Nigeria has witnessed a rapid increase in female labour participation such that it risks a decline in exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate – despite the World Health Organization's and government's endorsement of EBF. EBF is a beneficial process of feeding an infant with breast milk only during the first six months. This study aims to assess the extent to which the Nigerian policy addresses the barriers and contributes to improved EBF rates among working mothers in Nigeria. It takes a qualitative approach – policy analysis. The policy analysis critically evaluated the content of the National Policy on Infant and Young Child Feeding in Nigeria (2010) and the Labour Act (2004). The policy documents addressed these barriers to an extent. However, they showed minimal coherence. There are still policy gaps and disparity between the policies and their implementation – attributable to inadequate clarity and insufficient mechanism to spur policy compliance. Therefore, nutritionists should be engaged in such nutrition-specific policy formulation. Further research to measure the impact of this recommendation is encouraged.
Colombia is experiencing a new economic recession. It is depth and duration will affect the stability of Colombian companies. The IMF has already projected a negative economic growth of 0.3 percent for the GDP in 2009. Regarding these expectations, the dominant interpretations for analyzing the fragility of companies follow analytic models that are essentially of closed economies, which have inspired the analytical instruments. Through binomial Logit regression techniques, several general econometric models have been developed to establish the probability of bankruptcy and the probability of default for companies, as well as specific models to determine these probabilities in sectors and subsectors.
The author as a party to policy making, gives an economic focus to the way in which house renting has been handled within Housing Policy of late. Given the complexities of the issue as within the greater complexities of renting as such, the paper sets out to comment upon the present government ' s thinking upon the renting out of public housing, seeing this as being much influenced by the present state of house rentals as a whole and describing this sector as being in a state of social and economic decline mirrored by that of the properties on which it is based. The author also points up other consequences of the general situation such as the great difficulties to be encountered both in the buying of a home because of soaring prices or the renting of one because of falling supply. After this overview of the situation, the paper goes into gives an outline of various aspects of recent housing policy such as punctual loans, subsidies, aids, the various ways that such lending has been treated from plan to plan along with the idea of fixing a maximum rent and residual value. The author next then makes a comparative efficiency analysis of punctual fundings for rented public housing meanwhile marking the difference between future possible and real efficiency and argues that he does so in order to then offer us an analysis technique that would counteract the conclusions of such as call for changes in the way that house renting is encouraged as within the terms of the present Act. ; El autor se plantea, desde una concepción económica de la política de vivienda, el tratamiento que se ha dado al sistema de acceso a la vivienda en arrendamiento en los últimos planes de vivienda, en cuya gestación y elaboración tan directamente viene participando. A tal efecto, partiendo tanto de la propia complejidad del asunto como del panorama de la institución arrendaticia, se propone reflexionar sobre diversos aspectos de la política estatal en materia de viviendas de protección oficial en alquiler. Y, en tal sentido, efectúa un análisis sobre la evolución y problemática general del mercado del arrendamiento poniendo de manifiesto el deterioro socio-económico de dicho mercado así como el propiamente físico de los edificios alquilados para poner de manifiesto, al mismo tiempo, otros efectos derivados de tal situación como son las graves dificultades para el acceso a la vivienda tanto en propiedad, por su carestía, como en alquiler, por su bajo nivel de oferta. A partir de ahí, el texto hace un recorrido sobre determinados aspectos que configuran los últimos planes de vivienda: préstamos cualificados, la subsidiación, las subvenciones, comparación de las ayudas en los sucesivos planes y otros como las rentas máximas, y el valor residual. A continuación el autor efectúa un detallado análisis en torno a la eficacia comparativa potencial de los sistemas de financiación cualificados de las viviendas de promoción pública en alquiler distinguiendo entre eficacia potencial y eficacia real, proponiendo una determinada metodología de análisis para terminar con algunas conclusiones que culminan en la conveniencia de replantearse el fomento del alquiler a partir de la utilidad de la normativa actual.
The author as a party to policy making, gives an economic focus to the way in which house renting has been handled within Housing Policy of late. Given the complexities of the issue as within the greater complexities of renting as such, the paper sets out to comment upon the present government ' s thinking upon the renting out of public housing, seeing this as being much influenced by the present state of house rentals as a whole and describing this sector as being in a state of social and economic decline mirrored by that of the properties on which it is based. The author also points up other consequences of the general situation such as the great difficulties to be encountered both in the buying of a home because of soaring prices or the renting of one because of falling supply. After this overview of the situation, the paper goes into gives an outline of various aspects of recent housing policy such as punctual loans, subsidies, aids, the various ways that such lending has been treated from plan to plan along with the idea of fixing a maximum rent and residual value. The author next then makes a comparative efficiency analysis of punctual fundings for rented public housing meanwhile marking the difference between future possible and real efficiency and argues that he does so in order to then offer us an analysis technique that would counteract the conclusions of such as call for changes in the way that house renting is encouraged as within the terms of the present Act. ; El autor se plantea, desde una concepción económica de la política de vivienda, el tratamiento que se ha dado al sistema de acceso a la vivienda en arrendamiento en los últimos planes de vivienda, en cuya gestación y elaboración tan directamente viene participando. A tal efecto, partiendo tanto de la propia complejidad del asunto como del panorama de la institución arrendaticia, se propone reflexionar sobre diversos aspectos de la política estatal en materia de viviendas de protección oficial en alquiler. Y, en tal sentido, efectúa un análisis sobre la evolución y problemática general del mercado del arrendamiento poniendo de manifiesto el deterioro socio-económico de dicho mercado así como el propiamente físico de los edificios alquilados para poner de manifiesto, al mismo tiempo, otros efectos derivados de tal situación como son las graves dificultades para el acceso a la vivienda tanto en propiedad, por su carestía, como en alquiler, por su bajo nivel de oferta. A partir de ahí, el texto hace un recorrido sobre determinados aspectos que configuran los últimos planes de vivienda: préstamos cualificados, la subsidiación, las subvenciones, comparación de las ayudas en los sucesivos planes y otros como las rentas máximas, y el valor residual. A continuación el autor efectúa un detallado análisis en torno a la eficacia comparativa potencial de los sistemas de financiación cualificados de las viviendas de promoción pública en alquiler distinguiendo entre eficacia potencial y eficacia real, proponiendo una determinada metodología de análisis para terminar con algunas conclusiones que culminan en la conveniencia de replantearse el fomento del alquiler a partir de la utilidad de la normativa actual.
The article considers the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of tax policy in the development of the digital economy, reveals current problems, and substantiates the need to change the tax system. The directions of compensation of the reduction of income from the labor tax through automation and introduction of artificial intelligence in technological processes are defined and the forms of taxation of digital commerce are offered. The research methods were scientific abstraction, logic, graphics, visual reflection, analytics. It has been proven that the process of digitalization of the economy in combination with the crisis caused by COVID-19 causes many risks that must be considered when developing tax policy. Emphasis is placed on the implementation of a tax policy based on digital transformation, which stimulates innovation, ensures efficiency, and improves the quality of tax services. Increasing the use of digital technologies has been shown to create challenges in many areas of public administration, including taxation. It concludes that there is a need for broad international cooperation to prevent tax evasion, ensure tax transparency and develop new tax approaches and software.
El trabajo se propone analizar la política del gobierno argentino (en especial durante el segundo periodo de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner) en torno de la "cuestión" Malvinas, tomando la misma como expresión de la mutación del concepto de soberanía y del enriquecimiento aportado por la doctrina de derechos humanos al campo de la defensa nacional, así como en experiencia para pensar las bases de una doctrina suramericana de Defensa en el marco de la Unasur. ; The paper analyzes the Argentine government policies (especially during the second period of Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner) around the "issue" Falklands, taking it as an expression of the mutation of the concept of sovereignty and the enrichment provided by the doctrine of human rights to the field of national defense, as well as experience to think the foundations for a South American defense doctrine under the UNASUR. ; Fil: Winer, Sonia Veronica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
The collapse of the world economy in the thirties was especially felt in Poland. In that situation the state had to undertake some efforts in order to lighten the course of events as well as to precipitate the end of crisis. These efforts were also directed towards the possibly rapid reconstruction of the devastations in Polish economy caused by that crisis. The intervention measures of the Polish government embraced the whole variety of steps which were undertaken in all branches of national economy. The author of this paper comes to the analysis and evaluation of control policy which — apart from the customs policy and the policy of export promotion — constituted in those times the substantial form of state intervention in the field of Polish foreign trade. The control of foreign traffic was reviewed from the point of view of numerous restrictions, import quotas and barter business. After a thorough examination of the process of rapid development of the foreign traffic control in Poland the author points at the double objective of introducing the import quotas. On one hand those above mentioned quotas can be considered as the repercussion and result of autarchic processes developed amongst the Poland's trade partners and increasing difficulties in international trade as well as the result of commonly used foreign exchange restrictions causing the freeze of credit balance from exports. Those import restrictions were introduced in order to weaken the disadvantegeous influence of the above mentioned events on Polish foreign trade and — indirectly — on the whole Poland's economy. On the other hand the control policy was also facilitating the inland's economic and financial policy. In the years 1929 - 1935 the system of quotas highly contributed to the achievement of favourable balance of foreign trade and international payments; in the next years that system constituted one of the most significant factors realization of foreign exchange control. In addition, in the whole period being the subject of the present analysis, the compensatory turnover greatly facilitated the realization of policy of export promotion. The mentioned motives of using the control policy caused the seizure of almost full control of foreign trade by state. In this article the author evaluates the control policy on the basis of the demonstrated uniformity of that policy with the general, economic policy of the state. As the deflation policy of the crisis years is evaluated rather negatively the same appraisal can be adopted to the control policy in foreign trade. However the investment policy of the after-crisis years of economic growth is appreciated as the only justified policy within the framework of contemporary political system and therefore also the control policy should be positively appreciated. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016
The subject of the analysis in the article is the participation of the local government administration in running a cultural institution. The situation in the Podlaskie voivodship has been analyzed on a nationwide basis. The main problems focus on the principles and methods of financing cultural institutions by regional self-government and various ways of obtaining additional, extra-budgetary funding for their activities, especially from Ministry of Culture and National Heritage and the European Union. The author points to spatial, social, and financial diversification related to the access to cultural events and participation in them using the example of Podlaskie voivodship. He propounds greater professionalisation related to running cultural institutions at the level of the voivodship as well as conducting pro-development cultural policy by local government units. He also stresses the need for activating local and regional communities in connection with cultural events and participation in organizing them. Participation in culture at the local and regional level and prudent government policy in this area are the foundation for building a strong social and regional identity.
This article is based on an Anthropology of Politics and the State. It's focused on the implementation of counseling on health promotion and prevention, aimed at women in a situation of socio-occupational vulnerability, within the national program Ellas Hacen (EH) between 2015 and 2017. Questions revolved around the concern to know how the trainers "formed" these women, that is, paraphrasing the name of the program, how they "made" "women" that they "do". In this way, the "object" of this research was the management actions of the trainers from the study of their practices and daily work. There, various categories and understandings typical of that social world intersected, at the same time that affective relationships emerged between trainers and recipients. The recognition of their work as artisan, was a native category that allowed me to understand the work that the trainers did on a daily basis. ; El artículo parte de una Antropología de la Política y del Estado, centrándose en la implementación de consejerías sobre promoción y prevención de la salud, destinadas a mujeres en situación de vulnerabilidad socio-ocupacional, en el marco del programa nacional Ellas Hacen (EH) entre los años 2015 y 2017. Las preguntas giran en torno a la inquietud por conocer cómo las capacitadoras "formaban" a estas mujeres, es decir, parafraseando el nombre del programa, cómo "hacían" "mujeres" que "hacen". De esta manera, el "objeto" de esta investigación fueron las actuaciones de gestión de las capacitadoras a partir del estudio de sus prácticas y trabajos cotidianos. Allí, se entrecruzaban diversas categorías y entendimientos propios de ese mundo social, a la vez que surgían relaciones afectivas entre capacitadoras y destinatarias. El reconocimiento de su trabajo en tanto artesanal, fue una categoría nativa que me permitió comprender el trabajo que realizaban cotidianamente las capacitadoras.
The research was conducted in order to evaluate the social responsibility as public policy management in Zulia State Government. These postulates were reviewed Marzá Garcia (2004), Mattio (2006), Mayntz (2003), Calderón (2008), the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (1999) and the Public Contracting Law (2010). The study was descriptive with a field design, experimental and not transactional. The population consisted of 23 members of the Cabinet of the Governor of Zulia state. For data collection, we applied an instrument of 31 closed questions, with 03 Likert type frequency scale response alternatives: always, sometimes, never. The questionnaire was subjected to content validity through the judgment of 05 experts. Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient to the results of a pilot test, being very high (0.82). The results were analyzed according to a previously established scale allowing to conclude that elements of social responsibility as participation and social control must be considered when managing regional public policy, guaranteeing not only regulatory compliance but also the principles of reason public as citizen participation, communication, reciprocity and transparency through dialogue and consensus processes that enable the formulation, implementation and evaluation of public policies as a process of responsibility between all actors of the triad society-state company. ; La investigación se realizó con el propósito de evaluar la responsabilidad social como gestión de política pública en el Gobierno del Estado Zulia. Para ello se revisaron los postulados de García-Marzá (2004), Mattio (2006), Mayntz (2003), Calderón (2008), la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999) y la Ley de Contrataciones Públicas (2010). El estudio fue de tipo descriptivo con un diseño de campo, no experimental y transeccional. La población estuvo constituida por 23 miembros del Gabinete de la Gobernación del Estado Zulia. Para la recolección de información, se aplicó un instrumento de 31 preguntas cerradas, con escala frecuencial tipo Likert de 03 alternativas de respuesta: siempre, algunas veces, nunca. El cuestionario fue sometido a la validez de contenido a través del juicio de 05 expertos. La confiabilidad se midió aplicando el coeficiente alfa cronbach a los resultados de una prueba piloto, siendo muy alta (0.82). Los resultados se analizaron según un baremo previamente establecido permitiendo concluir que elementos de la responsabilidad social como la participación y la contraloría social deben ser considerados al momento de gestionar las políticas públicas regionales, garantizando no sólo el cumplimiento del marco regulatorio sino también los principios de razón pública como la participación ciudadana, la comunicación, la reciprocidad y la transparencia a través de procesos de diálogo y consenso que viabilicen la formulación, implementación y evaluación de las políticas públicas como un proceso de corresponsabilidad entre todos los actores de la tríada sociedad-Estado-empresa.
The general theme addressed is the contemporary situation of the Yaqui Tribe in northwesternMexico, for their own indigenous forms of government and social policy developed by the Mexican stateand federal governments between 1989 and 2003. During this period we implemented the ComprehensiveDevelopment Plan of the Yaqui tribe based on self-important of the Yaquis with nancial support fromboth the federal and state government. From this, we analyze some descriptive elements of indigenousorganizational aspect of Mexican social policy from a theoretical perspective that accounts for differentsituations. Particularly Yaqui political practice within the framework of ethnicity, namely the constructionof this practice over time through the relationship with the Mexican government and other external agentsunder a complex system of domination, including political, economic, social and cultural, that make up acurrent scenario of mutual influence and dependence. ; The general theme addressed is the contemporary situation of the Yaqui Tribe in northwesternMexico, for their own indigenous forms of government and social policy developed by the Mexican stateand federal governments between 1989 and 2003. During this period we implemented the ComprehensiveDevelopment Plan of the Yaqui tribe based on self-important of the Yaquis with nancial support fromboth the federal and state government. From this, we analyze some descriptive elements of indigenousorganizational aspect of Mexican social policy from a theoretical perspective that accounts for differentsituations. Particularly Yaqui political practice within the framework of ethnicity, namely the constructionof this practice over time through the relationship with the Mexican government and other external agentsunder a complex system of domination, including political, economic, social and cultural, that make up acurrent scenario of mutual influence and dependence.
__Abstract__ In recent years a considerable number of studies have been undertaken concerning the impact of interest groups' influence in the European and North American policy-making process.
The aim of the article was to analyse the available approaches to the formation and implementation of governmental financial support for enterprises in the period of global threats. The research methodology is based on the identification of key risks and their nature; graphical method of classification of fiscal constraints; construction of scatter diagram; methods of sociological study and comparison of groups; grouping of the main approaches to government policy. The results identified the dependence of fiscal instruments of government support on the possibility of internal indebtedness and external economic problems in middle and low-income countries. The conclusions of the case identified the most effective instruments of government financial policy as a whole and by economic groups of countries and economic sectors. Finally, the need to expand the financial instruments of governmental support of enterprises in view of the consequences of the Russian aggression in Ukraine is emphasized.
