area. The implementation of the provisions of the Bologna Agreement in practice significantly unified the higher education systems of France and Germany, which facilitated bilateral academic exchanges, and the two countries' participation in European educational programs became an additional incentive for their intensification.