Suchergebnisse

With the development of independence, all public institutions, including the Institute of local government, have undergone changes in Kazakhstan. In the preceding period of local control in the Soviet Union, which includes Kazakhstan, was carried out in forms of state control at the local level, the functions of which are realized in the framework of local councils of people's deputies. Participation of the population in the management of territories and settlements was limited to the delegation of their powers to elected representatives – deputies of rural districts, district, city and regional councils. Elections of people's deputies were carried out in accordance with the Constitution and the norms of Soviet law, which also reflected the rights and duties of local councils within the political system of the Union state. With the independence of the country within the framework of the national legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the constitutional status was acquired by local self-government. It is being radically reformed on a democratic basis in order to increase the self-organization of the population within the framework of the model of the national structure and political system of society. For this purpose, the bodies of public administration at the local level – akimats, headed by akims of regions, districts (cities), rural settlements. In addit ion, maslikhats were formed as representative bodies elected by the population - at the district (city) and regional levels. These structures, in accordance with the legislation, are partially endowed with the functions of self-government of the territories. At the same time, taking into account the world experience, the Republic is in the process of formation of self-government institutions of the territories. However, it is too early to talk about the effectiveness of the created national model of local self-government and its mechanisms. In reality, the population of Kazakhstan is not yet able to independently and responsibly solve issues of local importance; to monitor the work of local authorities, etc. The context of local governance in Kazakhstan is changing with the change of society under the influence of internal and external factors. These changes are ongoing and create some uncertainty, leading to the modernization of elements of existing institutions of local government. However, in view of the upcoming changes in the future, new challenges of global, regional and national character, it is necessary to move to more effective mechanisms and methods of managing society at different levels of government on a democratic basis. ; С развитием независимости в Казахстане претерпели изменения все общественные институты, включая институт местного управления. В предшествующий период местное управление в СССР, куда входил и Казахстан, осуществлялось в формах государственного управления на местном уровне, функции которого реализовались в рамках местных советов народных депутатов. Участие населения в управлении территориями и населенными пунктами ограничивалось делегированием своих полномочий выборным представителям – депутатам сельских округов, районных, городских и областных советов. Выборы народных избранников осуществлялись в соответствии с Конституцией и нормами советского права, где также были отражены права и обязанности местных советов в рамках политической системы союзного государства. С обретением независимости страны в рамках национального законодательства Республики Казахстан конституционный статус приобрело местное самоуправление. Оно кардинальным образом реформируется на демократической основе в сторону повышения самоорганизации населения в рамках модели национального устройства и политической системы общества. В этих целях выделены органы государственного управления на местном уровне – акиматы, во главе с акимами областей, районов (городов), сельских населенных пунктов. Кроме того, образованы маслихаты, как представительные органы, избираемые населением, на районном (городском) и областном уровнях. Эти структуры в соответствии с законодательством частично наделены функциями самоуправления территорий. Наряду с этим, с учетом мирового опыта, в республике идет процесс формирования населением институтов самоуправления территорий. Однако об эффективности созданной национальной модели местного самоуправления и ее механизмов говорить пока рано. Реально население Республики Казахстан пока не имеет возможности самостоятельно и ответственно решать вопросы местного значения, осуществлять контроль за работой местных органов власти и др. Контекст местного управления в Казахстане меняется с изменением общества под влиянием внутренних и внешних факторов. Эти изменения происходят постоянно и создают некоторую неопределенность, вызывая модернизацию элементов существующих институтов местного управления. Однако, с учетом предстоящих изменений в будущем, новых вызовов глобального, регионального и национального характера, необходим переход к более эффективным механизмам и методам управления обществом на различных уровнях государственного устройства на демократической основе.

The Bali Package can be a revolution for trade facilitation whereas we do not misunderstand the tools & vehicles that must be promoted in order to turn innovative policies into added-value practices. The author points out that encouraging fluidity of trade by imposing Information Technology solutions should not resume the Bali Package in the technical and technological sense.In author's viewpoint, capacity building, change management and governance are the key issues in port and logistics community. Training, awareness, interoperability of people and not only of systems will empower the success of moving goods easier, cheaper and faster. The author also mentions political willingness and readiness of all stakeholders involved in the import-export processes.Some initiatives have already paved the way to foster this ongoing revolution. Mauritius, Indonesia, Benin and a few others worldwide are the most recent pioneers of emerging countries that have implemented e-business solutions to encourage trade facilitation. National single window, port single window, seaport and airport community system, cross-borders Information Technology systems are amongst the tailor-maderesponses deployed on strategic gateways. Ports, airports and borders are no longer considered as chokepoints of value in the modern global supply chain. The author does not talk about collecting taxes and revenues but turning the breakthrough of the transportation chains into opportunities for creating product, process and service value.In the study, the author used general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization.In conclusion, the author highlights the importance of sharing feedback from thoseinternational experiences already deployed and for which the Sefacil Foundation has the privilege to be part of as a unique think-tank. Under the eagis of the Fondation de France, the Sefacil Foundation represents the first worldwide foundation dedicated to support applied research on port, maritime & logistics. The author proposes in this paper the key features based on the positive results and failures noted over the past decade in managing innovative practices. Some results will be discussed in detail with a few comments for adjustments. A discussion of improvements developed into a full set of recommendations is presented in the research. The author stresses that our common goal is to turn policies into practices by relying on shared common views.The author wishes to express his sincere thanks for the support in revising the paper. In particular, thank you to Sebastien Pelletier, Jane Labatt, Germain Hiron and Jean- François Pelletier. ; Имплементация Балийского пакета договорённостей может стать переломным моментом в содействии развитию международной торговли благодаря имплементации инструментария, позволяющего повысить эффективность инновационной политики. Автор указывает на увеличение подвижности транспортных потоков посредством принятия решений на основе Балийских договорённостей в отношении применения информационных технологий в технических и технологических процессах.По мнению автора, институциональное развитие и управлене изменениями являются основными вопросами в работе транспортных и логистических сообществ. Профессиональная подготовка сотрудников, осознание необходимости проводимых изменений, совместная работа разных структур позволит успешно, не дорого и быстро перемещать товары. Автор также говорит о политической готовности к нововведениям и готовности всех заинтересованных сторон, участвующих в импортных и экспортных операциях.Первые шаги по реализации запланированных изменений уже совершены. Маврикий, Индонезия, Бенин и некоторые другие страны стали первопроходцами среди других развивающихся стран, которые ввели в действие программы и проекты, связанные с имплементацией электронного бизнеса с целью упростить торговые процедуры. Национальная система единого окна, система "Единого окна" в порту, система портовых и аэропортовых сообществ, системы трансграничных информационных технологий являются теми инструментами, которые применяются в стратегически важных местах. Порты, аэропорты и границы больше не рассматриваются в качестве "проблемных мест" в современной глобальной цепочке поставок. Автор не имеет в виду проблемы, связанные со сбором налогов и поступлений в бюджет; он говорит о прорыве и новых возможностях транспортных цепочек, которые используются при изготовлении продукции и при расчете стоимости услуг.В ходе исследования автором были использованы общенаучные методы, а именно: анализ, синтез, сравнение, обобщение.В заключении автор подчеркивает важность обмена международным опытом и говорит о том, что организация по обеспечению безопасности и содействию развитию международной логистической цепочки является частью этого аналитического процесса. Под эгидой фонда Франции эта организация представляет собой первую в мире организацию, ориентированную на поддержку научно-исследовательских работ прикладного характера, связанных с работой и материально-техническим обеспечением порта. В данной статье предложены ключевые моменты как положительных результатов, так и отрицательных. Все эти новации в управленческой деятельности имели место в последнее десятилетие. Некоторые результаты рассмотрены автором детально. Автором также предложены комментарии и замечания. В ходе исследования представлен полный набор разработанных профессионалами рекомендаций по улучшению результата дальнейшей деятельности. Автор подчеркивает, что наша общая цель состоит в том, чтобы применять указанные правила на практике, опираясь на наш общий опыт и знания.

The article examines the part that members of the Assembly of nobility of Kazan gubernia took in elaborating projects of future political system of the Russian empire at the outbreak of the first Russian revolution in 1905. The current interest in the issues of parliamentarism and self-governance makes this historical episode still more topical.A detailed study of the proceedings of the Assembly of nobility of Kazan gubernia and the works of the committee on popular representation helped us show that the Assembly of nobility began work on their project envisioning a popular representation body in order to allay the rising social unrest, especially among peasants of the gubernia. The project took two courses, exploring the opportunities offered by a suffrage system based on vocational and class representation, or by universal equal suffrage. The supporters of the latter approach tended to be more pro-democracy, but paid little attention to the size of constituencies and to the lack of the 'culture of democracy' among the general population. In the end, the committee members endorsed the former approach and voted to guarantee the right of legal initiative to the future representative body. In the wake of the All-Russia Congress of the nobility, A.N. Baratynsky and V.V. Markovnikov suggested an alternative solution which relied on the territorial authority of the Zemstvo, which was to elect members of the national representative body.As seen from documentary evidence, the nobility as a corporation was far from unanimous and was actually split into several groups: moderate monarchists, right-wingers and liberals. Only the richest landed gentry were involved in the drafting of the projects. Their serious intention of calming down the unrest made them remain very conscious about providing solutions to both local and national issues. Although the Kazan project was never submitted to the Bulygin Committee, the work on it helped the local gentry get involved in national politics.Our study has shown that the pathways of early Russian parliamentarism were far from straight. Even within a single one social group there was a good deal of contradiction on what shape the political system of Russia should take. As it is well-known, the supporters of estate-based suffrage won, which created the largest possible share of representation for the nobility in the future Duma. Later these projects and the ideas expressed therein formed the basis for consolidation of the nobility and the proliferation of their self-government. ; В статье рассматривается тема участия членов Казанского губернского дворянского собрания в составлении проектов государственного устройства Российской империи в сложный политический период 1905 г. Данная проблема представляет актуальность в свете повышенного внимания к вопросам парламентаризма и самоуправления.На материалах журналов Казанского губернского дворянского собрания и трудов комиссии по вопросу о народном представительстве показано, что разработка проектов устройства представительного органа в Казанском губернском дворянском собрании началась с целью успокоения волнений в обществе, особенно среди крестьян. Разработка велась по двум направлениям: на основе профессионально-классовой избирательной системы и на основе всеобщего равного избирательного права. Сторонники всеобщих равных выборов отличались большей демократичностью, однако они не учитывали величину избирательных округов и отсутствие культуры демократических выборов среди населения России. Члены комиссии поддержали первый проект и проголосовали за наделение представительного органа правом законодательной инициативы. В дальнейшем, после всероссийского дворянского съезда, А. Н. Боратынским и В. В. Марковниковым была предложена альтернатива в виде территориально-земского избирательного начала, согласно которому депутатов должны были избирать земства.Документы показывают, что дворянская корпорация не была единой и делилась на умеренно монархическое, правое и либеральное крылья. Разработка проектов велась лишь крупнопоместным дворянством, которое желало внести успокоение в общество и осознанно относилось к решению не только местных вопросов, но и общероссийских проблем. Хотя труды казанской комиссии в дальнейшем и не были представлены в «булыгинскую комиссию», но подобная работа способствовала вовлечению местных дворян в общероссийскую политическую жизнь.Исследование показывает, что пути становления парламентаризма в России были весьма извилисты и даже в рамках одной социальной группы существовали значительные противоречия по поводу политического устройства страны. Победу одержали сторонники сословной системы выборов, поскольку это позволяло дворянам быть более представленными в будущей Думе, чем при других системах. В дальнейшем идеи этих проектов во многом послужили основой для консолидации дворянства и развития дворянского самоуправления.

Проблема возможности мирного и взаимовыгодного объединения народов в составе единого государства неизменно актуальна в мировой истории. В этой связи весьма полезен опыт объединения казахского и русского народов. Целью данной статьи является определение основных черт модернизации казахских институтов власти в структуре Западно-Сибирского генерал-губернаторства. В основу работы положены результаты анализа историографии и архивных документов Исторического архива Омской области, которые позволили подтвердить гипотезу о том, что в сравнении c классическими империями Западного мира Российская развивалась и функционировала как «империя наоборот». Модернизация традиционных институтов власти казахов в составе ЗападноСибирского генерал-губернаторства с 1822 г. осуществлялась поэтапно и с учетом местной специфики. Российские власти способствовали демократизации традиционной системы управления, постепенно ослабляя влияние казахской аристократии, терявшей доверие населения. При этом предпочтение отдавалось талантливым выходцам из народа, заслужившим авторитет в народной среде своей добросовестной работой на руководящих должностях в администрации или в качестве традиционного судьи – бия. Поскольку вектор административно-политической интеграции был направлен в сторону унификации, то с 1868 г. позиции имперской администрации стали укрепляться. На уездном уровне представителей казахской аристократии – султанов – заменили уездные начальники – российские офицеры, наделенные всей полнотой военной, полицейской, административной и судебной власти. При уездном начальнике находились два помощника – старший и младший, причем последний обычно был казахом. В то же время на волостном уровне большое влияние, особенно в хозяйственно-экономических вопросах, имели выбранные из числа казахов волостные управители, а в сфере суда свой вековой авторитет среди казахского населения продолжали сохранять казахские бии. Исследование модернизации казахских институтов власти в структуре Западно-Сибирского генерал-губернаторства позволяет утверждать, что в отличие от классических империй, осуществлявших колонизацию, базировавшуюся на выкачивании ресурсов и навязывании единственно возможной системы своих законов, своей цивилизации, Российская империя формировалась на основе принципов интеграции народов внутри многонационального государства. Анализ административной модернизации, проводимой в казахской степи, подтверждает, что политика Российской империи была направлена, в том числе, на диалог двух культур и народов, целью которого являлось не вытеснение или уничтожение, а разумный компромисс и успешное сотрудничество.
The problem of the possibility of peaceful and mutually beneficial unification of peoples as a part of a single state is always relevant in world history. In particular, the example of the unification of the Kazakh and Russian peoples is valuable. The purpose of this article is to identify the main features of the modernization of Kazakh institutions of power in the structure of the West Siberian Governorate-General. The work is based on the results of the analysis of historiography and archival documents from the Historical Archive of Omsk Oblast that allowed us to confirm the hypothesis that if compared with the classical empires of the Western world, the Russian Empire developed and functioned as an "empire on the contrary." After 1822, modernization of the traditional institutions of power of the Kazakhs as a part of the West Siberian Governorate-General was carried out in stages, taking into account local specifics. The Russian authorities promoted the democratization of the traditional system of governance, gradually weakening the influence of the Kazakh aristocracy, which was already losing the trust of the people. At the same time, preference was given to talented representatives of the ordinary people who had earned authority in the society by their conscientious work on leading positions in the administration or as traditional judges called biys. Since the vector of administrative and political integration was directed towards unification, after 1868, the positions of the imperial administration were getting stronger and stronger. At the uyezd level, the representatives of the Kazakh aristocracy, sultans, were replaced by uyezd chiefs. They were Russian officers, who were endowed with full military, police, administrative, and judicial power. Every uyezd chief had a senior assistant and a junior assistant, and the latter was usually a Kazakh. At the same time, at the volost level, volost rulers were chosen from among the Kazakh population. They usually had great influence, especially in administrative and economic issues. In the sphere of the court, Kazakh biys continued to maintain their longlasting authority among the Kazakh population. The study of the modernization of Kazakh institutions of power in the structure of the West Siberian Governorate-General shows that unlike the classical empires that carried out colonization based on pumping out resources of a colonized country and imposing the only possible system of their own laws and their civilization, the Russian Empire was formed on the basis of the principles of integration of peoples within a multinational state. The analysis of the administrative modernization carried out in the Kazakh steppe confirms that, among other things, the policy of the Russian Empire was aimed at a dialogue between two cultures and peoples, the purpose of which was not displacement or destruction, but reasonable compromise and successful cooperation.

Introduction. The purpose of the article is to show the effect of the law of correspondence as a factor of stability of the social system and the relevance of this problem for ancient Indian philosophy. The problem of the stability of society was not directly considered in ancient Indian philosophy or in modern literature, especially through the prism of the law of correspondence.Methodology and sources. The work uses content analysis, system approach, dialectics and the concept of self-organization. In addition, the main analysis of the problem of stability in ancient Indian philosophy is carried out on the basis of the law of correspondence between the real relations that connect people at a given moment and the essence of the "social". This law was formulated and proposed by V.V. Tuzov. The essence of the "social" could be conditionally expressed through the concepts of "equality", "humanism", mutual assistance, "justice". Real relations may deviate from the essence, but by a certain amount, a measure. Going beyond the limits of the measure deprives the system of stability, and it becomes uncontrollable. The main source of analysis is the academic edition of the text Arthashastra (ancient Indian political and economic treatise), as well as "History of political and legal doctrines", "Development of ideas about management in philosophical thought".Results and discussion. The article analyzes the ancient Indian philosophical texts to reveal in them, in a latent or explicit form, the concern of philosophers with the problem of maintaining the stability of the state and society. Attention is focused on the fact that there is a need to observe the law of conformity in the recommendations for rulers on how to govern the people.Analysis of the main source of ancient Indian philosophy, which deals with the problems of governance, shows that the recommendations to the king, which are set forth by the author of Arthashastra Kautilya, imply, in the end result, the need to maintain a balance of interests between the ruling class and the people, that is, to observe the measure for which society loses its stability due to for the impoverishment of the people. In other words, in the management recommendations, the law of conformity, which was discussed above, appears in a latent form.Conclusion. The problem of the stability of the social system in a class society was and remains extremely relevant. The philosophical law of correspondence between real relations and the essence of social relations, which ensures the stability of society while observing the measure, requires justification. Since the principle of forming relationships and the nature of interaction has remained unchanged for centuries, the reflections of ancient philosophers on management, on the structure of society, on the relationship between different groups in it, and on the interaction of interests, on the one hand, confirm the operation of this law, on the other hand, could be useful for modern management. ; Введение. Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы показать действие закона соответствия как фактора устойчивости социальной системы и актуальность этой проблемы для древнеиндийской философии. Проблема устойчивости социума ни в древнеиндийской философии, ни в современной литературе подробно не рассматривалась, тем более через призму действия закона соответствия.Методология и источники. В работе применяется контент-анализ, системный подход, диалектика и синергетика. Кроме того, основной анализ проблемы устойчивости, которая может быть отражена в древнеиндийской философии, осуществляется на основе предложенного В. В. Тузовым закона соответствия между реальными отношениями, связывающими людей в данный момент, и сущностью «социального». Сущность «социального» можно условно выразить через понятия «равенство», «гуманизм», «взаимопомощь», «справедливость». Реальные отношения могут отклоняться от сущности, но на определенную величину, меру. Выход за пределы меры лишает систему устойчивости, и она становится неуправляемой. Основным источником анализа являются академическое издание текста Артхашастра (древнеиндийского политического и экономического трактата), а также «История политических и правовых учений», «Развитие идей об управлении в философской мысли».Результаты и обсуждение. В статье проводится анализ древнеиндийских философских текстов для обнаружения в них в скрытой или явной форме озабоченности философов проблемой сохранения стабильности, устойчивости государства и общества. Акцентируется внимание на том, что в рекомендациях для правителей о том, как следует управлять народом, просматривается необходимость соблюдать закон соответствия.Анализ основного источника древнеиндийской философии, в котором рассматриваются проблемы управления, показывает, что рекомендации царю, излагаемые автором Артхашастры Каутильей, подразумевают в результате необходимость поддерживать баланс интересов между правящим классом и народом, т. е. соблюдать ту меру, за которой общество теряет устойчивость из-за обнищания народа. Другими словами, в рекомендациях по управлению в скрытой форме проявляется закон соответствия, о котором шла речь выше.Заключение. Проблема устойчивости социальной системы в классовом обществе была и остается крайне актуальной. Философский закон соответствия реальных отношений и сущности социальных отношений, который обеспечивает устойчивость социума при соблюдении меры, требует обоснования. Поскольку принцип формирования отношений и характер взаимодействия на протяжении веков остается неизменным, то размышления древних философов об управлении, о строении общества, взаимоотношениях в нем различных групп, взаимодействии интересов, с одной стороны, подтверждают действие данного закона, с другой стороны – могут быть полезны для современного менеджмента

Вступление. Статья посвящается рассмотрению государственного регулирования предпринимательской деятельности в условиях глобализационных процессов, новым формам государственного регулирования предпринимательской деятельности в развитых странах (ЕС, США, Япония), в том числе государственно-частному партнерству. В условиях макроэкономической нестабильности одной из проблем является эффективное распределение ответственности и рисков между государственным и частным секторами экономики. На современном этапе развития Украина находится в стадии формирования новой модели государственного управления. В связи с этим актуальным остается изучение государственного регулирования малого и среднего бизнеса в развитых странах в условиях глобализации. Целью статьи является изучение опыта государственного регулирования малого и среднего бизнеса в развитых странах и в Украине в условиях глобализации. Метод (методология): Работа основывается на методологии институционализма, а также на применении различных методов научного познания, а именно, эмпирического и диалектического методов для анализа государственного регулирования малого и среднего бизнеса в условиях глобализации, методов исторического, сравнительного и причинно-следственного анализа для определения системы мер по минимизации рисков между государственным и частным секторами экономики. Теоретической базой исследования являются труды классиков экономической теории, работы отечественных исследователей в сфере государственного регулирования бизнеса в условиях глобализационных процессов. Результаты: Реализация государственной политики, обеспечивающей благоприятные условия для развития малого и среднего бизнеса, требует усовершенствования правовой, финансовой и институциональной системы, эффективное функционирование которой предполагает постоянное взаимодействие и координацию деятельности всех ее элементов при минимальном дублировании функций, ориентацию как на общие цели социально-экономической политики государства, так и на интересы субъектов малого предпринимательства. Характерно большое разнообразие вариантов, используемых при формировании системы государственной поддержки малого предпринимательства с учетом особенностей государственного и политического устройства, направлений экономического развития, традиций регулирования и самоорганизации предпринимательской деятельности, состояние бюджетной и кредитно-финансовой системы, а также множества других факторов. В связи с этим прямое перенесение на украинскую экономику американской, немецкой или любой другой модели государственной поддержки малого и среднего бизнеса не представляется возможным. В то же время исследование организационных структур и механизмов поддержки малого и среднего бизнеса в других странах позволяет выявить общие черты, которые имеются в каждой из них, несмотря на те или иные национальные особенности. Они могут быть использованы при формировании системы поддержки и развития сектора малого и среднего бизнеса в Украине. ; Introduction. The article is devoted to the government regulation of entrepreneurship under the conditions of globalization. The new forms of entrepreneurship regulation in developed countries (such as EU, USA, Japan), including public-private partnerships are analyzed. It is stressed that in macroeconomic instability context the problem of efficient allocation of responsibilities and risks between the public and private sectors is one of the most urgent. Since nowadays Ukraine is forming a new model of governance, the study of state regulation of small and medium businesses under globalization remains relevant. The purpose of the article is a study of experience of state regulation of small and medium enterprises in developed countries and in Ukraine within the context of globalization. Methodology of work. The work is based on the methodology of institutionalism, as well as on the use of different scientific methods, namely, the empirical and dialectical methods for the analysis of government regulation of small and medium-sized businesses in the context of globalization. The methods of historical, comparative and causal analysis are also applied to determine the measures to minimize the risks between the public and private sectors. Theoretical base for the study are the works of the classics of economic theory, the works of national researchers in the field of government regulation of business in the context of globalization. The results of work: The implementation of public policy, providing favorable conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses requires improvement of the legal, financial and institutional systems. The effective functioning of these systems involves constant interaction and coordination of all the elements with minimal duplication of functions, the orientation of both the general objectives of socio-economic policy of the state and the interests of small businesses. There is great variety of options used in the formation of the system of state support of small business, taking into account the features of the state and political system, economic development trends, traditions and self-regulation of business, the state budget and fiscal systems and many other factors. In this regard the direct transfer of American, German or any other model of state support for small and medium businesses to the Ukrainian economy is not possible. At the same time, the study of organizational structures and mechanisms for small and medium businesses support in other countries let the researchers identify common features each of them, in spite of these or that national characteristics. Awareness of these features can be useful for the formation of a support and development of small and medium businesses system of in Ukraine.

Research problem. One of the ways to ensure public order is to impose sanctions for breach of law. Administrative sanctions as a remedy of administrative liability have a special place among the remedies of legal constraint. There is a need of effective and quick reaction to tackle great number of administrative offences and to ensure adequate prevention of administrative offences as well as criminal acts. Although the state responds to offence by implementing the jurisdictional function, which in a state governed under democratic principles is carried out by the court (one of the three constituent elements of governance), social reality testifies that the role of executive institutions in resolving the issues of legal liability for offence is increasing. Under currently effective provisions of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Lithuania authorization to impose sanctions for administrative offence is granted to a few tens of public administration institutions. Does such a situation correspond to the principle of separation of powers and what is the basis of such legal regulation? In fact, Lithuanian, and not only, science of Administrative Law often raises the problem of administrative offence as well as the problem of legitimacy of administrative sanctions which is closely related with the justice implementation function of administrative institutions. Actually, the administrative institution while imposing sanctions for administrative offence becomes a quasi-court involved in jurisdictional activities. This problem roots from the inconsistence of modern public administration system with Article 109 of the Republic of Lithuania Constitution, which reads that justice shall be executed solely by court. Execution of justice means determination of the case circumstances, finding a person guilty and imposing a fair instrument of action. According to the Constitution the right to find a person guilty and to impose a fair instrument of action is vested to the court and the judge. Meanwhile, up to now the executive institutions are empowered to implement these functions of justice. Therefore, public administration institutions, in addition to administration, implement the function of justice and therefore contradict the principle of separation of powers. This idea, expressed by many authors, has been still ignored by legislators not only in Lithuania, but in foreign states as well. Conversely, a tendency to make a social impact by implementing administrative sanctions imposed in a simpler and prompter manner is observed much more frequently and in wider areas of public life. On the other hand, the affer to leave the examination of all cases of administrative offence to courts would be difficult to implement and perhaps unnecessary. Finally, we may see that neither the constitutional jurisprudence nor the European Court of Human Rights requires for that. Nevertheless, the statutory regime necessary for the implementation of administrative sanctions has to be identified and defined. Meanwhile, authoritative entities of judiciary law, basing themselves on the similarities in the nature of administrative and criminal sanctions, categorically maintain that the principles of criminal justice should be applied to administrative justice. Such a requirement is paradoxical though. Presumably, if a person charged with administrative offence is given the same guarantees as a criminal offender and legal proceedings are of the same type as criminal proceedings, the administrative liability as independent type of legal liability and institution of administrative law would lose its identity. Therefore there is a search for compromise in many different legal systems, which shows that principles of criminal jurisdiction, when transferred into the area of administrative sanctions, become inverted from the point of view of subject matter. Considering all this problematic aspects of implementing lawfulness (nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege), non-retroactivity of law (lex retro non agit) and prohibition to institute a legal action twice for the same cause (non bis in idem) in judicial activities of quasi judiciary institutions shall be resolved . The issue of guilt as a subjective element of administrative punishment remains of great importance. Topicality of the dissertation research. Administrative Code, being the key act of law aimed at regulating legal relationship of administrative liability, was adopted during the soviet times. Obviously, significant changes have taken place in political, social and economic life and these changes are reflected in modified legal regulation. After the protection of human rights became the main objective of the state and the guiding values cardinally shifted from the primacy of state over the citizen towards the primacy of citizen over the state, the legal regulation of administrative liability had to be changed. Attempts to adopt a new law complying with the spirit of democratic states still remain fruitless. We may assume that the legislator has not decided yet which model of administrative liability regulations should be the most acceptable. Such assumption is confirmed by unsuccessful attempts criticized by many authors to automatically translate general provisions of criminal liability to the Administrative Code draft now being worked on. Thus, when legislation problems in the area of administrative liability are being solved the issue of the body executing the liability has remained the most acute. Discussions often reveal an opinion that implementation of sanctions by administrative institutions should be more an exception than a rule while cases of administrative offence should be settled in courts. Unfortunately, this idea is confirmed neither by Lithuanian nor foreign practice; on the contrary, opinions supporting the development and expansion of administrative jurisdiction prevail. In that case the problem of legitimacy of exercising jurisdiction by administrative institutions from the point of view of separation of powers laid down in the Constitution remains unsolved and thus retains its topicality. Finally, the scope of the principles of administrative liability in Lithuania is still unclear and undefined thus leading to incompliance of statutory regulation with legal practice. Dissertation research object. This doctoral thesis focuses on social relationship created in the light of administrative sanctions imposed by quasi-judicial institutions and statutory regulation of such relationship. Dissertation research goal is to analyze in a systematic manner and evaluate the legal basis of jurisdictional activities of quasi-judicial institutions in different countries, the principles applied in jurisdictional activities of these institutions and to propose guidelines for improving the institution of administrative liability in Lithuania. The following objectives were set to this end: 1. Introduce the notion of jurisdictional activity and reveal its relationship with administrative jurisdiction. 2. Disclose the notion of administrative sanction and examine the administrative sanction doctrines in different states pointing out the fundamental features of administrative sanction. 3. Analyze the models of quasi-judicial institutions implementing administrative sanctions and assess their jurisdictional activity from the point of view of constitutional legitimacy. 4. Evaluate statutory regulation of administrative jurisdiction and problems of executing it in Lithuania in 1918-1990. 5. Reveal the basic principles and the scope of jurisdictional activity of quasi-judicial institutions. Scientific novelty and practicality of dissertation research. This thesis is an attempt to have a deeper insight to the problems of statutory regulation and execution of administrative liability. Although sufficient attention is paid to this issue in the science of Lithuanian Law witnessed by scholar discussions on one or another aspect of the problem, the present thesis is the first attempt to give a doctrinal and systematic review of quasi-judicial institutions in exercising the powers of administrative sanctioning and the basis of jurisdictional activity. The thesis analyses in great detail doctrines of administrative sanctions of different democratic states (e.g. France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy etc.) and attempts to determine and distinguish essential features of administrative sanctions with the aim to develop guidelines for modelling the institution of administrative liability in Lithuania. The research work is not limited to a mere analysis of legal norms but gives an assessment of legal regulation exercised through jurisdictional activities of quasi-judicial institution from the point of view of constitutional and administrative jurisprudence, thus enabling to determine the dysfunctions of legal regulation and potential solutions. The novelty of the thesis lies in the attempt to define the basic principles of quasi-judicial institutions' jurisdictional activity by revealing their scope and problems of implementation. As Lithuanian legislators are currently working on the drafts of Administrative Code and legislative act aimed at regulating the administrative proceedings, this research thesis revealing the problems of administrative liability legal regulation and guidelines for potential improvement also has a practical value. Assertions defended in the dissertation. Administrative sanctions implemented by quasi-judicial institutions represent the institute performing a potentially effective role of social regulator and jurisdictional activity carried out by those institutions is acceptable for the legal system of a democratic state from the point of view of constitutional legitimacy. Activities of quasi-judicial institutions executing jurisdictional authorizations are subject to the principles of criminal jurisdiction, however with certain exclusions that w

Research problem. One of the ways to ensure public order is to impose sanctions for breach of law. Administrative sanctions as a remedy of administrative liability have a special place among the remedies of legal constraint. There is a need of effective and quick reaction to tackle great number of administrative offences and to ensure adequate prevention of administrative offences as well as criminal acts. Although the state responds to offence by implementing the jurisdictional function, which in a state governed under democratic principles is carried out by the court (one of the three constituent elements of governance), social reality testifies that the role of executive institutions in resolving the issues of legal liability for offence is increasing. Under currently effective provisions of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Lithuania authorization to impose sanctions for administrative offence is granted to a few tens of public administration institutions. Does such a situation correspond to the principle of separation of powers and what is the basis of such legal regulation? In fact, Lithuanian, and not only, science of Administrative Law often raises the problem of administrative offence as well as the problem of legitimacy of administrative sanctions which is closely related with the justice implementation function of administrative institutions. Actually, the administrative institution while imposing sanctions for administrative offence becomes a quasi-court involved in jurisdictional activities. This problem roots from the inconsistence of modern public administration system with Article 109 of the Republic of Lithuania Constitution, which reads that justice shall be executed solely by court. Execution of justice means determination of the case circumstances, finding a person guilty and imposing a fair instrument of action. According to the Constitution the right to find a person guilty and to impose a fair instrument of action is vested to the court and the judge. Meanwhile, up to now the executive institutions are empowered to implement these functions of justice. Therefore, public administration institutions, in addition to administration, implement the function of justice and therefore contradict the principle of separation of powers. This idea, expressed by many authors, has been still ignored by legislators not only in Lithuania, but in foreign states as well. Conversely, a tendency to make a social impact by implementing administrative sanctions imposed in a simpler and prompter manner is observed much more frequently and in wider areas of public life. On the other hand, the affer to leave the examination of all cases of administrative offence to courts would be difficult to implement and perhaps unnecessary. Finally, we may see that neither the constitutional jurisprudence nor the European Court of Human Rights requires for that. Nevertheless, the statutory regime necessary for the implementation of administrative sanctions has to be identified and defined. Meanwhile, authoritative entities of judiciary law, basing themselves on the similarities in the nature of administrative and criminal sanctions, categorically maintain that the principles of criminal justice should be applied to administrative justice. Such a requirement is paradoxical though. Presumably, if a person charged with administrative offence is given the same guarantees as a criminal offender and legal proceedings are of the same type as criminal proceedings, the administrative liability as independent type of legal liability and institution of administrative law would lose its identity. Therefore there is a search for compromise in many different legal systems, which shows that principles of criminal jurisdiction, when transferred into the area of administrative sanctions, become inverted from the point of view of subject matter. Considering all this problematic aspects of implementing lawfulness (nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege), non-retroactivity of law (lex retro non agit) and prohibition to institute a legal action twice for the same cause (non bis in idem) in judicial activities of quasi judiciary institutions shall be resolved . The issue of guilt as a subjective element of administrative punishment remains of great importance. Topicality of the dissertation research. Administrative Code, being the key act of law aimed at regulating legal relationship of administrative liability, was adopted during the soviet times. Obviously, significant changes have taken place in political, social and economic life and these changes are reflected in modified legal regulation. After the protection of human rights became the main objective of the state and the guiding values cardinally shifted from the primacy of state over the citizen towards the primacy of citizen over the state, the legal regulation of administrative liability had to be changed. Attempts to adopt a new law complying with the spirit of democratic states still remain fruitless. We may assume that the legislator has not decided yet which model of administrative liability regulations should be the most acceptable. Such assumption is confirmed by unsuccessful attempts criticized by many authors to automatically translate general provisions of criminal liability to the Administrative Code draft now being worked on. Thus, when legislation problems in the area of administrative liability are being solved the issue of the body executing the liability has remained the most acute. Discussions often reveal an opinion that implementation of sanctions by administrative institutions should be more an exception than a rule while cases of administrative offence should be settled in courts. Unfortunately, this idea is confirmed neither by Lithuanian nor foreign practice; on the contrary, opinions supporting the development and expansion of administrative jurisdiction prevail. In that case the problem of legitimacy of exercising jurisdiction by administrative institutions from the point of view of separation of powers laid down in the Constitution remains unsolved and thus retains its topicality. Finally, the scope of the principles of administrative liability in Lithuania is still unclear and undefined thus leading to incompliance of statutory regulation with legal practice. Dissertation research object. This doctoral thesis focuses on social relationship created in the light of administrative sanctions imposed by quasi-judicial institutions and statutory regulation of such relationship. Dissertation research goal is to analyze in a systematic manner and evaluate the legal basis of jurisdictional activities of quasi-judicial institutions in different countries, the principles applied in jurisdictional activities of these institutions and to propose guidelines for improving the institution of administrative liability in Lithuania. The following objectives were set to this end: 1. Introduce the notion of jurisdictional activity and reveal its relationship with administrative jurisdiction. 2. Disclose the notion of administrative sanction and examine the administrative sanction doctrines in different states pointing out the fundamental features of administrative sanction. 3. Analyze the models of quasi-judicial institutions implementing administrative sanctions and assess their jurisdictional activity from the point of view of constitutional legitimacy. 4. Evaluate statutory regulation of administrative jurisdiction and problems of executing it in Lithuania in 1918-1990. 5. Reveal the basic principles and the scope of jurisdictional activity of quasi-judicial institutions. Scientific novelty and practicality of dissertation research. This thesis is an attempt to have a deeper insight to the problems of statutory regulation and execution of administrative liability. Although sufficient attention is paid to this issue in the science of Lithuanian Law witnessed by scholar discussions on one or another aspect of the problem, the present thesis is the first attempt to give a doctrinal and systematic review of quasi-judicial institutions in exercising the powers of administrative sanctioning and the basis of jurisdictional activity. The thesis analyses in great detail doctrines of administrative sanctions of different democratic states (e.g. France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy etc.) and attempts to determine and distinguish essential features of administrative sanctions with the aim to develop guidelines for modelling the institution of administrative liability in Lithuania. The research work is not limited to a mere analysis of legal norms but gives an assessment of legal regulation exercised through jurisdictional activities of quasi-judicial institution from the point of view of constitutional and administrative jurisprudence, thus enabling to determine the dysfunctions of legal regulation and potential solutions. The novelty of the thesis lies in the attempt to define the basic principles of quasi-judicial institutions' jurisdictional activity by revealing their scope and problems of implementation. As Lithuanian legislators are currently working on the drafts of Administrative Code and legislative act aimed at regulating the administrative proceedings, this research thesis revealing the problems of administrative liability legal regulation and guidelines for potential improvement also has a practical value. Assertions defended in the dissertation. Administrative sanctions implemented by quasi-judicial institutions represent the institute performing a potentially effective role of social regulator and jurisdictional activity carried out by those institutions is acceptable for the legal system of a democratic state from the point of view of constitutional legitimacy. Activities of quasi-judicial institutions executing jurisdictional authorizations are subject to the principles of criminal jurisdiction, however with certain exclusions that w