Suchergebnisse

The U.S. Constitution provides criminal defendants the right to a court-appointed attorney but gives no similar protection to civil litigants. Although federal law does not supply any categorical rights to counsel for civil litigants, all 50 states have instituted the right in at least one category of civil law that substantially impacts individuals' rights. Since 2017, several U.S. cities have enacted such a right for tenants facing eviction. In so doing, these cities responded to American families' increasing rent burden, the recent publication of nationwide eviction data, the sociological research concerning the impact of eviction, and the lack of procedural and substantive fairness for tenants in court. The COVID-19 pandemic has only exacerbated the urgency for this right. This Comment will recommend that the Pennsylvania legislature enact the nation's first statewide civil right to counsel for tenants in eviction proceedings, given the support in case law and anticipated benefits to individuals and communities. This Comment explores the unique challenges and opportunities Pennsylvania faces in implementing tenants' right to counsel, based on its demographics, its existing legal services infrastructure, and its largely rural geography. Additionally, this Comment overviews the implementation and results from similar programs in other jurisdictions. This Comment concludes by proposing concrete steps and raising abstract considerations for making aspirational justice a reality for tenants facing eviction in Pennsylvania.

The modern evolution of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) comes with new trends in technology that are altering the customary way of undertaking government tasks. The alterations appear in the form of both opportunities and threats, based on the strengths and weaknesses of extant practices and systems operating in the Nigerian public sector. Therefore, the government is faced with the challenge of coping with new demands and some unanticipated risks in incorporating and adapting to the 4IR. Although the 4IR is considered valuable, the extent of its influence on Nigerian service delivery and how to harness its worth has not been established. This article seeks to determine the existing level of the public sector's service delivery in relation to innovation and technological advancements. It further investigates how the 4IR can influence and harness improvement in the delivery of public services in Nigeria. A review of secondary sources from reports, government documents and extant scholarly literature was undertaken and data were analysed thematically. While the Nigerian government has made some effort to provide the public sector with innovative technology, it is essential to improve on this provision to maximise the opportunities and strengths of the 4IR. Therefore, this article recommends the intensification of technological and digitalisation capabilities by providing suitable human and financial capital, necessary to improve service delivery, particularly in Nigeria.

The democratic-reconstruction measures that were employed in Afghanistan following the USled invasion in late 2001 were riddled with problems, one of which related to the composition of the new government. The inclusion of warlords in the nation-building process, although it made strategic sense for the fledgling government, resulted in the reproduction of cycles of violence and was particularly detrimental to the interests of women, whose supposed liberation was at the centre of the War on Terror discourse. This paper examines this phenomenon through the eyes of Malalai Joya, who, in her memoir A Woman Among Warlords provides an insightful account of the radical, misogynist warlords who occupied positions of power in the newly formed government. As a young female politician in a historically male domain, Joya is a rare voice of resistance against her government and the American military. In raising her voice against the power holders, Joya subverts the dominant narrative of the war, especially pertaining to the liberation of Afghan women. She argues that by colluding with the warlords, the US and the Karzai administration were complicit in allowing violence to continue in political and social spheres. This paper argues that the US-led invasion largely failed to make any concrete ideological transformation and instead aided the reestablishment of oppressive power structures, especially in Afghanistan's provinces.

This article examines the distribution of advertising in newspapers in Turkey and the impact of the government on the allocation, in particular, of official announcements and of advertising by partially state-owned enterprises and private companies loyal to the ruling party, as well as pressure on other commercial advertisers, during the rule of the Justice and Development Party between 2002 and 2020. It demonstrates that the government has, in the last decade, largely used the advertising sector as a "carrot and stick" tactic to control newspapers through the distribution of official announcements and advertising by state-owned enterprises. It further finds that the state has emerged in recent years as the largest advertiser financing the "captured media," control of media ownership has proved to be not enough to ensure docile news media. Turkey has shifted to competitive authoritarianism in recent years, and this article demonstrates the selective allocation of advertising, which is a strong component of suppressing the independent media. The article uncovers the impact of government on advertising, using two data sets to show: (i) the total spend on official announcements received by each newspaper and (ii) how much advertising space in square centimeters state-owned enterprises have placed in each newspaper. Interviews with editors-in-chief of newspapers also expose the direct role of government in the distribution of advertising.

Multinational construction companies settled in African countries, especially Nigeria, to compete for infrastructural projects, in a bid to extend their services across their borders. The trans-border extension of the services offered by these multinationals exposes them to the political risk factors pertinent within the host-country. In order to survive the harsh realities of the political risk indicators operational in Nigeria, especially the North-eastern part of the country that has been plagued with civil unrest associated with the terrorist operations of Boko haram, it has become necessary to identify and manage these risk factors, to ensure the continuous survival of international construction companies in Nigeria. This paper seeks to identify and assess the prevalence of political risk factors influencing the corporate performance of international companies operating in the North-east of Nigeria. Data for the study was collected through structured questionnaires administered to 78 expatriate project managers from 6 international construction companies in 6 states in the North East of Nigeria. Collected data was analyzed using relative importance index and factor analysis. Findings revealed that terrorism, corruption, insurrections, sabotages and kidnapping were the top five risk factors with the highest frequency of occurrence. It was also revealed that terrorism, kidnappings, sabotages, corruption and change in government are the risk factors with the highest impact on operations in the region. It is therefore recommended that the federal, state and local governments should provide security for the lives, properties and investments in the region, companies should do more corporate social responsibilities and purchase political risk insurance cover to minimize their losses. Adebiyi, O. J. | Department of Quantity Surveying, University of Benin (UNIBEN), Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.

Paris and Bonn/Berlin After the Change of Power: Continuity or Renewal?, by Hans-Georg Ehrhart
The German voters decided with unexpected clarity last September that the so-called "Berliner Republik" should become red-green at first. Given the election victory of Lionel Jospin in 1997 and the ideological similarities bet-ween the two coalition governments, is there now a chance of a really common Franco-German approach in European and international affairs? An analysis of the coalition treaty of the German Social Democrats (SPD) and the Bündnis 90/Die Grünen shows that notwithstanding some differences both governments have a great deal in common. The new German government is prepared to significantly strengthen the European intégration process. This opens a new perspective for Europe which could become more social, more federal and more empowered. The assumption of the EU presi-dency in January 1999 provides Germany with the opportunity to prove its words by deeds.

Urban shrinking processes are increasingly recognized as a phenomenon for research in urban politics, encompassing entire cities or parts of it as well as metropolitan areas that are experiencing a fundamental decline in both their economic and social bases.Cities are facing complex social problems like aging processes within the resident population and simultaneously running shrinking processes. Observable side effects of these transformation processes are higher vacancy rates and under-utilization of infrastructure facilities. Therefore cities are no longer able to cope alone with this growing complexity, hence a demand for cooperation evolves. The ongoing reforms of internal structure of local government connected with the devolution of resources and competences, as well as the changing external relationships between the business community, local public bodies, individual bureaucrats and local politicians, increase institutional fragmentation. Thus internal and external reform processes generate an extended network of policy actors involved in local decision making. Schools of thought in urban politics accentuate the changing role of local governments in decision making processes. Regime theory, corporatism, regulation theory or civic governance concepts differ in their emphasis on the importance of specific actors participating in local decision making. The paper reviews the competing theoretical assumptions for the importance of specific actors in local decision making. This addresses the question to what extent specific governance modes adopted in reaction to shrinking processes are an expression of a changing relationship between local governments and civil society or business actors in an international comparative context. Is there a trend to more convergence with respect to the adopted governance modes? ; Procesi urbanog sažimanja sve se više prepoznaju kao pojava za istraživanje u urbanoj politici, koja obuhvaća cijele gradove ili njihove dijelove te metropolitanska područja u kojima dolazi do ...

Regulation of critical infrastructure (CI) is in vogue; and accordingly every government presently develops legal governance regimes. In this paper, I try to analyse some of the present efforts to identify and govern CI. I argue that while the legal definitions introduced contribute little to the actual identification of critical infrastructure, they alter the responsibility and modus operandi of the identification. Political discretion is re-organized into administrative decisions. By relying on similar observations from risk sociology, I set out to criticize the present implementation for masking the hard political choices inherent in the work with CI, and thereby creating a dysfunctional governance regime for the protection of CI.

The article examines China's food standardization system, its reform and remaining challenges. Upon examining China's general standardization system, the article argues that the food standardization institutional framework has originated from the general standardization, which has developed a four-level hierarchy mechanism. It further examines the most salient features of China's food standardization system, namely, top-down hierarchy and intensive government involvement, and suggests that these features caused a regulatory failure. Although China recently reformed this fi eld, and the food safety standard hierarchy has been streamlined, challenges remain. The article reviews China's current reform in the food standardization system by providing a description, analysis and comparison of approaches from Europe and China.

This article explores the policies of the Bulgarian socialist regime (1944–1989) towards the family. Initially, the Bulgarian Communist Party focussed on the abolition of the patriarchal family, the emancipation of women and the struggle against 'bourgeois residues' in family life. However, the dramatic decline of the birth rate – a result of rapid urbanization and increasing female employment – led to a re-direction of official discourse. Reproduction became heavily politicized, as the 1968 ban on abortion makes evident. Despite pro-natalist measures, the government was unable to stop the fertility decline. This article demonstrates how socialist family policy was gradually modified through negotiation between the Party and the population.

It is contended that the US government should candidly embrace multilateralism in order to enhance its political standing within the international community. Rather than confront international terrorists without suffering severe costs, it is argued that the war on terrorism has jeopardized Americans' constitutional liberties & exacerbated economic & social problems; consequently, it is maintained that US militaristic imperialism must be supplanted by a true multilateral perspective. The concept of true multilateralism is subsequently explained, emphasizing the need to acquire United Nations Security Council approval prior to launching humanitarian interventions & stressing the reconfiguration of the notion of self-defense. In addition, it is stressed that the sovereignty of all nations must be equally recognized within the international community instead of defending the primacy of US sovereignty. It is recommended that the US must jettison its isolationist history & supranationalist present, welcome multilateral initiatives like the Kyoto Protocol, & participate in global struggles against disease; moreover, it is concluded that multilateralism & American patriotism are compatible. J. W. Parker

Above all empty. And yet the Negev is peppered with settlements and cities. Approximately 800,000 people live here from agriculture, heavy industry, tourism and military. As thousands of years ago settle there Bedouins. Netanyahu's government plans to resettle 40,000 of them. This led in December 2013. 'Day of Wrath' by Bedouins, Arabs and Palestinians. Adapted from the source document.

Solving the world's environmental problems could take a significant toll on economic growth if only today's technologies are available. We know that innovation - the creation and adoption of new cleaner technologies and know-how - provides a means to achieve local and global environmental goals at significantly lower costs. Innovation is also a major driver of economic growth. OECD governments are increasingly using environmentally related taxes because they are typically one of the most effective policy tools available. Exploring the relationship between environmentally related taxation and innovation is critical to understanding the full impacts of this policy instrument as well as one potential facet of "green growth." By putting a price on pollution, do environmentally related taxes spur innovation? What types of innovation result? Does the design of the tax play a critical role? What is the effect of this innovation? In analysing these questions, this report draws on case studies that cover Japan, Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Israel and others. It covers a wide set of environmental issues and technologies, as well as the economic and policy contexts. The research methods range from econometric analysis to interviews with business owners and executives. The report also explores the use of environmentally related taxes in OECD countries and outlines considerations for policymakers when implementing these taxes. Green growth policies can stimulate economic growth while preventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss and unsustainable natural resource use. The results from this publication will contribute to the Green Growth Strategy being developed by the OECD as a practical policy package for governments to harness the potential of greener growth

Setting the stage, part 1 : overview of the project / Daniel A. Bell -- Setting the stage, part 2 : why compare the classical political thought of China and India? / Amitav Acharya -- Mining the past to construct the present : some methodological considerations from India / Patrick Olivelle -- Some methodological reflections : in defense of philosophy of culture and thick generalizations / Roger T. Ames -- How do Xunzi and Kautilya ponder interstate politics? / Yan Xuetong -- Asoka's Dhamma as a project of expansive moral hegemony / Rajeev Bhargava -- A comparative study on the international political thought of Han Feizi and Kautilya / Xu Jin -- The spectre of 'amoral realism' in international relations : a classical Indian overview / Deepshikha Shahi -- The particularity of ancient China as an empire / Zhou Fangyin -- Ideas of empire in ancient India in a comparative frame / Upinder Singh -- The Mahabharata, Mencius, and the modern world : reflections on Dharmayuddha and Anrsamsya / Kanad Sinha -- Mencius on just war : a comparison with political thought in ancient India / Daniel A. Bell -- India's diplomacy in absentia : offence, defence, violence / Deep K. Datta-Ray -- From ancient Silk Road to modern Belt and Road Initiative : a signaling approach to trust-building across narratives / Zhao Yujia -- Balancing in ancient China / Qi Haixia -- International order in ancient India / Manjeet S. Pardesi.