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I: Origins and Contexts -- Factors Shaping the Growth of Business Associations and their Involvement in Political Finance -- II: Germany -- How German Business Associations Came to Innovate Manifold Political Finance Techniques -- III: Norway -- Why Norwegian Business Associations Have Generally Avoided Political Finance Roles -- IV: Japan -- How Even a Giant Conveyer is Limited in its Impact on Japanese Party Politics by the Timidity of the Self-Effacing Entrepreneur -- V: Comparative Analyses -- How National Party and Interest Group Patterns Affected the Efficacy and Viability of Conveyers.

Geography is seen as a discipline concerned with international & regional differences that projects a worldview based on perceived spatial inconsistencies. The process of universalization in the areas of production, capital, environment, & social life, however, is increasing; globalization, rather than regional variances, is, therefore, the necessary paradigm with which to investigate world space. Current geography is overspecialized; but the globalization paradigm could help reinvigorate the discipline & overcome the present "paleodialectic" outlook of geographers. A warning against the misguided use of globalization is also included, noting the distinction between service to producers & to society. 4 Illustrations, 75 References. R. McCarthy.

Rights formerly guaranteed by our 'welfare state' are disappearing. Social spending has been cut drastically in an attempt to combat recession, globalization and restructuring, and the deficit. The decline of the welfare state poses special risks for women. The policies, benefits, and services of the welfare state are directly linked to women's basic freedoms

Theories of the cold war that stress the imperatives of the American domestic politico-economic system or the requirements of bipolarity are undermined by the argument that the Korean war strongly influenced international history and indeed brought about most of the characteristics which we associate with the cold war. Without Korea, U.S. policy would have been very different, and there were no events on the horizon which could have been functional substitutes for the war. The international or the American domestic system may have "needed" high defense budgets, the globalization of American commitments, and the militarization of NATO, but these patterns arose only in the wake of Korea. To explain the cold war in terms of such requirements is therefore inadequate.

ABSTRACTThere is a need for a new rationale to guide American security policy, including arms control and disarmament. In light of fundamental changes in the external and internal environment, American security policy would appear to have to rest on the following four assumptions: (1) the multiplication of threats, allies, and adversaries; (2) the disparity between greater absolute military power at the disposal of the United States and greater relative impotence in wielding it to influence events abroad; (3) the globalization yet divisibility of American and international security, economic, and political regime interests; and (4) the persistence of divided domestic consensus as the shaky basis from which to project American military power to shape the international environment in ways congenial to often conflicting American preferences.

It is asserted that the development of capitalism & anticapitalist movements in international politics has led to the globalization of international politics & to the emergence of an international society. This society is conceived as an antagonistic totality composed of the following conflict formations: Intercapitalist, West-East, North-South, intersocialist, inner-Third World, & formations of structural violence where international & national conflict formations intersect. Fundamental principles of peace & social justice in international society are discussed. Preliminary remarks are included regarding the foundation of a structural theory of international society. Further analysis of international society will have to examine the production relations & the exchange relations emerging from them on a world scale. The theorem of unequal & combined development is given special attention & value. This theoretical basis lends itself to an understanding of the causes of regularities of conflict formation. This is a departure from the highly abstract approaches of the past 10 years, particularly conventional systems analyses. Modified Author's Summary.

As part of a study of the anatomy of militarization, this paper examines the role that Europe has played, and continues to play, in the ongoing strategic game. The globalization of the war system in the nuclear era (but with the nuclear monopoly in the hands of the US and the Soviet Union) has enabled the two superpowers to reserve exclusively to themselves the power to decide the question of war and peace. The war system fuels the insensate arms race regardless of the demands of ideological rivalry or security requirements. Since the arms policies of the superpowers cannot be understood in exclusively military terms, the paper analyzes the dynamics of the arms race in the broader context of the pressure of technology and interdependence, power politics, self-assertion of nations, and social change, of which technology-interdependence pressure and the thrust for social change are likely to play a more decisive role in the coming decades. It is in this context that the paper projects the scenario of the future. If the scenario fails to materialize, the result will be nuclear escalation to the point of no return.

I Duality Theory -- Ascent Ray Theorems and Some Applications -- Semi-Infinite Programming Duality: How Special Is It? -- A Saddle Value Characterization of Fan's Equilibrium Points -- Duality in Semi-Infinite Linear Programming -- On the Role of Duality in the Theory of Moments -- Existence Theorems in Semi-Infinite Programs -- II Algorithmic Developments -- An Algorithm for a Continuous Version of the Assignment Problem -- Numerical Estimation of Optima by Use of Duality Inequalities -- Globalization of Locally Convergent Algorithms for Nonlinear Optimization Problems with Constraints -- A Three-Phase Algorithm for Semi-Infinite Programs -- A Review of Numerical Methods for Semi-Infinite Optimization -- An Algorithm for Minimizing Polyhedral Convex Functions -- Numerical Experiments with Globally Convergent Methods for Semi-Infinite Programming Problems -- III Problem Analysis and Modeling -- On the Partial Construction of the Semi-Infinite Banzhaf Polyhedron -- Semi-Infinite and Fuzzy Set Programming -- Semi-Infinite Optimization in Engineering Design -- A Moment Inequality and Monotonicity of an Algorithm -- IV Optimality Conditions and Variational Principles -- Second Order Conditions in Nonlinear Nonsmooth Problems of Semi-Infinite Programming -- On Stochastic Control Problems with Impulse Cost Vanishing -- Dual Variational Principles in Mechanics and Physics -- Authors, Participants, and Affiliations -- Referees -- Table of Contents of the Book of Abstracts.

Bergesen, H. O. 'Not Valid for Oil': The Petroleum Dilemma in Norwegian Foreign Policy. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 105-116. In this article traditional Norwegian foreign policy ideals are compared with the problems Norway is facing as an oil-exporting country. It is the basic thesis of the article that in the latter capacity the country is confronted with a global situation very different from the international environment it is familiar with and from the ideals on which its foreign policy is based. This is most clearly seen with regard to the vision of a future international legal order including close political cooperation across the North-South cleavage — the globalization of the Scandinavian model. This ideal is a world apart from the insecure, unstable oil system with its high economic stakes, political risks, and high tension. The article explores how the Norwegian foreign policy leadership has reacted to this discrepancy. The analysis shows that it is hard to discern any overall, dominating trend in the formulation of Norwegian foreign oil policy. We seem to be confronted with, not a coherent government position, but several separate policies that coexist in spite of their inconsistency.

The paper analyzes conflict formations now prevailing in contemporary international society. The study begins with the assertion that the development of capitalism and anticapitalist move ments in international politics has led to the globalization of international politics and to the emergence of an international society. This society is here conceived as an antagonistic totality made up particularly of the following conflict formations: intercapitalist, West-East, North-South, inter-socialist, inner-Third World, and formations of structural violence where in ternational and national conflict formations intersect.The paper includes a short discussion on some fundamental principles of peace and social justice in international society. It concludes with some preliminary remarks on the foundation of a structural theory of international society. The author stresses that a further analysis of inter national society will have to look closely into the production relations and the exchange relations emerging from them on a world scale. The theorem of unequal and combined development is given particular importance. The author con tends that on this basis, causes and regularities of conflict formation dynamics can be better understood than by the highly abstract approaches of the last ten to fifteen years, particularly those of the conventional systems analysis.