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This article focuses on the intrinsic vulnerability to environmental militance in the context of abundant society. In the period after the two world wars, the growing success of environmental activism in the United States seems to be largely due to the unprecedented spread of material prosperity. Many US environmentalists after 1945 warn their fellow citizens about the negative externalities of economic growth and mass consumption, effectively trying to eradicate a type of economic organisation that has allowed environmental theories to advance in public opinion. In other words, the environmental movement then seems to depend on the socio-economic conditions it is fighting for. It will therefore be necessary to question the constraints which such tension imposes on environmental activism: if the challenge to material abundance is successful, will there still be a desire to preserve the environment? To answer these questions, this article will focus on the case of David Ross Brower, a great artist of the transformation of the Sierra Club after war and founder of Friends of the Earth, drawing on his archives gathered at the Bancroft Library of the University of California in Berkeley. What is Brower's speech on the socio-economic conditions of his time? What are the limits of his commitment in such a context? ; International audience This article addresses the vulnerability of the American environmentalist discourse during the postwar boom: while the growing success of the US environmental movement can largely be attributed to an unprecedentedly large distribution of material wealth after 1945, many US environmentalists had warned the population about the negative effects of economic growth and mass consumption. Therefore, the success of the environmental movement depended on the very socioeconomic conditions against which it was protesting, which, from a strategic perspective, meant that the end of prosperity might also undermine public appetite for environmental protection. This article aims to analyze the ...

International audience This article assesses the validity of the hypothesis of the culture wars and takes the political controversy over climate change as its case study. It is currently a well-established scientific fact that climate change is real and man-made and that it will have far-reaching detrimental repercussions across the globe should nothing be done to slow down its progress. In the US political arena, however, the fight is far from over, prompting commentators to describe this political controversy as a new front in the American culture wars as analyzed by James Davison Hunter in the early 1990s. This article ultimately examines this culture war as a way of portraying the state of US public opinion and tests the theories of political scientist Morris P. Fiorina which question the validity of such an approach. lt thus seeks to demonstrate the clear discrepancy between the political class and public opinion as a whole as far as climate change is concerned, and concludes by suggesting that the culture war approach may remain relevant if applied, in a more limited fashion, only to the political class.

Le Haut-de-garin, the all-public level of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, receives almost 500.000 visitors each year. This iconic place, by its architecture and history, is crossed by the same questions that have been raised by public libraries for about 30 years, which are primarily concerned with democratisation of access to culture. Instead of the expected general public, a young, mostly student, public with uses dominated by working on its own documents. The impression is that of users who first use space, with little awareness of the institutional environment and the services offered. It was therefore important, with a qualitative and ethnographic approach, to better understand the motivations of this public: what the Library is for him and the links it builds with it. Against hasty representations, this 6-month research project (2015-2016) highlighted the strong attachment to the place of the interviewees, which was accompanied by a positive and trusted report in the Library as an institution. The sense of security brought by the Upper Garden, in a context that values both intellectual work and user, encourages the development of a wide variety of studious projects, in increasingly fragile personal or professional contexts. The seriousness of what is done in Upper Garden is fully taken up and valued by its users, regardless of their age and status. They put forward a studious and voluntary approach that goes beyond the mere search for a workspace, as it expresses a need for support and support in its projects. ; Le Haut-de-jardin, niveau tout public de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, accueille chaque année près de 500.000 visiteurs. Ce lieu emblématique, par son architecture et son histoire, est traversé par les mêmes questionnements que portent depuis une trentaine d'année des bibliothèques publiques soucieuses d'abord de démocratisation de l'accès à la culture. En lieu et place du grand public attendu campe un public jeune, majoritairement étudiant, avec des usages dominés par le travail sur ...

International audience This paper provides an historical account of the initiative of the State of California to reform its history-social science curriculum along multicultural lines. The author intends to offer an insight into the American culture wars from the vantage point of primary and secondary education. The paper examines the changing representation of American cultural diversity as conveyed in the 1988 framework within the context of the national debate over American identity and common culture. The idea that "ail Americans are immigrants", including Native Americans and African Americans, is the guiding thread of a new synthesis of American history which strives to integrate previously omitted voices within a unifying historical narrative. The case study of the California history-social science curriculum reform exemplifies the attempt of historians and educators to settle down the debate over ethnie diversity and find the common ground that could bind ail American citizens together. ; Pour comprendre qui est « le Peuple américain » (ou pour comprendre s'il existe un peuple américain), les peuples américains ont tenté de se comprendre à l'intérieur des limites d'un récit particulier, d'une histoire dont les termes définissent leur identité, même si ce récit raconte la diversité.

Since the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the development of the concept of 'morphinomania', the medical body is looking for an appropriate therapeutic response to addiction. This contribution presents and assesses the efforts of Greek doctors and psychiatrists in this direction during the period between the two World Wars, when the consumination of illicit substances became a social problem. After a brief overview of the therapeutic system to which dependants (hospitals and psychiatric clinics) could have access, we look at the prin-cipales of weaning methods that have influenced medical practice in Greece, developed mainly in Germany and France: abrupt, rapid and slow weaning. Subsequently, we look at the methods adopted and adapted by the Greek medical world, in particular in the two major psychiatric hospitals in the capital. Finally, we try to take stock of the therapeutic approach, whose failures, coupled with the chronic impact of the Greek State, reflect the fact that the repressive option largely prevailed as a response to dependence during the period in question. ; International audience ; Since the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the development of the concept of 'morphinomania', the medical body is looking for an appropriate therapeutic response to addiction. This contribution presents and assesses the efforts of Greek doctors and psychiatrists in this direction during the period between the two World Wars, when the consumination of illicit substances became a social problem. After a brief overview of the therapeutic system to which dependants (hospitals and psychiatric clinics) could have access, we look at the prin-cipales of weaning methods that have influenced medical practice in Greece, developed mainly in Germany and France: abrupt, rapid and slow weaning. Subsequently, we look at the methods adopted and adapted by the Greek medical world, in particular in the two major psychiatric hospitals in the capital. Finally, we try to take stock of the therapeutic approach, whose ...

International audience This paper provides an historical account of the initiative of the State of California to reform its history-social science curriculum along multicultural lines. The author intends to offer an insight into the American culture wars from the vantage point of primary and secondary education. The paper examines the changing representation of American cultural diversity as conveyed in the 1988 framework within the context of the national debate over American identity and common culture. The idea that "ail Americans are immigrants", including Native Americans and African Americans, is the guiding thread of a new synthesis of American history which strives to integrate previously omitted voices within a unifying historical narrative. The case study of the California history-social science curriculum reform exemplifies the attempt of historians and educators to settle down the debate over ethnie diversity and find the common ground that could bind ail American citizens together. ; Pour comprendre qui est « le Peuple américain » (ou pour comprendre s'il existe un peuple américain), les peuples américains ont tenté de se comprendre à l'intérieur des limites d'un récit particulier, d'une histoire dont les termes définissent leur identité, même si ce récit raconte la diversité.

In 1817, François Ier, Emperor of Austria, travelled for a long five months to the most remote counties of the Habsburg Empire. The purpose of this journey is twofold. On the one hand, it is a question of becoming aware of the problems of its countries and thus making them more aware of them and, on the other hand, of symbolically conquering its most remote territories in a desire to unify its Empire. This dual dimension is essential in François I's travel narrative. Thus, there is an implicit, unconscious or reasoned logic of this long errance. The Emperor is the methodical observer on the ground, which is no longer just a place to describe, but a space that still needs to be transformed. The aim here is to see how space appears in the narrative of the journey and how the knowledge brought about by the trip is formed. ; 1817 unternahm Kaiser Franz I. von Österreich eine fünfmonatige Reise durch die Grenzgebiete des Habsburgerreichs. Mit dieser Reise verfolgte er das doppelte Ziel, diese Regionen und ihre Probleme besser kennenzulernen und sie symbolisch zu besetzen, um die Einheit seines Reiches sicherzustellen. Da diese beiden Dimensionen in dem Reisebericht von Franz I. vorrangig sind, steckt hinter dieser langen Irrfahrt eine implizite, bewusste oder unbewusste Logik. Der Kaiser macht sich zum methodischen Beobachter der Gebiete, welche nicht bloß als zu beschreibende Durchgangsorte, sondern auch als gestaltbare Räume begriffen werden. In diesem Beitrag wird untersucht, in welcher Weise Raum im Reisebericht thematisiert wird und wie sich Raumwissen im Kontext dieser Reise konstituiert. ; In 1817, François Ier, Emperor of Austria, travelled for a long five months to the most remote counties of the Habsburg Empire. The purpose of this journey is twofold. On the one hand, it is a question of becoming aware of the problems of its countries and thus making them more aware of them and, on the other hand, of symbolically conquering its most remote territories in a desire to unify its Empire. This dual dimension is ...

The Second Wars, seen through the distorted prism of the Modern Movement, is perceived as a period of profound renewal of domestic devices. The European vanguard, supported by a customer base open to innovation and taking advantage of new constructive techniques, rethink all the parameters of the rest and, in doing so, reform the daily lives of its inhabitants. But what happens in an outlying city like Nancy? The comprehensive census of 1919-1945 construction production carried out in the framework of the Contemporaine Architecture History Laboratory, together with consultation of the plans of almost 1 500 houses and buildings, provides the information needed to answer this question. Of these approximately 6 600 buildings, only thirty achievements show a willingness to reconsider the architectural solutions agreed. Understanding this innovative minority involves questioning the conditions for its emergence by taking stock, for example, of the socio-cultural environment of the developers, the training of architects and their professional networks, the circulation of references and state-of-the-art speeches in the national and regional press, innovative construction techniques and their mastery by construction operators in Lorraine, etc. These factors have been questioned in our doctoral thesis. We will focus here on their outcome, namely the arrangements implemented in the restricted body defined above and their impact on the daily use of inhabitants. There are three themes in this area: the relationship between the house and its environment, the decompartmentalisation of living rooms and developments affecting more intimate moments such as toiletry and sleep. ; International audience ; The Second Wars, seen through the distorted prism of the Modern Movement, is perceived as a period of profound renewal of domestic devices. The European vanguard, supported by a customer base open to innovation and taking advantage of new constructive techniques, rethink all the parameters of the rest and, in doing so, reform the ...