Suchergebnisse

The distinction between a generic sense of globalization & capitalist globalization is argued to need to be confronted in theory & research in order to have any grasp of the contemporary world & the prospects for alternative forms of globalization. The best prospect for ending capitalist globalization with its crises of polarization & ecological unsustainability are located in the globalization of economic & social human rights, & through the spread of genuine democracy. Competing approaches to globalization are differentiated by the fundamental unit of analysis that range from the state centrist approach, the globalist approach & the transnational approach. The central features of all the approaches agree that contemporary problems cannot be studied at the level of nationstates, but need to be theorized in terms of globalizing. The author defines generic globalization, global systems theory & the transnational capitalist class (TCC). Despite the fatalism characterizing much globalization literature, the path out of capitalism is described as moving from capitalist globalization through cooperatives at democracy to socialist globalization at the at the strategy of the gradual elimination of the culture ideology of consumerism that is replaced of the culture ideology of human rights. References. J. Harwell

Recession, repression, & militarization have marked globalization from above, & the promises of prosperity, democracy, & peace have gone unfulfilled. With the US policy of unilateralism, war & violence are escalating. In the face of globalization from above, activists around the world have formed a movement for globalization from below, challenging the international elites & transnational corporations. In this movement, grassroots groups self-organize & cooperate across national borders, as in the Argentinian piqueteros. US President Bush's unilateralism & opposition to initiatives of the global justice movement are being resisted, but the rapidly developing globalization from below has many challenges ahead. M. Pflum

Recession, repression, & militarization have marked globalization from above, & the promises of prosperity, democracy, & peace have gone unfulfilled. With the US policy of unilateralism, war & violence are escalating. In the face of globalization from above, activists around the world have formed a movement for globalization from below, challenging the international elites & transnational corporations. In this movement, grassroots groups self-organize & cooperate across national borders, as in the Argentinian piqueteros. US President Bush's unilateralism & opposition to initiatives of the global justice movement are being resisted, but the rapidly developing globalization from below has many challenges ahead. M. Pflum

That empire is the central antagonism of the current historical moment places the struggle of critical educators defending the public sphere from further integration into the neoliberal & imperialist practices of the state & globalized capitalism in the role of developing a critical globalization studies based on a pedagogy & politics of hope. The drive to obtain "free markets" & unprecedented military presence contextualize the currently undangerous critical pedagogy characterized by cosmopolitan liberalism of the post-modernized left. A new revolutionary praxis is identified in the forms of social organization, popular mobilization that needs to focus on the abolition of private property, & struggle against alienated labor. The new urgency for critical social educators is to fight to create social justice on a global scale equivalent to Marxian "positive humanism" or replacing Arendt's "negative solidarity" of atomized & displaced individuals. Petra's typology of Gramscian organic intellectuals describes & distinguishes stoics, cynics, pessimists, critical intellectuals from irreverent intellectuals. The challenge is to humanize the classroom environment & create the pedagogical spaces for linking education to the praxeological dimensions of social justice initiatives is not an easy project. But when hope is strong enough it can bend the future backward to the past so the present can escape its orbit of inevitability & break the force in history's hubris so that "what is" becomes a reality carved out of "what could be.". References. J. Harwell

It is unfortunate that the globalization debate has taken a systemic approach rather than focusing on the actors within the power structure. In an effort to remedy this situation, this chapter first examines the economic, cultural, & politico-ideological concepts of globalization. It then looks at the key actors involved in globalization -- Europe & the US -- focusing on US promotion of globalization & economic hegemony, or "Americanization." This "Americanization" has resulted in the commodification of culture, a trend that focuses more on entertainment than on the promotion of national consciousness. The chapter concludes, therefore, that although globalization in its present form is based on American concepts of power, globalization's future is, as yet, undecided. K. A. Larsen

Globalization is understood here as "hybridization," in which forms become separated from existing practices & recombine with new forms in new practices. It is argued that globalization primarily involves neither universalization nor even multiculturalism, but instead, interculturalism. Globalization is not a condition of modernization, but instead, a historical epoch, beginning from the 1960s & contemporaneous with postmodernity. Both functionalist modernization theory & Marxist dependency theory are modernist paradigms of the period of the nation-state, while true globalization theory is the postmodern analysis of hybridity. Cultural hybridity is a universal, eg, the interface of transnational firms & host national government in offshore banking, or instances in which multiculturalism becomes interculturalism, in which an individual has a choice of a plurality of ethnic organizations as a basis of a multiple identity. Of special interest is a cultural hybridity between enemies, involving the formation of a "global field" of "global memory," circumscribed by conflictual unity -- bound by common political & cultural experiences of, eg, Jew & Arab. 101 References. V. Rios

The remarkable openness of German society to the forces of globalization in the post-WWII era is noted, along with ways that cultural changes have been differentially manifested in & experienced by the Eastern & Western halves of the now-united nation. Economic, political, & social factors impacting the cultural mentality of each region & their impacts on cultural developments are explored. Then, findings from research efforts carried out in Frankfurt & Constance are presented that illuminate the dimensions of cultural globalization in both East & West Germany in terms of (1) the diffusion of the lingua franca of the global managerial elite ("Davos" culture) among German business managers; (2) the traditions, current perspectives & position, & visions for the future of German intellectual elites; & (3) the emergence of German cultural self-representations in mass media & events. K. Hyatt Stewart

Empire is a new form of sovereignty that has succeeded the nation-state. Empire today has monarchical & aristocratic components with some democratic representation. However, within Empire representation loses its meaning & conflicts with notions of popular sovereignty. Obstacles to democratic reform are discussed, with the conclusion that representative democracy is unrealizable. Counter-power in the form of resistance, insurrection, & constituent power that is unbounded & immeasurable may take the place of democracy. This would be the alternate democracy of the multitude in Empire. M. Pflum

Empire is a new form of sovereignty that has succeeded the nation-state. Empire today has monarchical & aristocratic components with some democratic representation. However, within Empire representation loses its meaning & conflicts with notions of popular sovereignty. Obstacles to democratic reform are discussed, with the conclusion that representative democracy is unrealizable. Counter-power in the form of resistance, insurrection, & constituent power that is unbounded & immeasurable may take the place of democracy. This would be the alternate democracy of the multitude in Empire. M. Pflum

The existence of a universal understanding of globalization is challenged. After addressing the conflict between globalist & localist perspectives toward globalization, it is demonstrated that Internet technology has been used by different groups to endorse or contest capitalist globalization & that competing groups have attempted to implement globalization from above & from below. Calling such usage of Internet technology "technopolitics," it is subsequently noted that conservative right-wing groups & terrorist organizations have both exploited electronic communications technology to advance their agendas. After highlighting this contested nature of Internet technology, it is then argued that globalization itself is a highly contested terrain, one dominated by opposing forces that seek to maximize control over various groups, institutions, & technologies. The need to establish a dialectical critique of globalization, one that decries its capitalist manifestation & supports the creation of a cosmopolitan, democratic, & multicultural alternative, is articulated. 15 References. J. W. Parker

The acceptance of the decreasing relevance of the core- periphery structure as a one of the characteristic themes of globalization is contested to argue that the global political economy shows few signs of the superseding that form of stratification. The arguments by the globalization scholars that the North-South core periphery divide that are being superseded by the formation of a transnational capitalist class & a world proletariat are refuted as being based on cursory observations that do not pay much attention to the empirical evidence on global inequality & the conceptual problems of interpreting various models of global industrialization. The contention that the absolute novelty of contemporary globalization makes multi-century time frames irrelevant is also refuted by the rules of the comparative method that require identifying what is recurrent as opposed to the true peculiarities of contemporary globalization. The benefits to critical globalization studies of the world systems analysis are explained in terms of the reorganization of world society in which financialization & hypermobility of capital are premonitory signs, & the trajectories of such reorganization. Monitoring the unrealistic US universal world empire project is the important task for true critical globalization studies, as well as providing the global social justice movement with a reliable map to lead to more equitable & just world as opposed to exploit hated empire or endless chaos. References. J. Harwell

The fact that globalization & development are two sides of the same coin-although fraught with ideological baggage-is found to reproduce ideological separatism & to obscure historical interrelations in the dichotomous debates of state centered versus transnational analysis, making the debate less political & more an epistemological issue in which the terms development, globalization, capital, & the state are terms whose meanings & discursive functions change across time and space. The author traces the moments in recent history of the development/globalization relationship to the ambiguity of sovereignty. The author locates the global origins of development in the 19th century improvement of mankind, & the post WWII world order as a construct of power relations using "development" as an enabling & legitimizing discourse. The ideological function of developments was revealed during the 1960's to the 1990's & the institution of globalization as a class political project in the New International Economic Order (NIEO) to the WTO. The legitimacy crisis of development & globalization is traced to incomplete state management of economic integration, the unrealizable ideal, & the imperialism of the "open world" rhetoric. The original formula of the development project of the "development brings democracy" is concluded to be in reverse in a unipolar world that is imposed by force is the condition for development that an evenly distributes spoils of the managed world market. This ideological representation is driven by power relations that are correlated with mounting resistances that are already referred to as "the world's other superpower.". References. J. Harwell

The unique experiences of Chile among Latin American countries in terms of socioeconomic transformation & modernization are described & attributed to several key forces, highlighting long-standing global partnerships in the worlds of academia, business, & commerce. The coexistence of an open, free-market-based socioeconomic order with a conservative, family-based socioreligious one is noted & cultural impacts are discussed; the pervasive impact of Evangelical religious beliefs & practices across all levels of society are highlighted. Implications for the future acceptance/rejection of globalization or the development of an alternative form of globalization based on the centrality of the family in Chilean culture are considered. 2 Tables, 4 Figures. K. Hyatt Stewart

After discussing the place of globalization as a dominant ideology in Western societies, the ideology of opposition to globalization in these same societies is examined, highlighting its primary complaint, ie, the imposition of capitalism on developing countries. The arguments advanced & assumptions held by antiglobalization activists are subjected to a "sympathetic but skeptical" reading & criticized for failing to offer any alternatives for reorganizing economies & societies; specific problems in the antiglobalist argument that limit its effectiveness are analyzed. It is argued that, contrary to antiglobalists' call for an end to capitalism, lessons should be learned from 19th-century Europe & a way found to make capitalizing forces more humane. Specifically, the conditions of work & the lives of workers need improvement; parallels are drawn to Victorian England. The most significant real-world consequences of the globalizing process are identified & deemed better than the reality of life in many developing countries if globalization is not pursued. K. Hyatt Stewart

The unique experiences of Chile among Latin American countries in terms of socioeconomic transformation & modernization are described & attributed to several key forces, highlighting long-standing global partnerships in the worlds of academia, business, & commerce. The coexistence of an open, free-market-based socioeconomic order with a conservative, family-based socioreligious one is noted & cultural impacts are discussed; the pervasive impact of Evangelical religious beliefs & practices across all levels of society are highlighted. Implications for the future acceptance/rejection of globalization or the development of an alternative form of globalization based on the centrality of the family in Chilean culture are considered. 2 Tables, 4 Figures. K. Hyatt Stewart