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The article considers the issue of liability the officials of the joint stock companies. The issue of liability of business officials is of paramount importance, since it directly affects entrepreneurial activity. The author analyzes the current legislation and the existing deficiencies in law enforcement in the matter of establishing liability. The author draws the conclusion that national legislation requires improvement, taking into account foreign practice and legislation.

The article considers the issue of liability the officials of the joint stock companies. The issue of liability of business officials is of paramount importance, since it directly affects entrepreneurial activity. The author analyzes the current legislation and the existing deficiencies in law enforcement in the matter of establishing liability. The author draws the conclusion that national legislation requires improvement, taking into account foreign practice and legislation.

Operations under the auspices of the Security Council mandate span over 70 years. Repeatedly involved in resolving armed conflicts, they have made a significant contribution to ensuring security and stability around the world. In practice, they have taken the form of operations by individual states, coalitions, other international organizations or simply as United Nations missions composed of contingents provided by Troop Contribution Countries (TCC). While operations under the auspices of the United Nations have been involved on several occasions in offensive activities under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, and the question of responsibility for these actions has been the subject of many legal analyses and judgments, missions organized by the United Nations are always recognized as neutral, and their activities as conciliatory and focused on monitoring the cessation of hostilities, or supervising the disengagement between the parties of the conflict, with the use of force limited to self-defence. Thus, such operations benefited from legal protection, and any action against them was considered a violation of international law. The current engagement of United Nations goes far beyond the traditional understanding of peacekeeping operations. UN missions are frequently authorized to employ all necessary means, up to and including the use of lethal force or even neutralization of the armed group. This creates a situation where in the light of International Humanitarian Law, such actions can be recognized as involvement in armed conflict. This article is intended to show the problems that the international community will soon face to in using United Nations' missions as an instrument for resolving armed conflicts and as a tool for restoring peace and providing stability and securityin the area of operations. It presents the processes of decision-making and subordination, which in some circumstances might result in the United Nations missions being deprived of legal protection and, in addition, made liable for non-compliance with the provisions of International Humanitarian Law. ; Operations under the auspices of the Security Council mandate span over 70 years. Repeatedly involved in resolving armed conflicts, they have made a significant contribution to ensuring security and stability around the world. In practice, they have taken the form of operations by individual states, coalitions, other international organizations or simply as United Nations missions composed of contingents provided by Troop Contribution Countries (TCC). While operations under the auspices of the United Nations have been involved on several occasions in offensive activities under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, and the question of responsibility for these actions has been the subject of many legal analyses and judgments, missions organized by the United Nations are always recognized as neutral, and their activities as conciliatory and focused on monitoring the cessation of hostilities, or supervising the disengagement between the parties of the conflict, with the use of force limited to self-defence. Thus, such operations benefited from legal protection, and any action against them was considered a violation of international law. The current engagement of United Nations goes far beyond the traditional understanding of peacekeeping operations. UN missions are frequently authorized to employ all necessary means, up to and including the use of lethal force or even neutralization of the armed group. This creates a situation where in the light of International Humanitarian Law, such actions can be recognized as involvement in armed conflict. This article is intended to show the problems that the international community will soon face to in using United Nations' missions as an instrument for resolving armed conflicts and as a tool for restoring peace and providing stability and securityin the area of operations. It presents the processes of decision-making and subordination, which in some circumstances might result in the United Nations missions being deprived of legal protection and, in addition, made liable for non-compliance with the provisions of International Humanitarian Law.

The article analyzes the concept of gross negligence in the occurrence of an insured event and its legal significance for liability insurance. The broad interpretation of gross negligence in judicial practice leads to an increase in the number of cases of refusal to pay insurance compensation. For this reason, customs representatives and other professional participants in the turnover cannot use insurance protection in situations for which such protection is provided. Using the examples of judicial practice, the author substantiates the need to analyze all elements of the insured event as a whole, and not only the behavior of the party preceding this case, when determining gross negligence. In addition, in the article the author touches upon the currently relevant issue of the admissibility of providing in the contract the possibility of releasing the insurer from the payment of compensation. The author comes to the conclusion that the rules regarding gross negligence in the occurrence of an insured event should be considered imperative, because this form of guilt does not exclude the randomness characteristic of insurance relations. According to the author, the rules of Article 959 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation allow to protect the interests of the insurer in connection with the increased risk of an insured event due to gross negligence.

Теоретические и эмпирические данные указывают на необходимость признать ценность и применимость инструментария политологии права в юридических исследованиях. Определение научного статуса политологии права в качестве элемента общетеоретической науки о праве или самостоятельной науки на начальном этапе апробации ее методологических перспектив не является самоцелью. В статье предпринята попытка первичного осмысления политического содержания юридической ответственности и ее системы на нормативном и индивидуальном уровнях правового регулирования с использованием методов политологии права. На основе анализа общественно-политической практики, отечественных и зарубежных концептуальных идей, а также положений действующего законодательства России и специфики его применения автор приходит к выводу о глубоком проникновении политико-правовой действительности в структуру феномена системы юридической ответственности. Посредством определения границ политического элемента выявлены области соприкосновения системы юридической ответственности с социально-политической сферой в общем контексте процесса правообразования, оценки регулирующего воздействия и степени результативности правоприменительной деятельности. Раскрыты проблемные зоны системы юридической ответственности, требующие применения методов политологии права и наложения модели юридического процесса, опосредующего закрепление и реализацию ответственности, на модель политического процесса. Установлены перспективы и сформулированы предполагаемые результаты использования политико-правового анализа, политико-правового моделирования, политико-правового эксперимента и сравнительного политико-правового метода применительно к предмету исследования. ; Theoretical and empirical data indicate the need to recognize the value and applicability of the political science tools of law in legal research. Determination of the scientific status of political science of law as an element of the general theoretical science of law or an independent science at the initial stage of approbation of its methodological prospects is not an end in itself. The article attempts to initially understand the political content of legal liability and its system at the normative and individual levels of legal regulation using the methods of political science of law. Based on the analysis of social and political practice, domestic and foreign conceptual ideas, as well as the provisions of the current legislation of Russia and the specifics of its application, the author comes to the conclusion that political and legal reality deeply penetrates into the structure of the phenomenon of the system of legal liability. By defining the boundaries of the political element, areas of contact of the legal liability system with the socio-political sphere in the general context of the legal formation process, assessment of the regulatory impact and the degree of effectiveness of law enforcement are identified. The problem areas of the system of legal liability are revealed, requiring the application of the methods of political science of law and the imposition of the model of the legal process, mediating the consolidation and realization of liability, on the model of the political process. The prospects are established and the expected results of the use of political and legal analysis, political and legal modeling, political and legal experiment and a comparative political and legal method in relation to the subject of research are formulated.

The paper addresses the law-making experiments, which were conducted with the reform of local government in the late 1990s – early 2000s. The author explores the process of their implementation, as well as the impact of legislative experiments on the current state of some municipalities. ; В статье рассматриваются правотворческие эксперименты, которые проводились при реформе местного самоуправления в конце 1990-х – начале 2000-х гг. Исследуется процесс их проведения, а также влияние правотворческих экспериментов на современное состояние некоторых муниципальных образований.

Статья посвящена нормам федеральных законов, содержащим предупреждение об ответственности за их нарушение, то есть «закладкам об ответственности». Отмечается странный дуализм этого феномена, влекущий, по мнению автора, к неизбежному отказу от него в законотворческой перспективе. С одной стороны, закладки об ответственности непригодны для прямой охраны общественных отношений, декларативны и служат «указателем» на нормы об ответственности. С другой стороны, закладки об ответственности нарушают исключительную компетенцию уголовного и административно-деликтного законодательства путём дублирования и программирования норм УК РФ и КоАП РФ, а также ограничения основания уголовной и административной ответственности, в том числе путём подмены норм. ; The article is devoted to provisions of federal laws, which contain the prevention about liability for violation of such federal laws, in other words «layings about responsibility». Strange dualism of such phenomenon, that according to opinion of author leads to unavoidable rejection of it in the lawmaking perspective, is mentioned. On the one hand layings about liability are not suitable for direct protect of social relations, are declarative, and are «indicator» to provisions about liability. On the other hand, layings about liability violate exclusive jurisdiction of criminal law and law of administrative offences by duplication and programming rules of Criminal Code of Russian Federation and Code of Russian Federation of administrative offences, and also by limitation of base of criminal responsibility and base of administrative responsibility including substitution of rules.

В статье рассматривается деятельность сотрудников Чрезвычайной следственной комиссии Временного правительства, связанная с толкованием норм российского права и решением спорных юридических вопросов, как опыт совершенствования уголовно-правовых норм отечественного законодательства. ; The article describes the activities of the staff of the Extraordinary Investigation Commission related to the interpretation of the norms of Russian law and the decision of controversial legal issues, as the experience of improving the criminal law of Russian legislation.