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This paper deals with the issue of poverty in a comparative and multidimensional perspective. Based on Townsend's concept of relative deprivation, we analyse what people can afford compared to their perceived necessities for decent living. We will analyse definitions of living standard and social deprivation within two European countries which provide sufficient data and differ in their institutional settings: Britain and Germany. The assumption is that different welfare regimes and different social policies will bring about dissimilar deprivation risks. In addition, the concept of deprivation is combined with income poverty to focus on those who are affected by both shortages, low income and a low standard of living. With a multivariate analysis deprivation risks other than income are examined. Indicators of subjective well-being show the effect different poverty levels have on people's satisfaction in several life domains. The results underline the importance of taking into account different poverty aspects; standard of living turns out to be the main factor to explain overall life satisfaction and can well be seen as the core of multidimensional poverty research. ; Das vorliegende Arbeitspapier versteht sich als Beitrag zu einer Armutsforschung in mehrdimensionaler und komparativer Perspektive. Auf der Grundlage von Townsends Konzept der Relativen Deprivation werden Vorstellungen von einem angemessenen Lebensstandard in Großbritannien und Deutschland analysiert und den tatsächlich realisierten Lebensbedingungen gegenübergestellt. Es wird untersucht, ob sich unterschiedliche Wohlfahrtsregime und sozialpolitische Regelungen in ungleichen Deprivationsrisiken niederschlagen. Durch die Kombination des Deprivationsansatzes mit Einkommensarmut können verschiedene Armutslagen herausgestellt werden, die auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise Benachteiligung bedeuten. Mit Hilfe eines multivariaten Analyseverfahrens wird untersucht, welchen Einfluß andere Faktoren als Einkommen auf das Deprivationsrisiko ausüben. Indikatoren des subjektiven Wohlbefindens zeigen, daß die verschiedenen Armutsaspekte mehr als eine methodische Differenzierung darstellen: Niedriger Lebensstandard und niedriges Einkommen in Kombination haben erhebliche Zufriedenheitseinbußen in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen zur Folge. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Relevanz, Armutsanalysen nicht nur auf Einkommen zu beschränken. Im Hinblick auf die allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit haben Lebensstandard-Indikatoren eine hohe Erklärungskraft und können als wichtige Dimension einer multidimensionalen Armutsforschung angesehen werden.

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in Open Access in 2021 for research or private study purposes

The development of biotechnology during the past 20 years has been driven mainly by research and industrial activities in the USA. At least two key elements contributed to the success of biotechnology in the USA: A strong science push could draw on a well-developed research base, and early realisation of the technological and commercial potentials of this science push. It is questionable, however the US situation could be transferred to other countries. Against this background, the goal of this paper is to describe and analyse the development of biotechnology in selcted countries outside the USA (Japan, Germany and Great Britain) in order to learn more about different trajectories pursued in this field. From the comperative ananlysis success factors are derived which are applicable for commercialisation of biotechnology not just under the peculiar circumstances of the USA.

A number of books in recent years have analysed the reasons behind R.B.Haldane's radical decision to create a home defence auxiliary designed to replace the Militia, Yeomanry and Rifle Volunteers. Rather than cover again material which has already been extensively examined, this study concentrates on the formation of the several auxiliary bodies which were intended to assist the new Territorial Force in its defence of mainland Britain. The thesis also looks at the dynamics which, in 1914, prompted the spontaneous emergence of another, unofficial auxiliary, the Volunteer Training Corps. Regarded with disdain and contempt by the War Office, the VTC, later the Volunteer Force, was used by the political authorities as a means by which the civilian population could, without excessive government expenditure, be encouraged to take an active part in the defence of its country. The Volunteer Force developed into a recognized body of part-time auxiliary soldiers which became, in time, intimately involved with the workings of the tribunal system and with the concepts of total war and universal sacrifice. In contrast to the military authorities' distrust of the Volunteers, the Government decided that political expediency demanded it partially support and eventually fund the movement. Although awarded a post-war certificate of appreciation, the Volunteers were denied any real official recognition of their patriotism and commitment. Research into Britain's auxiliary forces of the early twentieth century has largely ignored the contribution of the National Reserve, Corps of Guides, Royal Defence Corps and the Volunteer Force: their existence has occasionally been acknowledged but there has been no adequate study of the role of these bodies in the context of what some historians regard as a nation-in-arms. An examination of government documents, the papers of individuals closely involved in home defence and, in particular, the minute books of the County Territorial Associations, has revealed a sometimes bizarre and occasionally bewildering picture of Government and War Office contradictions. By unravelling the nature and complications of the political and military difficulties involved in raising and maintaining Britain's auxiliary forces, this thesis attempts to develop recent research on the character, controversies and contribution of Britain's part-time amateur soldiers.

A widely held view is that, since the 1970s, the nation-state has suffered a significant reduction in its capacity to achieve national economic policy goals through the regulation of the financial system; as a result, national political economies are now characterized by a market-driven convergence towards financial systems dominated by privately-owned, internationally-active "financial supermarkets" with weak links to both industry and government. Through a comparison of Germany and Great Britain, this paper critically examines this thesis and poses the following two questions: (1) What implications do the lifting of capital and exchange controls and the reorientation of monetary policy to anti-inflationary policies have for the state's capacity to regulate financial systems? and (2) What implications does this regulatory discretion (if any) have for industrial finance and the state's capacity to utilize the financial system to achieve microeconomic industrial policy goals? In response to these questions, it is demonstrated how the state has retained significant regulatory autonomy in ways which have significant consequences for industrial finance and industrial policy. ; Eine weit verbreitete Ansicht ist es, daß seit den siebziger Jahren die wirtschafts- und industriepolitische Steuerungskapazität des Staates durch die Regulierung des Finanzsystems erheblich zurückgegangen ist. Als Resultat erzwinge der Markt eine Konvergenz der nationalen Finanzsysteme zu einem Modell, das von privaten, international tätig Allfinanzkonzernen mit schwachen Verbindungen zum Staat und zu Industrieunternehmen geprägt ist. Durch einen Vergleich Deutschlands und Großbritanniens wird in diesem Papier diese These kritisch geprüft, indem die folgenden Fragen gestellt werden: (1) Welche Bedeutung haben die Aufhebung der Kapital- und Devisenkontrollen und die Umorientierung auf eine stabilitätsorientierte Geldpolitik für die Fähigkeit des Staats, das Finanzsystem zu regulieren? und (2) Welche Bedeutung hat diese Regulierungskapazität (wenn vorhanden) für die Industriefinanzierung und die Möglichkeiten des Staats, industriepolitische Zeile auf der Mikroebene zu erreichen? Als Antwort auf diese Fragen wird gezeigt, daß der Staat immer noch eine bedeutende Regulierungskapazität hat und daß diese Kapazität eine erhebliche Bedeutung für die Industriefinanzierung und die Industriepolitik hat.

Auf der Basis der Herrschaftstypologie von Max Weber werden die staats- und gesellschaftspolitischen Grundstrukturen von Demokratie und Diktatur am Beispiel von zivilen Kriegsvorbereitungen (Luftschutz) in Großbritannien und Deutschland exemplarisch untersucht. Die drei Bereiche Ideologie, Organisation und Propaganda dienen dabei als Grundkategorien zur Strukturierung des Gesamtthemas. Luftschutz eignet sich vor allem deshalb sehr gut zur Aufarbeitung und Analyse, da er, wie kaum ein anderes Einzelgebiet bis in die letzten Winkel von Staat und Gesellschaft reichte. Auf breiter Quellenbasis werden die Voraussetzungen, Grundlagen der Kriegsmobilmachung für den Luftkrieg untersucht und dann ausführlich die Umsetzung bis Kriegsbeginn dargestellt. Der Vergleich erfolgt sehr tief bis in die Feinstrukturen auf der Basis der Zivilgesellschaften im methodischen Dreieck Deutschland vor 1933 - Deutschland nach 1933 - Großbritannien bis 1939. Explizit ist ein Bezug zur Zivilgesellschaft nach 1945 bis heute beabsichtigt, wenn auch die Zeit nach 1945 nicht mit behandelt wird. Zusätzlich zum eigentlichen Text sind alle wichtigen Grundlagendokumente (Texte, Bilder, Organigramme, über 1000 Seiten) mittels ausführlicher Links in der Publikation enthalten und können gedownloaded werden. ; Using the typology of power by Max Weber (Die drei 'reinen' Typen legitimer Herrschaft, the three 'pure' types of legitimate power) the basic political structures of state and society in Democracy and Dictatorship are being studied concentrating on the example of civil mobilization for war (Air Raid Precautions). The three subjects Ideology, Organisation and Propaganda are being utilized as basic categories for the methodical structuring of the whole factural matrix. Air Raid Precautions can, methodically spoken, particularly be used for research and analysis because they extend like almost no other single phenomenon into the last corners of state and society. On a broad base of sources including the relevant documents of the main national archives the preconditions and basic foundations of Air Raid Precautions and -as main subject- the realisation of the measures within the framework of the political systems are being described. The comparison is made on an 'adequate', parallelizing basis with direct confrontations where possible and broad outlooks where necessary. It goes deep into the micro structures within the methodical triangle Germany to 1933 - Germany after 1933 - Great Britain to 1939. An explicit connection to the civil societies after 1945 is intended, although the work doesn't encompass the time after 1945. Additional to the main text all basic documents (texts, pictures, diagrams, over 1000 pages) are included in the publication by links and can be downloaded.

Doctrine and fleet tactics in the Royal Navy -- Navy and military doctrine in France -- Doctrine in the Spanish Navy -- The history of Italian naval doctrine -- "Revolutions in military affairs" : paradigm shifts and doctrine. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This Note analyzes the increasing integration of the sports and broadcasting industries and the British framework for evaluating the permissibility of transactions furthering such integration. In the context of the recent attempted takeover of British football club Manchester United by Rupert Murdoch's British Sky Broadcasting, the Note examines how the Monopolies and Mergers Commission (MMC) was uniquely poised to fully consider the ramifications of this developing nexus of sports and media and evaluates the significance of the MMC's decision on the future of both industries. A diverse array of domestic, international, political, and economic issues and implications face any court or administrative agency confronted with a media/sports merger. Although the MMC ultimately recommended that the British Sky Broadcasting-Manchester United merger be prohibited, it will only be determined through the united consideration of such an array of issues whether the vertical integration of broadcasting and professional athletics is merely the inevitable result of a growing trend or a legitimate cause of concern for free competition in sports and media worldwide.

Between the late nineteenth and early twenty-first centuries, both the rationale for and perception of hunting shifted in the United States, coinciding with demographic changes in the U.S. population (Duda 1993). Similar changes in attitude, though largely undocumented, probably occurred in the United Kingdom. (For example, foxhunting did not emerge as a substantial sport until the second half of the eighteenth century; before that, foxes were widely perceived as pests and killed whenever the opportunity arose [Marvin 2000]). Our purpose in this chapter is to compare these two countries in order to reveal some of the science and the sociology relevant to hunting (the latter just one of many interacting environmental issues about which human society faces complicated judgments within rapidly shifting political and cultural areas).

Die Veränderungen des englischen Schulsystems durch das Bildungsreformgesetz von 1988 und durch die Einführung eines Nationalen Curriculums mit einem entsprechenden System zentraler Prüfungen in mehreren Altersstufen werden von Lehrenden und ihren Verbänden, von lokalen Schulverwaltungen, Eltern und der staatlichen Schulaufsicht unterschiedlich wahrgenommen. Für Lehrende sind die Einschränkungen ihrer curriculären Entscheidungsspielräume von besonderer Bedeutung. Die Klage darüber ist nur verständlich, wenn man die Veränderung des gesamten Gefüges von Schulaufsicht, Kontrolle, Budgetierung, Qualitätssicherung, Schulinspektion und den pädagogischen Handlungsspielräumen der einzelnen Schule bzw. des einzelnen Lehrenden in historischer Perspektive betrachtet. Der Beitrag zeichnet die bildungspolitischen und schulorganisatorischen Entwicklungen des englischen Schulwesens von 1944 bis 1988 und in den Revisionen und Fortschreibungen bis 1996 nach. (DIPF/Orig.) ; The changes in the British school system entailed by the educational reform law of 1988 and by the introduction of a national curriculum with a corresponding system of central exams at different age-levels are perceived differently by teachers and their associations, by local school administrations, by parents, and by the inspectorate. Teachers are above all affected by the restrictions regarding curricular decisions. That this is criticized is understandable, the more so once the changes in the entire network of inspectorate, control, budgeting, quality maintenance, school inspection, and leeway for pedagogical action of the individual school or the individual teacher are seen in historical perspective. The author sketches the political and school-organizational development of the British school system from 1944 to 1988 as well as the revisions and later developments up to 1996. (DIPF/Orig.)

"April 19, 2004." ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Shipping list no.: 2004-0162-P. ; "Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations." ; At head of title: 108th Congress, 2d session, Senate. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Der Beitrag wägt die Vor- und Nachteile des dualen Berufsbildungswesens in Deutschland gegen die sehr viel weniger geregelte Ausbildung in Großbritannien ab. Es werden die Interessen dargelegt, die Arbeitgeber daran hindern bzw. ermutigen; eine betriebsspezifische oder aber eine allgemein anwendbare Aus- oder Fortbildung anzubieten. Verglichen werden Muster einer Interventionspolitik und wirtschaftlicher Regulierung mit denen eines Prinzips des freien Marktes, beides in parlamentarischen Systemen. Der Vergleich der britischen und der deutschen Entwicklung zeigt die unterschiedlichen Voraussetzungen beider Gesellschaften, die auch einer Übertragung des dualen Berufsbildungssystems entgegenstehen. (DIPF/Orig.) ; The pros and cons of the dual system of German vocational education are weighed against the far less controlled vocational education in Great Britain. The authors reveal the interests which either impede or encourage employers to offer either a training specific to the respective firm or generally applicable training and further education. Patterns of a policy of intervention and economic regulation are compared with those of a free market principle within the context of parlamentary Systems. A comparison of the British and the German development reveals the divergent preconditions of the two societies which preclude a transfer of the dual system of vocational education. (DIPF/Orig.)

Bibliography: pages 242-266. ; The general aims of this dissertation are: to study a form of literature traditionally disregarded by a text-bound academy; to argue that form is an important element in ideological analyses of the poetry under discussion; and, on the basis of this second aim, to argue for a comparative, rigorously critical approach to the poetry of Mzwakhe Mbuli. Previous evaluations of Mbuli's poetry are characterised by acclaim which, the author contends, is only possible because of under-researched criticism, representing a general trend in South African literary culture. Compared to Linton Kwesi Johnson's work, for instance, Mbuli's poetry does not emerge as the innovative and progressive art - in both content and form - it is claimed to be. Mbuli and his critics are thus read as a case study of a general trend. Johnson and Mbuli mainly perform their poetry with musical accompaniment and distribute it as sound-recording. This study's approach then differs from the approaches of general oral literature studies because influential writers on oral literature - specifically Walter J. Ong, Ruth Finnegan and Paul Zumthor - do not address the genre under investigation here. Nevertheless, their writings are explored in order to show why particularly Ong and Finnegan's approaches are inadequate. The author argues that using the orality of the poetry as an organising, theoretical principle is insufficient for the task at hand. On cue from Zumthor, this study suggests an approach through Cultural Studies and conceives of the subject matter as popular culture.

Un acabado conocimiento del proceso de toma de decisiones y de los actores que intervienen en la formulación de la política exterior, resulta indispensable para cualquier intento de relación con un país. Este es el objetivo principal del presente trabajo, el de analizar los factores que intervienen en la formulación de la política exterior de la Argentina hacia Gran Bretaña y a su vez mostrar los posibles canales de entrada al sistema de decisiones. El proceso de toma de decisiones en política exterior Argentina hacia el Reino Unido requiere del estudio de dos actores principales: el ejecutivo y el legislativo. El trabajo a su vez intenta hacer una breve referencia a cómo los dos últimos presidentes organizaron su sistema de trazado de políticas hacia Gran Bretaña. ; It is essential to have a definite knowledge of the actors involved in the formulation of foreign policies in order to approach any useful relationship with another country successfully. This is the main purpose of this work, i.e. to analize the elements involved in the planning process of Argentine foreign policy towards Great Britain as well as to show possible inputs directed to the decision-making system. Within the scope of foreign policy, the decision-making process towards the United Kingdom requires, at least, the study of two main actors: Executive and Legislative powers. The work intends to make brief reference to the last two Argentine Presidents and their foreign policy formulation schemes towards Great Britain. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)

In this report the extent of "peri-urbanisation" in Europe is analysed. The aim is to give an insight into the ways in which "peri-urban" processes are described in different European countries. The work has been undertaken for DATAR (Délégation à l'Aménagement du Territoire et à l'Action Régionale, France) as part of their ongoing study of "peri-urbanisation" in France. Urban development is one of the major concerns for the future of rural areas and ecological zones. This work contributes to the "peri-urban" debate by taking a European perspective that complements local or national case studies. The focus is on the spatial aspects of peri-urbanisation and on its recent demographic trends. The report is divided into three parts : The first part consists of a general discussion about the diversity of concepts used to analyse peri-urban processes, and provides an overview of urbanisation typologies and global trends in the EU. In the second the spatial extent and the description of peri- urban processes is discussed for different countries: The Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany and Italy. Some bibliographical references are also given for the Nordic countries. The third part summarises the main spatial and demographic trends and identifies some of the similarities and differences between the countries considered. A bibliography is provided at the end of the report and includes references on some additional countries. It is shown how diverse can be the tools used to assess peri-urbanisation. Nevertheless, there is a clear diffusion of population towards commuting and rural areas of Europe. A growing share of national territories and population are concerned with this process. Changes in the urban-rural interface are driven by similar behaviour throughout Europe, but slight differences can be observed. Local geographic and demographic specificities, regional economic dynamism, historic settlements as well as spatial policies differentiate the evolution and morphology of European peri-urban areas today.