Suchergebnisse

The historical-demographic approach of family in their relationship with society with different transitory societal or community typologies is a complex initiative that needs a methodological approach including peripheral elements as well, besides a deep analysis on the central defining elements. The historical demography and other sciences, such as anthropology or history of mentalities, by directly or collaterally approaching the family, often make references to the three important moments in the individual's life: birth, marriage and death.
We have used several categories of documentary sources in our survey. We have the information on the population in north-western Romania due to the ecclesiastic notes (in the parish records or reports and the bishopric notes); on the other hand, we have the information provided by the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian state. Methodologically, the first phase of our research consisted of the preparation of the documents investigation strategy, as expected. In our research, we consider the fact that we approach the area of ecclesiastic entities, as most of our sources for the 19th century belong to the church. This imposes a stress on the confession and its importance. Besides confession, an aspect that we wish to underline is ethnicity. In our investigation on the family the main stress was laid on the survey and analysis of different marital behaviours. Through different constraints and determinisms entailed by the possibility to choose, marriage is highly relevant in establishing behavioural laws (if they ever existed!?). The dimension of the marital market corroborated with the ethno-confessional and socio-professional realities provided the particularities of the marital phenomenon.
Referring to the lay and ecclesiastic legal framework, we support the need for a flexible approach of the topic. The logic of this foray consists of the visualisation of the legal framework – rigid and impregnated with an obvious moralising discourse – on the one hand, and the image of conformism and means of adaptation of the individual, on the other hand.
The starting point of the family is marriage. If we approach marriage from the point of view of the confessional and ethnic conditioning, we get to an analysis of the mixed marriages phenomenon. In fact, the analysis of the ethno-confessional and socio-professional determinisms and of other types of community or individual conditions can be easily carried out in the case of mixed marriages. The central point of our research is the analysis of Romanians', Hungarians', and Germans' marital behaviours without ignoring the image of this phenomenon at other populations in the area.
An analysis on birth and death rate, or natural growth, is able to provide information on the impact demographic phenomena had upon family. A world where death rate was very high and where family would react through a high birth rate was undoubtedly influenced by the demographic flow. Irrespective of the society typology, divorce, concubinage, and illegitimacy (no matter their way of manifestation) were forms of social deviance leading to the dilution of family image and precepts. We do not discuss here a dilution of the traditional precepts on the family, as someone might misunderstand; it is an erosion of the idea of family in general. The "family" began to acquire other forms than the "official" ones. From the relationship of the family with the community were born mentalities, roles and social statuses. The family, its formation, the relationships between man, woman, children and relatives, as well as the relationships with the rest of the community were filtered by the "village gossip". The need for a strong solidarity that was necessary in the unfriendly conditions at the time compelled the individuals to accept the cohabitation with other members of the family (including the extended one) and with the rest of the community.

In the article the author tackles a contemporary issue that is important for institutional strengthening of the Republic of Moldova. Developing a mechanism for efficient interaction of institutions of state power with political parties, ruling ones and in opposition, with the groups of interests, especially those institutional and associative, represents a strategic objective for the Republic of Moldova. Assessing institutions with "rules of the game", the contemporary political science updates the significance of the Constitution for organisation and good unfolding of the political process, for ensuring stability and at the same time dynamism of the socio-political system. The conclusions of the investigation of complex issues like dynamic political processes, functionality of political institutions in conditions of instability / political crisis, contain an educational, instructive message, important for the political actors of the Moldovan society.

Unter der Bezeichnung "Ein Teil..." ist der gesamte Zeitraum von Mai 1945 bis Februar 1948 zu verstehen, mit dem sich eine - dreiteilig gegliederte - Abhandlung auseinandersetzt. In dem vorliegenden Teil I befaßt sich der Autor mit den Aspekten der Revolutionsjahre, die seines Erachtens nach wie vor aktuell sind. Er stellt fest, daß gemäß dem Inhalt des 1993 verabschiedeten "Gesetzes über die Widerrechtlichkeit des kommunistischen Regims" die in der heutigen tschechischen Gesetzgebung gezogene zeitliche Grenze Februar 1948 ("kommunistischer Putsch") problematisch ist. Denn viele der schlimmen Verstöße, die dieses Gesetz dem kommunistischen Regime vorwirft, ereigneten sich bereits vor 1948, insb. innerhalb des ersten Jahres nach Kriegsende. Dieser Zeitraum läßt sich als eine nationale und sozialistische Revolution charakterisieren, die zwar im Rahmen der sowjetischen Einflussphäre stattfand, die jedoch aufgrund einer breiten nationalen Einheit (nicht also nur durch Machenschaften der KP) erfolgt ist. Zu den Markanten Zügen dieser Revolution gehörten: - revolutionäre Gewalt, die sich weit über die Behandlung nationaler Minoritäten hinaus erstreckte - starke Züge der Regulierung des politischen Lebens und der Massenmedien - umfangreiche Eigentumskonfiskationen, die weniger aus wirtschaftlichen wie vielmehr aus machtpolitischen und nationalistischen Motiven durchgefürt wurden. (BIOst-Hrs)

Autor navazuje na své mezinárodně úspěšné knižní fresky roku 1913, onoho "léta jednoho století", tentokrát se ovšem věnuje celé jedné dekádě, třicátým letům 20. století Jean-Paul Sartre pozval Simone de Beauvoirovou na schůzku a teď čeká sám v kavárně. Henry Miller a Anaïs Ninová se milují v Paříži a občas si zajedou za tichými dny do Clichy. Pablo Picasso kličkuje mezi svou ženou a milenkami a Gottfried Benn musel vstoupit do armády, aby se k němu vrátila poezie. Zatímco všude kypí láska, v Německu se Bertolt Brecht, Thomas Mann a mnozí další rozhodují pro emigraci. Moc uchvacují nacisté. Pálí se knihy. "Zlatá dvacátá" skončila. Nakladatelská anotace. Kráceno

Simmel's social theory, namely his formal sociology, has long been considered if not dead, then of little relevance for contemporary sociological theories. This study is an attempt at proving the contrary. Our aim is to show that Simmel's social ontology can be seen as a form of semiology, i.e. a complex body capable of integrating seemingly irreconcilable segments of society into a social science of signs, thus showing that his "social grammar" is a true social theory of sign systems. A keystone which helped us span the bridge between society and language, linguistics and sociology, was the concept of value. By dint of Simmel's theory of economic value we try to connect his social theory, on which it lies, with his theory of sign-money, which it supports. Simmel's social theory is based on an unorthodox concept of interaction, whose main qualities are that of perfect synchrony and unity that is dealt with by Simmel on the empirical as well as experience level. The puzzling term of form is revealed as Simmel's attempt to conceptually grasp this synchronic dimension of interaction. Simmel's theory of economic value is seen as an extension of Simmel's formal sociology. Simmel conceives value as a relation between two processes of valuation brought about within the exchange as a form of interaction. Money is the physical representation of this relation. To prove that Simmel's social theory can be regarded as a fully-grown theory of sign systems, as well as to elaborate our analysis of his social theory, we use the conceptual apparatus of Saussure's linguistics showing that not only does Simmel's theory imply all Saussure's key concepts, but it also solves some of its blind spots in contemporary sociology and spans the so far unsurpassable gulf between the individual and society or structure and development.

This article aims to follow up the institutionalization process of the primary education in the rural areas of Bessarabia (today Republic of Moldova), during the inter-war period (1918-1940), from the perspective of the application of the corporal punishment in the public schools. The application of the corporal punishment also interacted with certain matters related to the everyday process of the primary education in the villages, such as the teachers' relationships with the local community, the school attendance, or the internal group dynamics within the pedagogical collectives in the rural schools. The corporal punishment was codified and became increasingly scarce in the inter-war years, correspondingly with the change of the attitudes both of the teachers and the pupils' parents towards the primary school.

Aus tschechischer Sicht