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The role and place of public diplomacy in international relations, peace and stability, and the strengthening of mutual relations among nations are constantly increasing in the context of globalization. People's diplomacy plays an important role in shaping friendly relations between Uzbekistan and the international community with political, diplomatic and economic ties. In the development of public diplomacy, scientists, science and culture representatives, educational institutions, public and religious organizations, as well as public associations founded by fellow citizens, play a key role in the development of public diplomacy. The article aims to provide a systematic illustration of the history of cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with Germany within the framework of public diplomacy. It follows from the following tasks: The Role of Public Diplomacy in Foreign Policy of Uzbekistan; Opening of the main directions of the German cooperation in the field of public diplomacy; The role of societies in the cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan with public diplomacy with Germany. The research has been used in the analysis, synthesis, history, logic research ways. The external mining partnership, formed in connection with public diplomacy, has given its results in the short run. In 1992, the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Uzbekistan received 36 representatives from 9 countries (England, Germany, Israel, India, Malaysia, Turkey, USA, France and JAR). In 1993, about 160 countries recognized the independence of Uzbekistan and established diplomatic relations with 60 countries. In 1993, The First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov visited Germany, France, England, the Netherlands, Japan and India. As a result of the visit, an agreement on cultural cooperation was signed with India, Turkey, Germany, France, Great Britain and China. The development of public diplomacy has played a significant role in the Uzbek Culture Days in Germany and the German Cultural Days in Uzbekistan. At the same time, the role of art and theater days in the countries in the development of cooperation between two countries in the sphere of culture was particularly significant. The role of friendship societies and cultural centers in the development of bilateral relations between two states in Eurasia – Germany and Uzbekistan is immense. The role of "Uzbekistan-Germany" Friendship Society and "Germany-Uzbekistan" societies, which unite representatives of two nations in the development of cooperation within the framework of people diplomacy are unique.

The article is devoted to the study of the doctrine of formalized and non-formalized basic human rights in Ukraine and Germany. To achieve this research goal, the following research objectives have been identified: 1) to outline a subsystem of formalized fundamental human rights and freedoms in accordance with the German fundamental doctrine of fundamental human rights; 2) identify the subsystem of unformalized basic human rights and freedoms in accordance with the German fundamental doctrine of fundamental human rights, to name the problems of its functioning; 3) to analyze the national doctrine of formalized and non-formalized human rights and freedoms, to make proposals on the development of the theory and practice of affirmation and maintenance of human rights and freedoms in Ukraine. As a result of the study, the following conclusions are made: a) It is found that one of the dimensions of the existence of the human rights and freedoms system in Germany is its division into: formalized (written) and unformalized (unwritten) human rights. However, both types of human rights have equal constitutional status; b) It is stated that the formation of the human rights system, both formalized and unformalized, is not monopolized by the state. Legal science is actively involved in the formation of this system. Scientists' conclusions and suggestions, both on the list and on the content of individual human rights, are applied at the same level as the legislation in the exercise of a specific human right or freedom in Germany; c) it is determined that the list of unformalized (unwritten) human rights in Germany is open, as new informal human rights can emerge as a result of the activities of both the judiciary and the state; d) it is stated that in Ukraine only formalized human rights that have a normatively defined mechanism of their realization are able to be asserted and secured by the Ukrainian state. Informal rights can exist only in the form of scientific theories and concepts, but do not have a real dimension of ...

The article analyzes the specifity of the activity of modern higher education institutions in Germany. It has been stated that improving the content and quality of the training of specialists at Ukrainian higher education institutions will be facilitated by the study and creative use of pedagogically valuable ideas and experience of the leading countries of the world, in particular Germany. It has been emphasized that the government of the country is constantly improving and introducing original forms and methods of training future specialists in various fields of knowledge. It has been established that S. Vitvytska, B. Vulfson, O. Dzhurynskyi, T. Kalinichenko, Yu. Pyvovar, S. Cherkashyn and others were engaged in studying the formation, development and analysis of the current state of higher education institutions in both Ukraine and the leading countries of the world. In the process of the scientific search we used theoretical methods – systematization of sources on the problem under study; analysis of normative documents, legislative acts, current documentation on the content, forms and methods of the activity of IHE; comparative-historical methods (in order to analyze domestic and foreign experience); logic and structural and retrospective methods in order to summarize and systematize the theoretical positions and activities of modern higher education institutions in Germany and to identify the prospects of using the best assets on the outlined problem in modern higher education in Ukraine. It has been proved that the specifity of the activity of higher education institutions in Germany is fundamentalisation of higher education; giving preference to the classical university education; individualization of learning; implementation of corporate programs that involve a close combination of higher education with work in firms or companies; broad involvement of young people in scientific activities; continuous improvement of the quality of higher education; modernization of training technologies; intensification of both the educational process and the process of training qualified teaching staff; improvement of the system of verification of the educational activity, etc. The study has shown that there are some problems in the organization of education in higher education institutions in Germany. These problems include ensuring a high level of the training of specialists while their number is significantly increasing; search for ways of balancing humanitarian, natural and technical training programs, theoretical and practical components of the educational process, educational and research work, etc.Keywords: Germany, IHE, education, trends, students. ; У статті проаналізовано специфіку діяльності сучасних закладів вищої освіти Німеччини. Констатовано, що покращенню змісту та якості підготовки фахівців у вищій школі України сприятиме вивчення та творче використання педагогічно цінних ідей та досвіду провідних країн світу, зокрема Німеччини. Наголошено на тому, що уряд зазначеної країни постійно удосконалює та впроваджує в життя оригінальні форми та методи підготовки майбутніх фахівців різних галузей знань.Установлено, що дослідженням питань становлення, розвитку та аналізу сучасного стану закладів вищої освіти як України, так і провідних країн світу займалися С. Вітвицька, Б. Вульфсон, О. Джуринський, Т. Калініченко, Ю. Пивовар, С. Черкашин та ін. У процесі наукового пошуку використано теоретичні – систематизація джерел із досліджуваної проблеми; аналіз нормативних документів, законодавчих актів, поточної документації щодо змісту, форм і методів діяльності ЗВО; порівняльно-історичні (з метою аналізу вітчизняного та зарубіжного досвіду); логіко-структурні та ретроспективні методи з метою узагальнення й систематизації теоретичних положень та діяльності сучасних закладів вищої освіти Німеччини та виявлення перспектив використання кращих надбань із окресленої проблеми в сучасній вищій школі України.Доведено, що специфіка діяльності закладів вищої освіти Німеччини полягає у: фундаменталізації вищої освіти; наданні переваги класичній університетській освіті; індивідуалізації навчання; впровадженні корпоративних програм, які передбачають тісне поєднання навчання у вищій школі з працею у фірмах або компаніях; широкому залученні молоді до наукової діяльності; постійному вдосконаленні якості вищої освіти; модернізації технологій навчання; інтенсифікації як навчального процесу, так і процесу підготовки кваліфікованих викладацьких кадрів; удосконаленні системи перевірки навчальної діяльності та ін. Проведене дослідження дало змогу стверджувати, що організація навчання у закладах вищої освіти Німеччини має і певні проблеми. До зазначених проблем можна віднести: забезпечення високого рівня підготовки фахівців водночас з суттєвим збільшенням їх кількості; пошук шляхів збалансування гуманітарних, природознавчих та технічних напрямів підготовки, теоретичної та практичною складових освітнього процесу, навчальної та науково-дослідної роботи тощо. Ключові слова: Німеччина, ЗВО, освіта, тенденції, студенти.

The article analyzes the German labor legislation on the issues of the emergence, change and termination of labor relations. It is proved that the labor contract is the basis for the emergence of labor relations in Germany. The content of the employment contract, its parties and forms of conclusion under current German law are studied. Scientific and theoretical conclusions and practical recommendations for improving the legal mechanisms of national labor legislation have been developed. ; У статті проаналізовано трудове законодавство Німеччини з питань виникнення, зміни та припинення трудових відносин. Обґрунтовано, що саме трудовий договір є підставою для виникнення трудових відносин в Німеччині. Досліджено зміст трудового договору, його сторони а також форму укладення за чинним німецьким законодавством. Розроблені науково-теоретичні висновки і практичні рекомендації для вдосконалення правових механізмів національного трудового законодавства.

The article is devoted to the analysis of problematic aspects of the migration policy of the European Union. The author describes this problem using the example of separate country, namely Germany. Germany is one of the most attractive countries for refugees, because of its high standard of living, social insurance system and multiculturalism policy. The author claims that Germany accepted the largest number of refugees among all other EU countries, which led to internal conflicts and necessity for reforming migration policy. The ineffectiveness of the Dublin system, the disagreement between Member States about division of migrants, the dissatisfaction of the population with government and, as a consequence, the rise in popularity of far-right sentiment in Europe, were the main reasons for changing the EU's approach to refugee policy and reforming the entire migration system. From 2015 to 2018, there were attempts by EU Member States to come up with a joint action plan to overcome the negative effects of the migration crisis. The author emphasizes two stages in the reforming of the system. First stage was lasting from April to October 2015 and was connected with first attempts of reforming. It was proposed to introduce a quota system, but not all states agreed with it. Also at the Valletta Migration Summit EU and African leaders signed an agreement on joint migration action, as well as in the framework of the EU-Turkey Action Plan aimed at halting the migration flow to Europe and combating illegal migration. The author says that EU actions within this period can be characterized as responding to current problems and finding possible ways and strategies for solution of the migration crisis. On the second stage decisions were made not so much with the aim of solving current problems, but with the aim of creating a more efficient system of migration legislation on the European level as a whole. During this period EU concluded agreement with Turkey on measures of illegal migrants. In conclusion the author says that ...

This article deals with the legal regulation of minors in Germany and Ukraine. Minors do not have enough intellectual ability to predict legal conse-
quences of their acts. That is why they need a special protection. The study primarily focuses on minors as a subject of law in Civil and Family Law.

The aim of the article is to study and compare legal regulation for minors under both German and Ukrainian law.

First of all, the notion of minors is analysed. It is assumed that the term minor is not clear. It has different meanings in both German and Ukrain-
ian national law. International legislation does not clear the issue.

Second, the legal regulation of minors is studied. The issue of age limits in the national Civil Law of Germany as well as Ukraine are examined
and compared. It is suggested that the age limits are closely connected to the legal capacity of the natural persons. The comparative analysis of
legal regulation of minors in Civil Law of both countries shows that the provisions of German Civil Law concerning the legal capacity of minors
differ sufficiently from Ukrainian ones. For example, in Germany children under seven years old do not have legal capacity, while minors at the age
from seven to eighteen years old have limited legal capacity. Whereas in Ukraine, minors under fourteen years old have partial legal capacity, while
minors between fourteen and eighteen years old have incomplete legal capacity.
Last but not least, the minors' rights and their scope from the point of view of a family and the state are explored. The comparison shows that
the legal regulation of minors' rights as well as an attitude to the minors in society in Germany differs from Ukraine. Finally, it is proposed to amend
the Family Code of Ukraine in respect of minors' rights. It is wise to consider an opinion of minors in family issues.

The article is devoted to the study of the theory of institutional and organizational guarantees of fundamental human rights in Ukraine and Germany. The article analyses the scientific studies of Ukrainian and German scientists, which reflect the doctrine of institutional and organizational guarantees of fundamental rights. The legislation of Ukraine and Germany was also investigated from the point of view of the normative regulation of the named guarantees of fundamental rights. The analysis of the Ukrainian doctrine on the guarantee of human rights and freedoms makes it possible to determine its following features: 1) institutional and organizational guarantees of human rights are defined by the constituent elements of the system of human rights guarantees; 2) they belong to the special (legal or legal) guarantees of human rights; 3) the guarantees of human rights directly depend on their official affirmation in the legislation of Ukraine, because it is they that they find their objective reflection; 4) the guarantors of human rights and freedoms are authorized to determine the basic rights and freedoms of man and citizen, to establish mechanisms for their implementation and protection; 5) human rights guarantors are mainly public authorities that have a normatively defined function to guarantee and secure one or more human rights. The study of the German and Austrian doctrine of basic human rights allows us to determine the following characteristics: 1) basic human rights give rise to guarantees for the individual as their carrier. This is one of their central functions; 2) fundamental rights are directed against the state. These are restrictions for: a) the legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany; b) executive power; c) jurisdiction; 3) the state is not the creator of fundamental rights, it only recognizes the fact of their existence. The realization of fundamental rights does not depend on the level of their consolidation in the legislation; 4) the system of guaranteeing fundamental rights includes: ...

У статті визначено вектори розвитку інституту податкового консультування в Україні з орієнтиром інтеграції у європейське співтовариство. Проаналізовано досвід Німеччини у формуванні та регулюванні ринку податкового консультування. Інститут податкового консультування в Німеччині має багатолітню історію, регулювання даної сфери здійснюється на державному рівні шляхом прийняття спеціального закону. Проаналізовано особливості діяльності різних професійних груп, що мають право надавати податкові консультаційні послуги. Визначено, що професія податкового консультанта в Німеччині є однією з найбільш престижних та високооплачуваних, користується постійно зростаючим попитом протягом останніх десятиліть. Це пов'язано із складністю німецького податкового законодавства, наявністю чітких вимог до професії податкового консультанта, довірою і вигодою як для платників податків, так і державних органів. Жорсткі норми професійного доступу, подальший суворий державний контроль за діяльністю податкових консультантів, система страхування, чітка регламентація оплати послуг у поєднанні із заохоченням держави використовувати послуги податкових консультантів сприяє підвищенню ефективності адміністрування податків, зростанню податкової культури та гармонізації відносин усіх суб'єктів податкових правовідносин. Обгрунтовано необхідність державного регулювання ринку податкових консультаційних послуг в Україні на базі закріплення законодавчих норм його функціонування, визначення місця, ролі, прав та обов'язків податкових консультантів в системі податкових правовідносин. ; In the article the vectors of development of tax advisory institute in Ukraine with reference of its integration into the European community has been determined. The experience of Germany in shaping and regulating the tax consulting market has been analyzed. The tax advisory institute in Germany has a long history, the regulation of this sphere is carried out at the state level through the adoption of a special law. The peculiarities of activity of various professional groups that have the right to provide tax advisory services has been analyzed. It has been determined that the profession of tax advisor in Germany is one of the most prestigious and highly paid, is enjoying ever-increasing demand over the last decade. It is connected with the complexity of German tax legislation, the existence of clear requirements to the profession of tax advisor, trust and benefit for taxpayers and public authorities. The strict rules of professional access, further strict state control over the activities of tax advisers, the insurance system, the clear regulation of payment of services in conjunction with the state encouragement to use the services of tax advisors contributes to increasing the efficiency of tax administration, the growth of tax culture and the harmonization of relations of all subjects of tax relations. The necessity of government control of market of tax advising in Ukraine based on consolidation of legislation of its operation, decision of the place, role, rights and duties of tax consultants in the system of tax legal relationships has been founded.

The article analyzes human dignity as a legal category and fundamental natural human right. The place and role of the right to human dignity in the system of constitutional rights of Ukraine and Germany are compared. The scientific substantiation of the right to human dignity in Ukraine and Germany, its normative protection in both countries, is investigated. The approaches to defining and interpreting the right to human dignity in the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany are compared.

The relationship between the right to human dignity and other human rights is determined, as well as the sphere of protection of this right. In particular, there are parallels between the right to life and the right to human dignity, and their relationship is determined. It is substantiated that the human life and dignity of each person enjoy the same constitutional protection regardless of the duration of the individual's physical existence.

It is established that among Ukrainian scholars there is no unified view of the right to dignity as a fundamental natural right. The right to human dignity in Ukraine is enshrined in the norms of constitutional, civil and criminal law. For the most part, the protection of the right to human dignity is correlated with the right to the protection of honour and goodwill. The right to human dignity and honour are not clearly distinguished. The legisla- tion of Ukraine does not contain a legal norm defining the concept of the right to human dignity. The case-law of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in this area is not sufficiently developed and does not constitute a proper legal framework.

In Germany, the right to human dignity is a decisive and fundamental human right that is fundamental to all other rights. Human dignity is the supreme fundamental value and the root of all fundamental rights. The right to human dignity enshrined in Article 1 of the Constitution of the Fed- eral Republic of Germany defines it as an absolute value, which means that it cannot be restricted by any other norm, even by another fundamental right that follows from human dignity.

The article describes the main stages of modern Germany's experience in building of the parliamentary democracy. The author defines the historical progress of the German state on the wayto the formation of democratic foundations that created the basis of modern society. Three German constitutions of 1871, 1919 and 1949 were considered, they formed the basis for the development of apostwar federal state. Particular attention is focused on the transformation of the three western occupation zones of Germany into the Federal Republic of Germany and the development of the BasicLaw, which was initially regarded as temporary constitution. The author also drew attention to external factors that significantly influenced the transformation of post-Nazi Germany and theformation of the Basic Law. The historical retrospective of the formation of the second German democratic state is presented in a broad international context. ; У статті розкриваються основні етапи досвіду сучасної Німеччини у побудові парламентської демократії. Автором охарактеризовано історичний поступ німецької держави на шляху до формування демократичних засад, що лягли в основу сучасного суспільства. Розглянуто три німецькі конституції 1871, 1919 та 1949 рр., які створили собою базис для розвитку післявоєнної федеративної держави. Особливу увагу сфокусовано на трансформації трьох західних окупаційних зон Німеччини у Федеративну Республіку Німеччина та розробці Основного закону, який спочатку розглядався як тимчасова конституція. Автор зупинив свою увагу і на зовнішніх чинниках, які істотно вплинули на трансформацію пост-нацистської Німеччини та на формування Основного закону. Історична ретроспектива формування другої німецької демократичної держави представлена у широкому міжнародному контексті.

The role of united Germany in the framework of the UN has been considered in the paper. The Two-Plus-Four-Agreement would set the stage for new relationship between Germany and the United Nations. Multilateralism and integration would also become the cornerstones of the German foreign policy. Germany's UN policy is characteristic of a commitment to a broad range of UN areas of operation. Such areas include the UN peacekeeping, protection of human rights, sustainable development and humanitarian aid. During the 1990s Germany directly or indirectly participated in 24 UN missions. The author has noted that the German military took part in missions to provide transportation, supply and engineering works. Germany was initially unable to significantly participate in peacekeeping operations due to the constitutional limitations. It was not earlier than 1994 when the decision on legalization of the Bundeswehr participation in the military actions, which are carried out outside NATO borders under the UN mandate, was made during internal political debate. This decision laid the way for greater German involvement in the peacekeeping operations. Germany demanded to revise articles 53 and 107 of the UN Charter which concern "the enemy states" since they had lost their original relevance. As a result, they were abolished in 1995. The author has emphasized that Germany is interested in strengthening the UN and expressed its wish to obtain a permanent membership on the Security Council. Because of this, Germany was one of the initiators of the reform of the UN. The German version assumed representativeness improvement that could be achieved by increasing the number of permanent and semi-permanent (without veto) members of the Security Council. However, the reform process has been protracted for many years because there was no unanimous opinion on methods of its implementation. The author concludes that numerous peacekeeping missions, financing of humanitarian programs, even internal political changes have demonstrated the importance of the UN's activities for foreign policy of united Germany. The participation in development of reform of the UN and the claim for the permanent membership in the Security Council are the logical consequence of increasing the united Germany status in the world community. Germany has managed to rise from a «political dwarf» of the confrontation times to the leader of the postbipolar world, and its activities in the UN played a significant role in this. ; Статтю присвячено характеристиці ролі об'єднаної Німеччини у межах діяльності ООН. Розглянуто миротворчі місії, гуманітарну допомогу, пропозицію реформувати Раду Безпеки та проаналізовано їхній вплив на внутрішньополітичний розвиток Німеччини

The article analyzes the Reformation project "Christian city Wittenberg" in the works of the famous reformer Andreas Karlstadt. Unlike previous researchers, the author considers it in the context of the mythologizing of various social forces and institutions that claimed to make the Reformation. The myth of the "Christian city" is formed in opposition to other mythologized communities and individuals - "Christian ruler", "Christian nobility", "Christian duke". The Reformation project of the "Christian city" arose in search of forces capable and ready to carry out the Reformation program formulated by Luther and his associates. In the first years of the Reformation, the myths of the "Christian duke" (reformer) and the "Christian nobility" came to the fore in socio-political thought. The Worms Reichstag of 1521 showed the inability of the political elite and the "Christian nobility", led by the emperor, to consolidate their efforts and to renew the Papal Church. The hopes of the Wittenberg reformers that the "Christian duke" (Prince-elector Friedrich of Saxony the Wise) would carry out the reforms proved futile. Luther's patron pursued a careful ecclesiastical policy and was in no hurry to transform. The idea of a "Christian city" arose spontaneously during the mass riots in Wittenberg in early 1522. After the first transformations took place here, one of the leaders of the Reformation movement, Andreas Karlstadt, promoted Wittenberg as a model of a true "Christian city." After Wittenberg and other cities proved unable to carry out their reform mission, Karlstadt, together with the radical reformers, continued to give the leading role to another community, the "common people," which was based on the peasantry. The identifier of such community is the "common man", who in the mass consciousness acquires the characteristics of a mythical hero. Martin Luther, who was extremely negative about the right of the "common people" to carry out reforms, also personifies such a community and calls it in German "Herr Omnes" (in ...

У статті висвітлено інтеркультурний зміст міжнародних освітніх програм DAAD для митців України. Подано детальний опис стипендійних програм DAAD для митців України. З'ясовано вимоги до пошукачів щодо отримання тієї чи іншої стипендії. Окреслено специфічні особливості стипендії за спеціальністю «Музика». Охарактеризовано інтернаціональні мистецькі програми на здобуття академічних ступенів «бакалавр», «спеціаліст» у Німеччині на 2012/2013 роки. ; In this article the interculrural content of the international art educational programs in the German universities analyzed. In recent years in the system of the higher education in Germany there is an intensive modernization of system of the higher education realized. The most heated debates are conducted on the problems of increase of efficiency of functioning of system of the higher education, improvement of quality of preparation, education of scientific elite, optimum formation of the content of education, reduction of terms of training, improvement of material base of the higher school, preservation and strengthening of positions of high school science and first of all basic researches in higher education institutions. Being one of initiators and active participants of process of the European integration into the fields of education, since 1999, Germany rather carefully reforms the system of the higher education, seeking to keep the educational traditions. A number of amendments to the Law on the higher education of 1998 fixed a minimum of necessary requirements for implementation of the Bologna declaration, having given them the status supplementing national educational system. The option of preparation of students, both on classical, and by new European option of preparation of bachelors and masters was provided to those higher education institutions of Germany. For the second option the legislation provided new mechanisms of accreditation of programs and courses, and also new system of an assessment of quality of education therefore this publication is actual. The detailed description of the stipendial DAAD programs for critics of Ukraine is submitted. Requirements for competitors of this or that grant are defined. Specific features of grants behind the specialty «Music» are outlined. International art programs for obtaining the academic degrees «Bachelor», «Specialist» in Germany in 2012/2013 years are characterized.

The article considers the political and administrative measures of the Nazi regime to establish control over the academic life of German universities. Academic self-government contradicted the Nazi political order, so the universities were quickly incorporated into the administrative system of the new government, and their autonomy was abolished.In parallel, the new authorities made direct ideological interference in the curricula and subjects of scientific research, reformatting them in the spirit of the doctrine of National Socialism. After the reform, university disciplines and studies began to serve the ideological needs of the ruling regime and substantiate Nazi policies. Control over the content of curricula and the activity of teachers was placed on the party committees of the NSDAP established in universities.In order to purify the universities from the non-Aryan spirit, the Nazis conducted political purges among students and scientists. Their victims were Jews and opponents of the Gittler regime. From 1933 to 1939 years the number of students in German universities was reduced from 128 000 to 58 000, and the work lost up to 20% of teachers.At the same time despite the repressive nature of the Nazi regime, most teachers began to cooperate with the new government. The universities turned into public platforms for Nazi policies and ideology. The other side of political purges was the mass entry of professors and associate professors into the Nazi Party as a manifestation of political loyalty. By the end of the 1930s, half of the teachers were members of the NSDAP. Since the basis of Nazi ideology was biology and racial theory, the highest level of membership in the party was found in medical faculties that tended to these disciplines. Up to 70% of the teachers of these faculties had a party ticket. The smallest - about 30% - this figure was at the technical and natural faculties, which traditionally tried to distance themselves far from politics.As a result of the long domination of Nazi ideas in the academic sphere, the quality of higher education and research at universities in the Third Reich has been constantly falling, and political cleansing has led to the emigration of a significant part of talented scientists.On the other hand, the new rules, imposed by the Nazi regime, quickly took root in the educational system. Universities began to train professionals loyal to the Fuhrer and the state, although the quality of their training fell.Key words: the higher education, political cleansing, ideological campaigns, conformism, The Third Reich, the academic community, National Socialism. ; У статті розглядаються політико-управлінські заходи нацистського режиму щодо встановлення контролю над академічним життям німецьких вишів, що мали значний вплив на їхній інституційний розвиток. Аналізуються трансформація моделі вузівського управління та змісту навчальних планів у дусі націонал-соціалізму, чистки серед студентства та викладачів.Стверджується, що академічна спільнота не чинила активного опору новому режиму Гітлера, а виші перетворились на публічні майданчики для нацистської політики та ідеології.

У статті розглянуто два історичних періоди, що особливо позначилися на формуванні системи вищої освіти Німеччини: Середні віки та епоха Просвітництва та період німецького ідеалізму. Піднято питання традиційного німецького університету та організації в ньому навчального процесу, що було запозичено низкою європейських країн, дало відмінні результати й можна з успіхом застосовувати в національних ВНЗ. На основі порівняльного аналізу зроблено висновки про те, що обидва історичних періоди по-своєму вплинули на формування та розвиток німецьких університетів. Визначено місце вищих навчальних закладів неуніверситетського типу, зокрема педагогічного та технічного профілю досліджуваного історичного проміжку, що може стати перспективою подальших наукових розвідок. ; Two historical periods are especially crucial for the German university tradition: the European universities medieval founding and neohumanistic renewal and reform of university education system in Prussia in the early nineteenth century. German universities historical roots reach the common European tradition of the medieval universities, which appeared in the XII century in Bologna and Paris. These «universitatis magistrorum et scholarium», the corporate units of those, who teach and those who learn (teachers and students) were given Pope and Kaiser privileges. They had the right, independently to conduct their internal affairs, to pass and to take examinations and to award academic degrees with extra-regional recognition. The Universities were not professional or specialized agencies, but covered, all that time, fields of science. The neohumanistic university reform, which is the starting point of establishing the Berlin University (1809–1810), belongs to the second period, which is characterized by accelerated development of German universities based on the classical tradition. The neohumanistic educational tradition of the individual personality development through the self-study and "the university idea", which is derived from the philosophical doctrine of German idealism (Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Schelling), has maintained its appeal even today. The main points of Humboldt concept of the university were: far achieved public universities internal autonomy, their self government through Heads of Departments (ordinarii), the main emphasis on free trials, which should be directly responsible to the public interest, and direct combination of the university preparation academic and professional components (learning process – practice as a specialty). This is precisely why, postulates were answered "education freedom" and "the research unity and teaching process". According to the principle "education through science" was built all didactic system, that had to encourage student to independent thinking and to develop and his personal qualities, that are required to perform perfectly certain functions for professional and social sense.