Suchergebnisse

This book follows a new path of describing the Alps from the years 500 to 800. Instead of running through this mountain range from east to west (or reverse) and writing one local history after the other, relevant patterns were captured: patterns of control, borders, communication routes, Christendom, settlement, economy, local methods to establish power and traces of local identity. Comparing theses structures on an interregional level made it possible to establish a new view on the early medieval alpine regions. By the year 500 the inhabitants of this central European mountain range were typically roman-provincial. Some regional differences existed, yet the main factors were quite similar: language, laws, religion (Christendom) and social structures. From the 6th c. on this changed. New political developments made a large part of the alpine provinces turn northwards to the Frankish realms. As a consequence borders were created within the Alps. Many hilltop settlements and strongholds in the valleys were built to guarantee the security both of population and borders. Militia was installed to control these boundaries; they were either recruited from the local population or got especially settled for these means. This change of view made some Roman topoi disappear: the Alps were no longer regarded as hostile and as the walls of Italy. The routes through the Alps changed. One reason for this was the growing number of pilgrims from the British Isles made the passage through Maurienne and over the Mont Cenis more important than the ancient route via Montgenèvre. The central Alps in Curia remained a highly important point to cross the mountains, whereas more eastwards the once important crossing points became mere backroads. Farther east the Avarian-Slavic conquest caused the sources to silence, nevertheless the communication routes remained visible through archaeological findings and place names. A big change for the alpine population was the transformations in settlement patterns, first of all the diminishing importance of Roman cities. Some of them disappeared completely, such as Teurnia, Aguntum and Octodurum. Nevertheless, the wider settlement areas around these former towns always remained important. New centres emerged. Some had roman roots, for example Iuvavum/Salzburg, others were new foundations, like the numerous cloisters from the 8th c. The church played a significant role in this transformation, as a bishop's see or the burial church of a saint constituted a point of attraction for the local population. The antique transalpine and alpine networks of trade underwent some transitions. Goods like olive oil, high quality pottery and sea salt were no longer brought over the Alps. The eastern alpine ore deposits were not exploited on a grand scale anymore. New natural resources became important, for example the salt deposits in the northern Alps. There are some traces of exported products. The vineyards of the Southern Alps produced vine for export to the north-alpine regions and the central alpine soapstone production supplied the population of the whole mountain range with high quality cookware. In addition to this, products like cheese, wool, honey and lumber might have been exported. Alpine agriculture did not change much. Farming was based on subsistence and the surplus was sold locally to travellers or given to the owners of the land. The use of alpine pastures roots in pre-roman times and was practised continually, although the intensity of the pastoralism is difficult to estimate. Local power structures emerged out of late antique roots. In the 8th and beginning of the 9th c. the population of these parts of the Alps still spoke a roman language, were Christian and lived in a very differentiated social structure whose legal habits were based on roman law. Contrary to that, the eastern Alps saw a major cultural shift that resulted in the Slavic reign of Carantania. - Diese Arbeit wählte einen neuen Ansatz, um die Alpen in den Jahren 500 bis 800 zu beschreiben: Anstatt die einzelnen Regionen von Ost nach West - oder umgekehrt - durchzugehen und eine Herrschaftsgeschichte nach der anderen zu schreiben, wurden die relevanten Strukturen erfasst - also Zugriff, Grenzen, Verkehrsrouten, Christentum, Besiedlung, Wirtschaft, regionale Methoden der Machtentfaltung und Identitätsspuren der Bevölkerung. Diese Strukturen wurden miteinander verglichen. Dadurch war es möglich, einen neuen Zugang zu der Transformation der römischen Welt in eine frühmittelalterliche auf alpinem Gebiet zu erlangen. Um das Jahr 500 war die Bevölkerung der Alpen noch eine typisch provinzialrömische, die zwar regionale Unterschiede aufwies, sich aber in wesentlichen Punkten ähnelte: Sprache, Recht, Religion (Christentum) und Sozialstruktur. Ab dem 6. Jh. änderten sich diese Verhältnisse. Zunächst schufen die neuen politischen Bedingungen neue Zugehörigkeiten, die die Alpenprovinzen ab dem 6. Jh. an den Norden, an die Reiche fränkischer Herrschaft angliederten. Es entstanden zahlreiche Grenzpunkte Richtung Süden und später auch Osten, wo sich ab etwa 600 das awarisch-slawische Reich erstreckte. Zeuge der nun entstandenen Grenzen sind zahlreiche Höhenfestungen, eigens eingesetzte Grenztruppen und Talsperren zur Sicherung des Territoriums und der Bevölkerung. Der geänderte Blick brachte auch einige römische Alpen-Topoi zum Verschwinden, etwa den Topos der lebensfeindlichen Alpen oder von dem Gebirge als Mauern Italiens. Weitere Änderungen betrafen die Übergänge. Aus unterschiedlichsten Gründen entstanden neue Wege und alte verloren an Wichtigkeit. Ein Beispiel ist der Mont Cenis, der vor allem aufgrund der wachsenden Pilgerströme von den britischen Inseln den wichtigen römischen Alpenübergang Montgenèvre ersetzte. In den zentralen Alpen erfreute sich Churrätien, nicht zuletzt durch die stabilen politischen Verhältnisse, einer großen Beliebtheit, während Übergänge östlich davon lediglich als Nebenwege wahrgenommen wurden. Ein großer Bruch für die alpinen Menschen bedeuteten die spätantiken Veränderungen der Siedlungsstrukturen, die in allen Provinzen des ehemaligen römischen Reiches stattfanden und auch in den Alpen beobachtet werden können: die alten römischen Städte verloren ihre Substanz und verschwanden teilweise ganz, währenddessen neue Zentren erschaffen wurden, allen voran die Klöster. Einst weniger wichtige Siedlungen, wie das antike Iuvavum/Salzburg, gewannen massiv an Bedeutung, während andere römische Städte wie Teurnia, Aguntum aber auch Octodurum vergingen. Allerdings blieben die jeweiligen Siedlungskammern stets bedeutend - es ging nur die antike Stadtstruktur unter. Eine große Rolle in der Veränderung dieser Siedlungsmuster spielte die Kirche, da Bischofssitze und Kirchen von bedeutenderen Heiligen einen Anziehungspunkt für die lokale Bevölkerung darstellten. Die großen Umwälzungen der spätantiken Wirtschaft betrafen vor allem den transalpinen Handel, da viele Produkte, wie Olivenöl, hochwertige Keramik, Salz und Getreide kaum mehr über die Alpen gebracht wurden. Die lokale Landwirtschaft hingegen, die nur wenig Überschuss für Grundbesitzer und Reisende produzierte, änderte sich zunächst noch wenig. Die Bewirtschaftung mehrerer Höhenstufen bis hin zu den Almen oberhalb der Baumgrenze wurzelt in römischer und vorrömischer Zeit und blieb auch im frühen Mittelalter bestehen. Eine Spezialisierung betraf nur ganz wenige landwirtschaftliche Produkte, beispielsweise Wein und vielleicht Käse oder Wolle. Die lokalen Herrschaftsstrukturen konnten sich in den West- und Zentralalpen kontinuierlich aus ihren spätantiken Wurzeln weiterentwickeln. Im 8. und beginnenden 9. Jh. sprachen die Menschen aus diesem Teil der Alpen immer noch eine romanische Sprache, waren christlich und lebten in einer stark geschichteten Gesellschaftsstruktur, die sich laut Quellen nach spätantiken Rechtsgewohnheiten richtete. Im Gegensatz dazu erlebten

This book follows a new path of describing the Alps from the years 500 to 800. Instead of running through this mountain range from east to west (or reverse) and writing one local history after the other, relevant patterns were captured: patterns of control, borders, communication routes, Christendom, settlement, economy, local methods to establish power and traces of local identity. Comparing theses structures on an interregional level made it possible to establish a new view on the early medieval alpine regions. By the year 500 the inhabitants of this central European mountain range were typically roman-provincial. Some regional differences existed, yet the main factors were quite similar: language, laws, religion (Christendom) and social structures. From the 6th c. on this changed. New political developments made a large part of the alpine provinces turn northwards to the Frankish realms. As a consequence borders were created within the Alps. Many hilltop settlements and strongholds in the valleys were built to guarantee the security both of population and borders. Militia was installed to control these boundaries; they were either recruited from the local population or got especially settled for these means. This change of view made some Roman topoi disappear: the Alps were no longer regarded as hostile and as the walls of Italy. The routes through the Alps changed. One reason for this was the growing number of pilgrims from the British Isles made the passage through Maurienne and over the Mont Cenis more important than the ancient route via Montgenèvre. The central Alps in Curia remained a highly important point to cross the mountains, whereas more eastwards the once important crossing points became mere backroads. Farther east the Avarian-Slavic conquest caused the sources to silence, nevertheless the communication routes remained visible through archaeological findings and place names. A big change for the alpine population was the transformations in settlement patterns, first of all the diminishing importance of Roman cities. Some of them disappeared completely, such as Teurnia, Aguntum and Octodurum. Nevertheless, the wider settlement areas around these former towns always remained important. New centres emerged. Some had roman roots, for example Iuvavum/Salzburg, others were new foundations, like the numerous cloisters from the 8th c. The church played a significant role in this transformation, as a bishop's see or the burial church of a saint constituted a point of attraction for the local population. The antique transalpine and alpine networks of trade underwent some transitions. Goods like olive oil, high quality pottery and sea salt were no longer brought over the Alps. The eastern alpine ore deposits were not exploited on a grand scale anymore. New natural resources became important, for example the salt deposits in the northern Alps. There are some traces of exported products. The vineyards of the Southern Alps produced vine for export to the north-alpine regions and the central alpine soapstone production supplied the population of the whole mountain range with high quality cookware. In addition to this, products like cheese, wool, honey and lumber might have been exported. Alpine agriculture did not change much. Farming was based on subsistence and the surplus was sold locally to travellers or given to the owners of the land. The use of alpine pastures roots in pre-roman times and was practised continually, although the intensity of the pastoralism is difficult to estimate. Local power structures emerged out of late antique roots. In the 8th and beginning of the 9th c. the population of these parts of the Alps still spoke a roman language, were Christian and lived in a very differentiated social structure whose legal habits were based on roman law. Contrary to that, the eastern Alps saw a major cultural shift that resulted in the Slavic reign of Carantania.

Venedig hat eine mehr als 1300-jährige Geschichte und spielte eine herausragende Rolle im mittelalterlichen Weltsystem und -handel. Sie war Drehscheibe zwischen Orient und Europa, profitierte von den neuen Verhältnissen nach den Kreuzzügen und scheute sich nicht, ihre langjährige Verbündete; Byzanz; fallen zu lassen, wenn es nötig war. Erst globale Verschiebungen in den Märkten, so z.B. die Entdeckung des Seeweges nach Indien, der beginnende Handel mit der neuen Welt, führten zu einem Verlust der Vormachtstellung und schließlich zu Stagnation und Niedergang ab dem 16. Jahrhundert. Wie aber war es möglich, dass eine verhältnismäßig kleine und von seinen Handelstützpunkten so weit entfernte Stadt über Jahrhunderte den Handel beherrschen konnte? Diese und andere Fragen untersuchen die Autoren in dieser aktuellen Darstellung der Geschichte Venedigs.

During the Terminal Classic (AD 800-950/1000) the Maya lowlands suffered a crisis period characterized by a series of dramatic events and episodes of warfare. These, combined with cycles of drought, resulted in far-reaching transformations, including the fall of the royal dynasties. The way the population adapted both politically and economically to those changes varied considerably from one region to the next, and remains poorly understood. The present research focuses on the Maya site of Naachtun (Guatemala), which provides a particularly interesting case-study, given that during this period it suffered a significiant population decline, a reduction in architectural construction, as well as the emergence of new forms of power exercice after the fall of the royal dynasty (AD 750-800). Paradoxaly, the pos-dynamic occupation appears to be more dynamic here than in other centers in the region and certain groups in the site show a relative economic prosperity. This research seeks to identify such prosperity as well as the relationship between the various social entities that occupied the epicenter's large indices of related goods. This study also determines the strategies implemented by those elite groups in order to adapt to the disturbed context that prevailed in the Maya area. Special attention is paid to activities implying long-distance trade with their radically changing works. ; Au Classique terminal (800-950/1000 apr. J.C.), les Basses Terres mayas connurent une période de crise marquée par une série d'événements dramatiques et d'épisodes guerriers combinée à des cycles de sécheress entraînant de profondes transformations, dont la chute des dynasties royales. Très diversifiées et localisées, les modalités d'adaptation politique et économique des entités restent encore mal comprises. La présente recherche porte sur le site de Naachtun (Guatemala), un cas d'étude particulièrement intéressant car la période y est caractérisée par un fort déclin démographique, de faibles investissements constructifs et ...

During the Terminal Classic (AD 800-950/1000) the Maya lowlands suffered a crisis period characterized by a series of dramatic events and episodes of warfare. These, combined with cycles of drought, resulted in far-reaching transformations, including the fall of the royal dynasties. The way the population adapted both politically and economically to those changes varied considerably from one region to the next, and remains poorly understood. The present research focuses on the Maya site of Naachtun (Guatemala), which provides a particularly interesting case-study, given that during this period it suffered a significiant population decline, a reduction in architectural construction, as well as the emergence of new forms of power exercice after the fall of the royal dynasty (AD 750-800). Paradoxaly, the pos-dynamic occupation appears to be more dynamic here than in other centers in the region and certain groups in the site show a relative economic prosperity. This research seeks to identify such prosperity as well as the relationship between the various social entities that occupied the epicenter's large indices of related goods. This study also determines the strategies implemented by those elite groups in order to adapt to the disturbed context that prevailed in the Maya area. Special attention is paid to activities implying long-distance trade with their radically changing works. ; Au Classique terminal (800-950/1000 apr. J.C.), les Basses Terres mayas connurent une période de crise marquée par une série d'événements dramatiques et d'épisodes guerriers combinée à des cycles de sécheress entraînant de profondes transformations, dont la chute des dynasties royales. Très diversifiées et localisées, les modalités d'adaptation politique et économique des entités restent encore mal comprises. La présente recherche porte sur le site de Naachtun (Guatemala), un cas d'étude particulièrement intéressant car la période y est caractérisée par un fort déclin démographique, de faibles investissements constructifs et l'exercice de nouvelles formes de pouvoir après la disparition de la royauté (750-800). Paradoxalement, l'occupation post-dynastique y paraît plus dynamique que d'autres centres de la région et certains groupes sociaux de la cité montrent une relative prospérité économique. La recherche vise à caractériser cette prospérité ainsi que les relations entre les entités occupant les grands complexes résidentiels de l'épicentre, grâce à l'analyse des séquences constructives et à la création d'indices quantifiés portant sur les assemblages mobiliers associés. Ce faisant, la recherche détermine également les stratégies que ces groupes élitaires mirent en œuvre pour s'adapter au contexte bouleversé de l'aire maya. Une attention particulière est portée aux activités impliquant des échanges à longue distance, dont les réseaux étaient en pleine mutation.

Beatriz Sarlo es una respetada escritora y ensayista argentina en el ámbito de la crítica literaria y cultural. Ha sido docente de Literatura Argentina en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires y en varias universidades extranjeras. Su condición de intelectual comprometida con las transformaciones socio-culturales devenidas de la crisis de la modernidad en América Latina, le permitió acentuar, junto con sus notas de carácter ideológico político, una colocación en el campo estético. Su trabajo en la revista Punto de Vista entre 1978 y 2008 resulta un condensador que atraviesa su militancia en el Partido Comunista Revolucionario, la clandestinidad, la democracia, el campo intelectual argentino, en una discusión que hoy continua en otros medios (Mercader y García, 2013). Viajes es un libro en el que la ensayista viaja en primera persona y recupera su pasado en su condición de intelectual y animal político. Un trabajo diferente e inesperado en la obra de la ensayista que se ubica a prudente distancia del resto de sus trabajos sobre cultura y sociedad. ; Instituto de Historia, Teoría y Praxis de la Arquitectura y la Ciudad