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We investigate the nature and significance of the vital but neglected "company-states" in helping to facilitate the move from contained regional international systems to the first genuinely global international system. Historically, actors like the Dutch and English East India Companies were crucial in spearheading the first wave of European expansion in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Conceptually, company-states broaden our understanding of international actors. At a time when intra-European politics favored gradual institutional convergence on the sovereign state, the demands of extra-European expansion meanwhile gave rise to diverse competing institutions. Company-states succeeded in an era of weak sovereign states because of their relative efficiency in managing the transaction costs and principal-agent challenges of intercontinental trade and rule. Conversely, company-states later declined as they succumbed to the effects of sharpening worldwide geopolitical competition, and were displaced by increasingly powerful new European empire-building projects. This argument advances earlier work on the creation of the international system by eschewing Eurocentrism and state-centrism, and foregrounding diversity and hybridization.

Diese Arbeit hat die Frage zum Gegenstand, innerhalb welchen konzeptionellen Rahmens das internationale Privatrecht (IPR) sich angesichts moderner Entwicklungen bewegen sollte. Das "klassische" IPR geht von Recht als einem zwangsläufig staatlich gesetzten Phänomen aus, weswegen sich internationalprivatrechtliche Systeme bislang nur innerhalb der Grenzen der jeweiligen nationalen Rechtssysteme denken ließen. Die Entwicklungen der letzten Jahrzehnte zeigen jedoch, dass die soziale Realität mehr und mehr staatlich-territorialen Festlegungen entwächst und sich stattdessen funktionell ausdifferenzierte Sektoren herausbilden, für die Landesgrenzen keine Relevanz mehr besitzen. In einer globalisierten Welt, so die Argumentation dieser Abhandlung, entsteht globaler Regulierungsbedarf außerhalb der traditionellen staatlichen Rechtssysteme. Um diesem Bedarf adäquat zu begegnen, muss das IPR als übergreifendes System gedacht werden, innerhalb dessen den einzelnen Staaten lediglich die Rolle unselbständiger Subsysteme zukommt. Die Auswirkungen dieser neuen Sichtweise werden anhand des Problems der Anwendung "fremden" Rechts untersucht. ; This thesis addresses the question of what conceptual framework is adequate for private international law in the light of modern developments. "Classic" private international law conceives of "the Law" as necessarily being issued by a state entity, as a consequence of which systems of private international law so far have been conceptually limited to the realm of national law systems. The developments of recent decades, however, show that social reality transcends governmental and territorial determinations with the creation of functionally differentiated sectors regardless of territorial boundaries. According to my argumentation, globalization entails global regulation necessities outside of the traditional national systems of law. In order to adequately meet the requirements of this new reality, private international law should be conceived of as an overarching system which comprises the national systems as mere subsystems. The consequences of this new perspective are being analyzed with regard to the problem of the application of "foreign" law.

The book critically investigates the local impact of international organizations beyond a Western rationale and aims to overcome Eurocentric patterns of analysis. Considering Asian and Western examples, the contributions originate from different disciplines and study areas and discuss a global approach, which has been a blind spot in scholarly research on international organizations until now. Using the 1930s as a historical reference, the contributions question role of international organizations during conflicts, war, and crises, gaining insights into their function as peacekeeping forces in the 21st century. While chapter one discusses the historicity of international organizations and the availability of sources, the second chapter deliberates on Eurocentrism and science policy, considering the converging of newly created epistemic communities and old diplomatic elites. Chapter 3 sheds light on international organizations as platforms, expanding the field of research from the diversity of organizations to the patterns of global governance. The final chapter turns to the question of how international organizations invented and introduced new fields of action, pointing to the antithetic role of standardization, the preservation of cultural heritage and the difficulties in reaching a non-Western approach

The book critically investigates the local impact of international organizations beyond a Western rationale and aims to overcome Eurocentric patterns of analysis. Considering Asian and Western examples, the contributions originate from different disciplines and study areas and discuss a global approach, which has been a blind spot in scholarly research on international organizations until now. Using the 1930s as a historical reference, the contributions question role of international organizations during conflicts, war, and crises, gaining insights into their function as peacekeeping forces in the 21st century. While chapter one discusses the historicity of international organizations and the availability of sources, the second chapter deliberates on Eurocentrism and science policy, considering the converging of newly created epistemic communities and old diplomatic elites. Chapter 3 sheds light on international organizations as platforms, expanding the field of research from the diversity of organizations to the patterns of global governance. The final chapter turns to the question of how international organizations invented and introduced new fields of action, pointing to the antithetic role of standardization, the preservation of cultural heritage and the difficulties in reaching a non-Western approach.