Suchergebnisse

Der Autor untersucht die Aufteilung des europäischen Territoriums nach geomorphologischen, genetisch-ethnischen, ethnisch-nationalen, sprachlichen, kulturgeschichtlichen, religösen, konfessionellen und zivilisatorischen Gesichtspunkten, und zwar zunächst im Rückblick auf die gesamte Geschichte dieses Subkontinents. Anschließend skizziert er die Aufteilung Europas der jüngsten sechzig Jahre nach geographischen, ethnischen, religiösen, ökonomischen und politischen Kriterien. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit widmet er den Beziehungen zwischen Tschechen und Deutschen sowie dem spezifischen Gewicht der Tschechen für die Gestaltung der mitteleuropäischen Zivilisation. (BIOst-Hrs)

Der Verfasser skizziert die Geschichte der Währungsproblematik seit der Gründung der Europäischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft. Die Hauptaufmerksamkeit widmet er zum einenm den Bestimmungen des Vertrags von Maastricht (1992), die die Basis für die Schaffung der Europäischen Währungsunion gelegt haben, zum anderen der recht komplizierten Problematik der Einführung einer einheitlichen Währung und der Gewährleistung deren Funktionierens. Zum Schluß befaßt er sich mit anzunehmenden Folgen der Errichtung der Europäischen Währungsunion für die Tschechische Republik. (BIOst-Hsr)

In dem Schlußteil seiner geschichtlichen Betrachtungen befaßt sich der Autor zunächst mit der Revolution 1989 und ihrer psychologischen Reflexion im tschechischen Volk. Daraufhin versucht er, aus der Gesamtheit des von ihm gezeichneten historischen Bildes einige allgemeinere Schußfolgerungen zu ziehen. Im Hinblick auf die Frage nach der tschechischen Identität: Die gesamte historische Entwicklung der tschechischen Nation und des tschechischen Staates weist auf drei Grundideen hin - Integration, Humanität und Glauben. Im Hinblick auf die Problematik des Nationalismus und Internationalismus: Eine der stärksten Treibkräfte der geschichtlichen Entwicklung ist die Integration. Sie beruhe in der Vereinigung (nicht aber der Unifizierung!) von Individuen, Familien, Stämmen, Ethniken, Staaten und Kontinenten mit dem Ziel einer Harmonisierung der menschlichen Gattung mit der sie umgebenden Natur, mit dem Weltall und - wenn man so will - mit Gott. Diese Optik sei in den übrigen Interpretationen der Geschichte vernachläßigt bzw. ganz eliminiert. (BIOst-Hrs)

The aspects regarding the territorial delimitation of Cahul County are briefly examined. A new territorial circumscription was introduced in Romania, under the Administrative Law from 1938 – the land that included some counties. The Cahul County was a part of Lower Danube Land. There are analyzed the ways of the territorial delimitation accomplishment of Cahul County as the component part of the Lower Danube Land. The two archival documents which are relevant for the studied topic are presented in Appendix.

In February 1938, a monarchical regime was established in Romania. In order to strengthen the power of the monarch and his discretionary control over the administration, a new administrative law was drafted. Administrative law no. 2919, published in the Official Monitor no. 187 from August 14, 1938 grouped the 71 counties of Romania into 10 regions. The region was a territorial circumscription, endowed with legal personality.
According to the Administrative law from August 14, 1938, the county became a simple district of control and deconcentration of the central administration, losing its legal personality. The prefect was authorized to exercise the control of the local administration in the urban and rural communes of the county. One form of the control over the work of local authorities was their regular inspection. In April 1940, the prefect of the Cahul County, colonel Dumitru Dobrescu, inspected the county communes, clarifying various aspects of the activities of local administrations. The results of these inspections make it possible to create a true picture of the realities of the Bessarabian villages to months before the territorial abduction in June 1940.

In February 1938, a monarchical regime was established in Romania.
In order to strengthen the power of the monarch and his discretionary control over the
administration, a new administrative law was drafted. Administrative law no. 2919,
published in the Official Monitor no. 187 from August 14, 1938, grouped the 71 counties
of Romania into 10 regions. The region was a territorial circumscription, endowed with
legal personality.
According to the Administrative law from August 14, 1938, the county became
a simple district of control and deconcentration of the central administration, losing its
legal personality. The prefect was authorized to exercise the control of the local
administration in the urban and rural communes of the county. One form the control
over the work of local authorities was their regular inspection. In April 1940, the prefect
of the Cahul County, colonel Dumitru Dobrescu, inspected the county communes,
clarifying various aspects of the activities of local administrations. The results of these
inspections make it possible to create a true picture of the realities of the Bessarabian
villages to months before the territorial abduction in June 1940.

According to the 1867 constitution the Habsburg Monarchy's armed forces consisted
of the common army, the navy, the Austrian Landwehr and the Landsturm. The armed forces
had authority over three ministries and were themselves subject to the rule of three parliamentary
institutions. From the beginning the growth of the armed forces had not kept pace
with that of the population as a whole. There was a low volume of conscripts and poor training
of reservists. This resulted in a relatively small army both in peace time and during war and
meant that by the spring of 1918 Austria-Hungary had practically exhausted its available human
resources. This was exacerbated by the high number of losses, both through death and capture.
On the battlefield the number of deaths is thought to have been between 905,000 and 1,200,000
with 1.8 million injured. At the same time the number of deaths and illness in the hinterland
increased while the rate of fertility dropped. In order to resolve this the government applied
a number of measures: the upper age limit of conscription increased, the necessary standards
for recruitment were lowered, training period was shortened, more use of weapons, factory
workers were replaced with women, prisoners of war and workers from the occupied territories.
However at this time the importance of the "war economy" was also growing which resulted in
an increase in firms requesting the release of their employees from military service. In 1918 the
Habsburg Monarchy had not only exhausted its human resources but was also on the brink of
economic collapse.

This article is an attempt to present further results in the author's continuing qualitative
field work among the historical war re-enactment societies of the fortress towns of Josefstadt and
Theresienstadt (from 2010). Michael Foucaults Heterotopic theory of places is used to shed light
on a wide range of ritualised social behaviour, centred around key symbols from the monarchical
military culture of the Enlightenment. New categories for the analysis of local context have been
created which are clearly compatible with Braudel's theory of longue-duree, that is isophenomenological
historic-social objects, maintaining and transferring the original meaning of heterotopic
social-disciplination.

Grigore N. Filipescu, engineer and lawyer, was a controversial and inconstant politician in Interwar Romania. He had passed through many political parties until 1929, when he founded his
own political organization. He was also involved in other areas, being the president of the Romanian Telephone Company, conducting the construction of the Câmpina-Constanţa oil
pipeline and organizing the first international fencing contests in Romania.