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The general motivation for this paper is the current interest in globalization as a phenomenon that strongly affects the conditions of local economic development. Our purpose is to contribute to some of the current development aspects, in particular those that foster the evolution of entrepreneurs in local-global processes. We present four eras of globalization, in recent decades and which have been described as different aspects of globalization are not new at all. In conclusion, we stress that those global patterns of change that are observed, and reported in the media and by social scientists are the result of innumerable local processes driven by economic, political and social entrepreneurs in localities, regions, and nations all around the globe. ; QC 20120210

Migration is an important social and historical reality in South Asia. In the past decade, migration from one country to another and internal migration (i.e. migration within a particular country) have assumed different dimensions for people in the region. Contemporary research on migration is placed in a spectrum that ranges from exponents of economic benefits at one end, to those who see migration as a security threat, at the other. This paper combines the work of three researchers and looks at the different political locations from which the South Asian subject is induced to move. It also discusses the economic and political implications that arise from these migration trajectories. Drawing on their research, the authors emphasise the need for understanding how migration is linked to a complex set of processes that reflect power relations in unequal societies.

This article examines the dynamics of new media in China with an emphasis on youth uses and practices. While much attention has been devoted to the government's regime of censorship and control, this review takes a cultural approach, drawing from a range of academic and popular sources to examine how various practices, discourses, relationships, and representations have been articulated to new media technologies in China. After providing background on China's demographic and telecommunications landscape, the discussion covers networked community and identity, gaming, networked public sphere and civic engagement, and new media prosumption. The review shows that diverse new media practices emerge in China within the tensions and contradictions of the government's desire to simultaneously expand new media technologies and control what are perceived as "harmful" influences. Within a highly commercialized and more liberalized sociocultural environment, new media technologies have opened up new spaces for multiple modes of expression, and as such, they are constitutive of complex processes of social change in China.

Conditional Cash Transfers are a type of welfare program in which recipients receive funds contingent on certain actions or involvement in activities. Governments and multilateral banks frame conditional Cash Transfers as an effective poverty alleviation strategy that provokes greater civic engagement in the Global South. Mexico's Conditional Cash Transfer program,Oportunidades, includes an educational requirement for children. Studies ofOportunidadesfocus primarily on its impact on student enrollment, but lack research on the quality of education, retention and employment outcomes, and the impact on emigration. Drawing on three years of ethnographic research in a rural indigenous community in the Mexican state of Chiapas, I examine how teachers utilizeOportunidadesconditional requirements as a form of surveillance in the classroom. My findings reveal how emigration in La Gloria and its impact on student retention increases the vulnerability of teachers' employment. These pressures unintentionally help shape how teachers perceive the program – as an intervention to an ongoing culture of migration. Finally, I discuss the impact that surveillance has in shaping educational and migratory aspirations among students and employment outcomes.

Migration to urban areas has been a critical dimension of urbanization in Myanmar and has been driven primarily by economic and environmental forces. Climate change has increased instances of flooding and natural disasters have created populations of environmental refugees who have moved to urban areas. The allure of economic opportunities has attracted people from rural areas, with considerable potential to accelerate Myanmar's economic development. But development is not guaranteed, and it can come at a high cost for those who live in urban areas and face increasing strain from overcrowding, high costs of living and stretched government services.1 Life can be particularly hard for those who move to cities, Myanmar's urban migrants. While there is a growing body of research on internal urban migration in Myanmar, studies are still limited in number and scope. Most recent quantitative studies have been conducted in rural areas, comparing the financial well-being between migrants and those that have stayed in their villages. Research into the characteristics and experiences of migrants across urban locations is primarily qualitative and focused on Yangon. The 2018 City Life Survey (CLS) dataset presents an opportunity to conduct quantitative analysis of urban migration across cities and among townships in Yangon. This Discussion Paper looks at migration trends in Yangon and Mandalay and employs different analytical tools to identify the different types of migrants in the dataset and compare their experiences. The findings corroborate existing research and narratives around urban migration in Myanmar. The paper also presents results that, at least at first glance, appear to challenge existing conventional wisdom. For instance, analysis of 2018 CLS data suggests that the rate of migration may have slowed in four out of the five cities surveyed. In Yangon, the typical focus on the number of migrants moving into specific townships such as Hlaing Tharyar can mask shifting dynamics, with one third of respondents in Dagon Seikkan having arrived there since 2012. And while recent migrants face many challenges and lower life satisfaction, they report that it is easier to find work than less educated non-migrants. More fundamentally, 2018 CLS data illustrates the heterogeneity of migrants and cautions against generalizing about migrants' urban experiences, as data on the "average" migrant can be misleading.

The focus of research in contemporary international migration and integration politics has longbeen immigration to Western democracies and their related migration corridors, often defined bycolonial history. Just like in any field of social science, the ethnocentrism of this focus mimics thegeography of scientific employment and institutions, the economics of research funding and thepolitics of academic publications. Apart from raising ethical issues, these limitations constrain ourunderstanding of processes and dynamics of international migration politics, both by neglectingempirical realities that are statistically relevant -notably migration politics in the Global South- andby creating methodological and epistemological biases. Documenting less researched cases seems anobvious answer. But the future of research on migration politics is not only about researching "non-Western others" more, and boxing results in an "area" or "comparative" sub-discipline. It is aboutusing single case studies and comparative research across types of states and political contexts touproot some of the most blinding assumptions of existing migration theories and open new researchavenues. This could mean taking migration processes and not political regimes, geographical locationor development levels, as the independent variable to construct broad comparative frameworkswhere migration politics becomes the dependent variable. This could first be achieved by consideringseemingly "most different" political contexts across countries, like comparing democratic apples andauthoritarian pears. It could secondly be achieved by paying more attention to migration historiesacross contexts and trace political processes and institutions with great care. As such, a really insurgentand disruptive methodological claim would not be to include more Southern case studies into preexistingparadigms and epistemologies of migration politics but expand, amend or recast migrationtheories based on the new knowledge generated.

The focus of research in contemporary international migration and integration politics has longbeen immigration to Western democracies and their related migration corridors, often defined bycolonial history. Just like in any field of social science, the ethnocentrism of this focus mimics thegeography of scientific employment and institutions, the economics of research funding and thepolitics of academic publications. Apart from raising ethical issues, these limitations constrain ourunderstanding of processes and dynamics of international migration politics, both by neglectingempirical realities that are statistically relevant -notably migration politics in the Global South- andby creating methodological and epistemological biases. Documenting less researched cases seems anobvious answer. But the future of research on migration politics is not only about researching "non-Western others" more, and boxing results in an "area" or "comparative" sub-discipline. It is aboutusing single case studies and comparative research across types of states and political contexts touproot some of the most blinding assumptions of existing migration theories and open new researchavenues. This could mean taking migration processes and not political regimes, geographical locationor development levels, as the independent variable to construct broad comparative frameworkswhere migration politics becomes the dependent variable. This could first be achieved by consideringseemingly "most different" political contexts across countries, like comparing democratic apples andauthoritarian pears. It could secondly be achieved by paying more attention to migration historiesacross contexts and trace political processes and institutions with great care. As such, a really insurgentand disruptive methodological claim would not be to include more Southern case studies into preexistingparadigms and epistemologies of migration politics but expand, amend or recast migrationtheories based on the new knowledge generated.

This paper will look at the ways in which emotions are used by different actors to shape processes in migration and whether we are currently seeing the emergence and development of an increased emotive arguments and justifications in the treatment of migration.

Rapid population growth, the advancement of technologies, war and conflicts, decolonisation, economic crises and other significant events have had implications for the patterns and governability of population movements. Accordingly, this dissertation tells the story of how migration has evolved as a global policy issue since 1919. Drawing on interviews with key actors involved in global-level discussions on migration and the United Nations (UN) archives, the dissertation investigates how migration became a global governance issue and the role played by the UN in this process. It also offers a methodological toolkit that could be applied to other global policy issues. The dissertation provides a historical understanding of the emergence of global migration governance which is of use to students and policymakers alike. Accordingly, the materials in the dissertation have already been integrated into several of the educational programmes at UNU-MERIT and the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, including in a capacity building training programme for government officials in Kosovo (September 2020).

This thesis investigates the role of international migration on individuals and societies, through its effects on population diversity, on natives' voting preferences and on individual cultural traits and beliefs. The first two chapters explores the effect of immigration-driven diversity on US states and countries economic performance. They show a positive effect on the economy, by increasing the skill and knowledge set of a countries or states. Diversity can enhance economic growth and countries economic complexity when potential complementarities between skills are available. The third and fourth chapters investigate the impact of immigration on Europeans' voting preferences over the 2007-2016. The education-specific effects are highlighted, both on immigrants and voters sides. The presence of highly educated immigrants has pushed European voters towards less nationalistic and more redistributive parties, while lowly educated immigration has the opposite effect. Moreover, we show that the presence of immigrants only influences lowly educated natives voting behavior. The fifth and sixth chapters shed new light on the relation between culture and international migration. First, MENA emigrants are culturally selected: less religious and more gender-egalitarian individuals are more prone to move towards OECD destination countries. Then, I show that having a reliable connection abroad makes natives culturally different. By moving from their origin countries and interacting with their peers at home, migrants influence cultural traits both in the origin and destination countries. ; (ECGE - Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- UCL, 2020

This thesis investigates the role of international migration on individuals and societies, through its effects on population diversity, on natives' voting preferences and on individual cultural traits and beliefs. The first two chapters explores the effect of immigration-driven diversity on US states and countries economic performance. They show a positive effect on the economy, by increasing the skill and knowledge set of a countries or states. Diversity can enhance economic growth and countries economic complexity when potential complementarities between skills are available. The third and fourth chapters investigate the impact of immigration on Europeans' voting preferences over the 2007-2016. The education-specific effects are highlighted, both on immigrants and voters sides. The presence of highly educated immigrants has pushed European voters towards less nationalistic and more redistributive parties, while lowly educated immigration has the opposite effect. Moreover, we show that the presence of immigrants only influences lowly educated natives voting behavior. The fifth and sixth chapters shed new light on the relation between culture and international migration. First, MENA emigrants are culturally selected: less religious and more gender-egalitarian individuals are more prone to move towards OECD destination countries. Then, I show that having a reliable connection abroad makes natives culturally different. By moving from their origin countries and interacting with their peers at home, migrants influence cultural traits both in the origin and destination countries. ; (ECGE - Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- UCL, 2020

The aim of the thesis is to investigate patterns and consequences of internal and international migration in Laos during the period 1985-2005 on both a macro-and a micro-level. The thesis focuses on the influences of socio-economic change and government policies on inter-regional and rural-urban migration as well as on crossborder migration from Laos to Thailand. The study also examines the effects of migration and industrial factory work on gender relations during economic transition and consequences of undocumented migration to Thailand. The background consists of a discussion on socio-economic change within the country and on government policies influencing migration patterns, as well as on how socio-economic change, urbanization and industrialization in the region affect internal and international migration in Laos. The thesis consists of three empirical studies which derive from different sources of data; the first is based on Population Censuses in 1995 and 2005 and the second and the third draw from empirical surveys in 2004-2005 and 2006. Paper I focuses on how socioeconomic factors and government policies influence migration patterns in Laos. The paper found that the interregional migration rate decreased in the later census period. This was due to significantly higher rural-rural migration in the earlier period, which in turn was influenced by various types of government policies. Papers II and III are based on micro surveys; paper II focuses on an urban industrial area in Vientiane Capital and explores the current feminization of rural-urban migrations during economic transition with specific focus on the effects of industrial work on gender roles and status of women as industrial workers. Industrial work was seen by the women as temporary jobs for saving money, for sending remittances, and for either returning home or moving to other jobs in Vientiane or Thailand. Paper III is based on surveys in three provinces, and deals with undocumented migration from Laos to Thailand and its consequences. Different income levels, existing social networks, similar language and socio-cultural backgrounds were determinants of cross-border migrations. The study found that migrants who had contacts with informal brokers were highly exposed to risks of human trafficking and violence.

This is a study on young Polish professional migrants currently living and working in the Greater Dublin Area who are employed in higher skilled and middle level jobs. It focuses on the migration process, changing mobility strategies, the role of migrant networks and issues related to the existence of the Polish 'community' in Ireland. The research was autoethnographic and it deployed two main qualitative methods of data collection: participant observation and semi-structured interviews. It was conducted between early 2007 and 2010. The majority of the interview data was collected as part of the Migrant Careers and Aspiration Project, one of six projects involved in the Trinity Immigration Initiative. It has been estimated, that by the end of 2007 there were around 200,000 Poles living in Ireland with the majority of them active on the Irish labour market (Glowny Urzad Statystyczny, 2010; CSO, 2008). Due to the fact that mass migration of Polish nationals to Ireland is a relatively new phenomenon, there is also little known about those who came to this country over the last few years, mainly following the European Union Enlargement in May 2004. ; TARA (Trinity?s Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie

The national security of Russia is largely determined by modern migration processes in the Russian regions. Against the background of international globalization, based on the opportunities for social, political and socio-economic development, competition and dominance, there is a visible transformation of migration processes taking place in the conditions of the development of modern Russian society. Migration processes strengthen their influence not only on the political and socio-economic situation in Russia, but also on the demographic sphere of the life of society, creating new challenges in the field of national security. The article analyzes social, economic and cultural consequences of ethnic migration in Russian society. Regional migration processes represent a dangerous trend towards the formation of Russia's national security. The authors come to the conclusion that the current migration processes in the Russian regions are the result of ambiguous, hardly predictable socio-economic, political processes and socio-cultural processes. The authors believe that a regular increase in ethnic migration threatens the national security of Russian society. Migration, as a consequence of socio-economic development, socio-political instability, on the one hand, can contribute to improving economic and social conditions, and on the other - to increase inequality, to cause a new turn of social and political intension. Understanding of this circumstance allows optimizing the demographic policy in the security system, the achievement of which is possible only with the formulation of an adequate Russian demographic policy.

Today's enterprises demand a high degree of compliance of business processes to meet diverse regulations and legislations. Several industrial studies have shown that compliance management is a daunting task, and organizations are still struggling and spending billions of dollars annually to ensure and prove their compliance. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive compliance management framework with a main focus on design-time compliance management as a first step towards a preventive lifetime compliance support. The framework enables the automation of compliance-related activities that are amenable to automation, and therefore can significantly reduce the expenditures spent on compliance. It can help experts to carry out their work more efficiently, cut the time spent on tedious manual activities, and reduce potential human errors. An evident candidate compliance activity for automation is the compliance checking, which can be achieved by utilizing formal reasoning and verification techniques. However, formal languages are well known of their complexity as only versed users in mathematical theories and formal logics are able to use and understand them. However, this is generally not the case with business and compliance practitioners. Therefore, in the heart of the compliance management framework, we introduce the Compliance Request Language (CRL), which is formally grounded on temporal logic and enables the abstract pattern-based specification of compliance requirements. CRL constitutes a series of compliance patterns that spans three structural facets of business processes; control flow, employed resources and temporal perspectives. Furthermore, CRL supports the specification of compensations and non-monotonic requirements, which permit the relaxation of some compliance requirements to handle exceptional situations. An integrated tool suite has been developed as an instantiation artefact, and the validation of the approach is undertaken in several directions, which includes internal validity, controlled experiments, and functional testing.