The purpose of the article is to study the entrepreneurial, educational and charitable activities of the family of Greek merchants Zosimades. Methodologically the work was built on the basis of an anthropological approach using appropriate methods. Scientific novelty. The research brought to the scientific circulation information from previously unknown archival sources, which significantly expanded the understanding of the activity of Zosimades patrons. Conclusions. Due to certain circumstances, the Zosima brothers were forced to leave their homeland and live in Livorno, Moscow and Nizhyn. Their long-standing activities have had a significant impact on the socio-economic, cultural and religious life of the Greeks. Zosimadas were rooting for Hellas. They provided significant funds for the preservation and spread of Greek culture and language, and contributed to the unification of the Greeks and to the improvement of their communities abroad. In 1804 the government of the Ionian Republic, given the many years of tireless charity Zosimades, awarded them a diploma in nobility. According to sources and specialized literature, the funds of the Zosimades brothers were mainly used for the following purposes: financial assistance in preparation for the liberation struggle of the Greek people against Ottoman domination; construction, restoration, repair and maintenance of churches in towns and villages; financial assistance to poor parishioners of Greek churches; establishment of spiritual and general educational institutions; establishing scholarships for students and students who have studied at European universities; publication of Greek books and textbooks for schools; financial assistance to hospitals, shelters for poor and single families; financial assistance to scientific societies. The value of the large financial contributions is difficult to estimate. Without them many works of A. Korais, N. Teotokis, E. Bulgaris and other enlighteners would not be published. The funds of the Greek merchants were the financial ...
The purpose of the article is to study the entrepreneurial, educational and charitable activities of the family of Greek merchants Zosimades. Methodologically the work was built on the basis of an anthropological approach using appropriate methods. Scientific novelty. The research brought to the scientific circulation information from previously unknown archival sources, which significantly expanded the understanding of the activity of Zosimades patrons. Conclusions. Due to certain circumstances, the Zosima brothers were forced to leave their homeland and live in Livorno, Moscow and Nizhyn. Their long-standing activities have had a significant impact on the socio-economic, cultural and religious life of the Greeks. Zosimadas were rooting for Hellas. They provided significant funds for the preservation and spread of Greek culture and language, and contributed to the unification of the Greeks and to the improvement of their communities abroad. In 1804 the government of the Ionian Republic, given the many years of tireless charity Zosimades, awarded them a diploma in nobility. According to sources and specialized literature, the funds of the Zosimades brothers were mainly used for the following purposes: financial assistance in preparation for the liberation struggle of the Greek people against Ottoman domination; construction, restoration, repair and maintenance of churches in towns and villages; financial assistance to poor parishioners of Greek churches; establishment of spiritual and general educational institutions; establishing scholarships for students and students who have studied at European universities; publication of Greek books and textbooks for schools; financial assistance to hospitals, shelters for poor and single families; financial assistance to scientific societies. The value of the large financial contributions is difficult to estimate. Without them many works of A. Korais, N. Teotokis, E. Bulgaris and other enlighteners would not be published. The funds of the Greek merchants were the financial ...
In the article on the basis of the complex analysis of sources and literature the problem of liquidation ofMariupol Greek Court(the local self-government authority of Mariupol Greeks) that became possible with introduction of unification policy of the Russian government in the middle of ХІХ century is covered. Territorial and city reforms started by Alexander ІІ had for an object to carry out decentralization of management and lay a foundation to local self-government inRussia. These reforms including the court one became the turning point in the development of Mariupol Greek community. According to the time requirements the unification of the local self government took place. Its competence became wider.In connection with this the question of the legal basis in case of liquidation ofMariupol Greek Courtwhich was created due to the deed of gift given to Mariupol Greeks by Catherine II is debatable. Not only the aspect of the termination of the activity ofMariupol Greek Courtbut also the process of the transference of its cases to the other authorities are covered. ; У статті на основі комплексного аналізу джерел та літератури висвітлюється проблема ліквідації Маріупольського грецького суду (органу місцевого самоврядування маріупольських греків), що стало можливим з упровадженням уніфікаторської політики російського уряду в середині ХІХ ст. Розпочаті імператором Олександром ІІ земська й міська реформи мали на меті здійснити децентралізацію управління й покласти початок місцевому самоврядуванню в Росії. Ці реформи, включаючи й судову, стали поворотним пунктом у розвитку Маріупольської грецької громади. Відповідно до потреб часу відбувалася уніфікація органів місцевого самоврядування, розширювалася їхня компетенція. У зв'язку із цим дискусійним залишається питання правової підстави в справі ліквідації Маріупольського грецького суду, що був створений завдяки дарованій маріупольським грекам Жалуваної грамоти Катерини ІІ. Висвітлюється не лише аспект припинення діяльності Маріупольського грецького суду, а й процес передачі його справ до інших відповідних установ.
The evolution of educational institutions and secondary schools in the Greek Catholic Diocese of Mukachevo needs research because of the era of Czechoslovak anti-Catholic modernism. This influenced on the development of diocesan educational institutions and their transformation. Generally most researchers have positive vision of the democracy of Czechoslovakia of this time, but in church and educational sphere it was rather "controlled" liberalism. The issue of Greek Catholic schooling is at an early stage of study and needs to be better understood, given the difficult operating conditions due to various financial and administrative constraints. Church schooling played an extremely important role in moral and spiritual spheres, providing the younger generation not only with the necessary knowledge, but also with Christian values. However, in the conditions of Czechoslovak modernism, it turned out to be difficult to spread Christian morality due to the restrictions of the authorities of the Czechoslovak Republic on the educational and school institutions of the Greek Catholic Church in Subcarpathian Russia. It should be noted that the government has limited funding for parish schools, but officials hadn't an alternative to local schools or the necessary human resources. Conflicts of interest led to complications in the educational process, up to the closure of parish schools or the creation of public ones on their basis. The church hierarchy paid more attention to the catechetical work, through the study of religion lessons in all primary schools, while providing the educational process with the necessary literature. Emphasis was placed on working with young people through various Christian youth organizations: "Society of St. Cross "," Subcarpathian Eagle "," St. Mari Congregations ", partly " Plast "and others. A great success was the opening of a boarding school by the diocesan board in the early 1930s, which did not function in the 1920s due to financial difficulties and lack of state support, but was eventually restored. ; Еволюція виховних та середньошкільних навчальних закладів Мукачівської Греко-Католицької єпархії потребує дослідження зважаючи на епоху чехословацького антикатолицького модернізму, що вплинуло на розвиток єпархіальних навчально-виховних закладів і їх трансформацію. І хоч у більшості дослідників загалом позитивні уявлення про демократичність Чехословаччини цієї доби, проте в церковних та освітніх справах це був радше «керований» лібералізм. Греко-католицьке шкільництво перебуває на початковому етапі вивчення і потребує глибшого осмислення, зважаючи на складні умови функціонування через різні фінансові та адміністративні обмеження з боку чехословацької влади. Церковне шкільництво відігравало надзвичайно важливу роль у морально-духовному плані, надаючи молодому поколінню не лише необхідні знання, але й християнські цінності. Втім, в умовах чехословацького модернізму, виявилося непросто поширювати християнську мораль через обмеження владою Чехословацької Республіки (ЧСР) виховних та шкільних інституцій Греко-Католицької Церкви на Підкарпатській Русі, еволюцію і розвиток яких необхідно розглянути нижче. Треба відзначити про обмеження фінансування владою парафіяльних навчальних закладів, при цьому урядовці не мали альтернативи навчальних закладів на місцях, як і необхідного кадрового потенціалу. Конфлікт інтересів призвів до ускладнень виховного процесу, аж до закриття парафіяльних шкіл, чи створення на їх базі державних. При цьому, церковна ієрархія більше уваги приділяла катехитичній праці, через вивчення уроків релігії у всіх навчальних закладах початкової освіти, забезпечуючи навчальний процес необхідною літературою. Більше того, акцент робився на працю з молоддю через різні християнсько-молодіжні організації: «Товариство св. Хреста», «Підкарпаторусський Орел», «Марійські конгрегації», частково «Пласт» та ін. Великим успіхом було відкриття єпархіальним правлінням інтернату на початку 1930-х рр., котрий не функціонував у 1920-х рр. через матеріальні труднощі і відсутнiсть державної підтримки.
The evolution of educational institutions and secondary schools in the Greek Catholic Diocese of Mukachevo needs research because of the era of Czechoslovak anti-Catholic modernism. This influenced on the development of diocesan educational institutions and their transformation. Generally most researchers have positive vision of the democracy of Czechoslovakia of this time, but in church and educational sphere it was rather "controlled" liberalism. The issue of Greek Catholic schooling is at an early stage of study and needs to be better understood, given the difficult operating conditions due to various financial and administrative constraints. Church schooling played an extremely important role in moral and spiritual spheres, providing the younger generation not only with the necessary knowledge, but also with Christian values. However, in the conditions of Czechoslovak modernism, it turned out to be difficult to spread Christian morality due to the restrictions of the authorities of the Czechoslovak Republic on the educational and school institutions of the Greek Catholic Church in Subcarpathian Russia. It should be noted that the government has limited funding for parish schools, but officials hadn't an alternative to local schools or the necessary human resources. Conflicts of interest led to complications in the educational process, up to the closure of parish schools or the creation of public ones on their basis. The church hierarchy paid more attention to the catechetical work, through the study of religion lessons in all primary schools, while providing the educational process with the necessary literature. Emphasis was placed on working with young people through various Christian youth organizations: "Society of St. Cross "," Subcarpathian Eagle "," St. Mari Congregations ", partly " Plast "and others. A great success was the opening of a boarding school by the diocesan board in the early 1930s, which did not function in the 1920s due to financial difficulties and lack of state support, but was eventually restored. ; Еволюція виховних та середньошкільних навчальних закладів Мукачівської Греко-Католицької єпархії потребує дослідження зважаючи на епоху чехословацького антикатолицького модернізму, що вплинуло на розвиток єпархіальних навчально-виховних закладів і їх трансформацію. І хоч у більшості дослідників загалом позитивні уявлення про демократичність Чехословаччини цієї доби, проте в церковних та освітніх справах це був радше «керований» лібералізм. Греко-католицьке шкільництво перебуває на початковому етапі вивчення і потребує глибшого осмислення, зважаючи на складні умови функціонування через різні фінансові та адміністративні обмеження з боку чехословацької влади. Церковне шкільництво відігравало надзвичайно важливу роль у морально-духовному плані, надаючи молодому поколінню не лише необхідні знання, але й християнські цінності. Втім, в умовах чехословацького модернізму, виявилося непросто поширювати християнську мораль через обмеження владою Чехословацької Республіки (ЧСР) виховних та шкільних інституцій Греко-Католицької Церкви на Підкарпатській Русі, еволюцію і розвиток яких необхідно розглянути нижче. Треба відзначити про обмеження фінансування владою парафіяльних навчальних закладів, при цьому урядовці не мали альтернативи навчальних закладів на місцях, як і необхідного кадрового потенціалу. Конфлікт інтересів призвів до ускладнень виховного процесу, аж до закриття парафіяльних шкіл, чи створення на їх базі державних. При цьому, церковна ієрархія більше уваги приділяла катехитичній праці, через вивчення уроків релігії у всіх навчальних закладах початкової освіти, забезпечуючи навчальний процес необхідною літературою. Більше того, акцент робився на працю з молоддю через різні християнсько-молодіжні організації: «Товариство св. Хреста», «Підкарпаторусський Орел», «Марійські конгрегації», частково «Пласт» та ін. Великим успіхом було відкриття єпархіальним правлінням інтернату на початку 1930-х рр., котрий не функціонував у 1920-х рр. через матеріальні труднощі і відсутнiсть державної підтримки.
The article discusses the practice of using the image of the Turk as "the Other" by Orthodox polemicists from the late 16th century till the first quarter of the 17th century. The conquest of Byzantine, the status of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch and the Eastern Church under the Ottomans, the eschatological dimension of "Turkish domination" – this is an incomplete range of issues that have been the subject of debate between supporters and opponents of The Union of Brest. The reason for that was the process of remembering Byzantine roots, as a form of attribution of Orthodox identity. The legitimacy of the Patriarch of Constantinople was a matter of organizational capacity of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth. An important role in this was played by the eschatological picture of the world in the texts of the polemicists – the authors emphasized the exceptional role of Rus` in defending the true faith because the Ruthenian Church was persecuted and poor. Another equally important process is the construction of the "Pole-Catholic's" hostile image through the narrative of "Turkish domination" by Orthodox polemicists. The Khotyn military campaign (1620–1621) and the restoration process of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church hierarchy forced the Orthodox hierarchs to abandon the use of the narrative of the positive experience of "Turkish domination" and to join the creation of the idea of "Cossack bastion" (the Cossacks as defenders of not only the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth but of the entire Christian faith). The model of the "Cossack bastion" lasted until the second half of the 17th century, when the Kyiv clergy was finally disappointed in the Cossacks as an anti-Muslim force due to the hetmans' attraction to military-political alliances with the Ottoman Empire.Manuscript received 20.03.2020 ; У статті розглянуто практики використання образу турка як «Іншого» православними полемістами впродовж кінця XVI – першої чверті XVII ст. Завоювання Візантії турками, перебування Константинопольського патріархату під османською владою, есхатологічний вимір «турецького панування», становище східної церкви в Османській імперії – неповне коло питань, що стали предметом багаторічної дискусії між прихильниками та противниками Унії. Причиною цього став процес пригадування православними візантійського коріння як однієї з форм атрибуції своєї ідентичності. Не менш важливий процес – це конструювання образу ворога «поляка-католика» православними полемістами за допомогою наративу «турецького панування». Польсько-османський конфлікт 1620–1621 рр. та процес відновлення Київської митрополії змусили православних ієрархів відмовитися від використання наративу позитивного досвіду «турецького панування» й долучитися до творення ідеї «козацького бастіону» та образу козаків як захисників не лише Речі Посполитої, а й усього християнства.Матеріал надійшов 20.03.2020
The article discusses the practice of using the image of the Turk as "the Other" by Orthodox polemicists from the late 16th century till the first quarter of the 17th century. The conquest of Byzantine, the status of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch and the Eastern Church under the Ottomans, the eschatological dimension of "Turkish domination" – this is an incomplete range of issues that have been the subject of debate between supporters and opponents of The Union of Brest. The reason for that was the process of remembering Byzantine roots, as a form of attribution of Orthodox identity. The legitimacy of the Patriarch of Constantinople was a matter of organizational capacity of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth. An important role in this was played by the eschatological picture of the world in the texts of the polemicists – the authors emphasized the exceptional role of Rus` in defending the true faith because the Ruthenian Church was persecuted and poor. Another equally important process is the construction of the "Pole-Catholic's" hostile image through the narrative of "Turkish domination" by Orthodox polemicists. The Khotyn military campaign (1620–1621) and the restoration process of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church hierarchy forced the Orthodox hierarchs to abandon the use of the narrative of the positive experience of "Turkish domination" and to join the creation of the idea of "Cossack bastion" (the Cossacks as defenders of not only the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth but of the entire Christian faith). The model of the "Cossack bastion" lasted until the second half of the 17th century, when the Kyiv clergy was finally disappointed in the Cossacks as an anti-Muslim force due to the hetmans' attraction to military-political alliances with the Ottoman Empire.Manuscript received 20.03.2020 ; У статті розглянуто практики використання образу турка як «Іншого» православними полемістами впродовж кінця XVI – першої чверті XVII ст. Завоювання Візантії турками, перебування Константинопольського патріархату під османською владою, есхатологічний вимір «турецького панування», становище східної церкви в Османській імперії – неповне коло питань, що стали предметом багаторічної дискусії між прихильниками та противниками Унії. Причиною цього став процес пригадування православними візантійського коріння як однієї з форм атрибуції своєї ідентичності. Не менш важливий процес – це конструювання образу ворога «поляка-католика» православними полемістами за допомогою наративу «турецького панування». Польсько-османський конфлікт 1620–1621 рр. та процес відновлення Київської митрополії змусили православних ієрархів відмовитися від використання наративу позитивного досвіду «турецького панування» й долучитися до творення ідеї «козацького бастіону» та образу козаків як захисників не лише Речі Посполитої, а й усього християнства.Матеріал надійшов 20.03.2020
The article discusses the practice of using the image of the Turk as "the Other" by Orthodox polemicists from the late 16th century till the first quarter of the 17th century. The conquest of Byzantine, the status of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch and the Eastern Church under the Ottomans, the eschatological dimension of "Turkish domination" – this is an incomplete range of issues that have been the subject of debate between supporters and opponents of The Union of Brest. The reason for that was the process of remembering Byzantine roots, as a form of attribution of Orthodox identity. The legitimacy of the Patriarch of Constantinople was a matter of organizational capacity of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church in the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth. An important role in this was played by the eschatological picture of the world in the texts of the polemicists – the authors emphasized the exceptional role of Rus` in defending the true faith because the Ruthenian Church was persecuted and poor. Another equally important process is the construction of the "Pole-Catholic's" hostile image through the narrative of "Turkish domination" by Orthodox polemicists. The Khotyn military campaign (1620–1621) and the restoration process of the Ruthenian Orthodox Church hierarchy forced the Orthodox hierarchs to abandon the use of the narrative of the positive experience of "Turkish domination" and to join the creation of the idea of "Cossack bastion" (the Cossacks as defenders of not only the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth but of the entire Christian faith). The model of the "Cossack bastion" lasted until the second half of the 17th century, when the Kyiv clergy was finally disappointed in the Cossacks as an anti-Muslim force due to the hetmans' attraction to military-political alliances with the Ottoman Empire.Manuscript received 20.03.2020 ; У статті розглянуто практики використання образу турка як «Іншого» православними полемістами впродовж кінця XVI – першої чверті XVII ст. Завоювання Візантії турками, перебування Константинопольського патріархату під османською владою, есхатологічний вимір «турецького панування», становище східної церкви в Османській імперії – неповне коло питань, що стали предметом багаторічної дискусії між прихильниками та противниками Унії. Причиною цього став процес пригадування православними візантійського коріння як однієї з форм атрибуції своєї ідентичності. Не менш важливий процес – це конструювання образу ворога «поляка-католика» православними полемістами за допомогою наративу «турецького панування». Польсько-османський конфлікт 1620–1621 рр. та процес відновлення Київської митрополії змусили православних ієрархів відмовитися від використання наративу позитивного досвіду «турецького панування» й долучитися до творення ідеї «козацького бастіону» та образу козаків як захисників не лише Речі Посполитої, а й усього християнства.Матеріал надійшов 20.03.2020
The purpose of the article is the cultural analysis of the art works of the Greek-Catholic clergy of Eastern Galicia in the 20th of century, between 20's and the first half of the 40's. The methodology of the research consists in using methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, as well as ideological substantial, hermeneutic, historical and cultural approaches. The scientific novelty of the study based in the fact that in Ukrainian cultural studies the writer's achievements of the Greek-Catholic clergy of Eastern Galicia in the 20th of century between 20's and the first half of the 40's were analyzed for the first time. Also, the study shows the value and place of art works in the cultural and creative space of Ukrainians. The article is an attempt to revive the forgotten (discriminated against by an invasive political regime) the names of the priests and the products of their literary achievement. Conclusion. It has been established that the characteristic feature of the creative work of the Greek Catholic clergy is in the national literary context, which manifested itself in the artistic interpretation of the historical past of Ukraine, biblical texts, and the life events of the Galician population. The priests published their works on the pages of the Galician press of that time: "Dzvony", "Dilo", "Meta", "Nova Zorya", etc. Also, the works were issued by independent collections (often at own expense of the clergy). It was found out, that the writers' activities of the clergy were positively perceived by the Ukrainian people. Also, at the same time the writers' activities of the clergy were negatively perceived by the authorities through the Ukrainian national ideas in the conditions of the statelessness of the Ukrainian Nation. ; Целью исследования является культурологический анализ художественных произведений греко-католического духовенства Восточной Галиции в 20-е – I пол. 40-х гг. XX в. Методология исследования базируется на применении методов анализа, синтеза, сравнения, обобщения, а также идейно-содержательного, герменевтического, исторического и культурологического подходов. Научная новизна исследования заключается в том, что в украинской культурологии впервые проанализированы писательские достижения греко-католического духовенства Восточной Галиции в 20-е – I пол. 40-х гг. XX в., раскрыто ценность и место художественных произведений в культуро-творческом пространстве украинцев. Статья является попыткой возродить забытые (подверглись дискриминации захватническим политическим режимом) имена священников и продукты их литературного труда. Выводы. Характерным признаком творчества греко-католического духовенства является национальный литературный контекст, который проявлялся в художественной интерпретации исторического прошлого Украины, библейных текстов, жизненных событий галицкого населения. Свои произведения священники печатали на страницах тогдашней галицкой прессы: "Дзвоны", "Дило", "Мета", "Нова Зоря" и др., выдавали самостоятельными сборниками (часто за собственные средства). Выяснено, что писательская деятельность духовников положительно воспринималась украинским населением и одновременно – негативно существующей властью из-за ношения национальных идей в условиях отсутствия украинской нации. ; Метою дослідження є культурологічний аналіз художніх творів греко-католицького духовенства Східної Галичини у 20-х – першої пол. 40-х років ХХ ст. Методологія дослідження базується на застосуванні методів аналізу, синтезу, порівняння, узагальнення, а також ідейно-змістового, герменевтичного, історичного і культурологічного підходів. Наукова новизна В українській культурології вперше проаналізовано письменницькі здобутки греко-католицького духовенства Східної Галичини у 20-х – першої пол. 40-х років ХХ ст., розкрито цінність і місце художніх творів у культуро-творчому просторі українців. Стаття є спробою відродити забуті (зазнали дискримінації загарбницьким політичним режимом) імена священиків та продукти їхньої літературної праці. Висновки. Характерною ознакою творчого доробку греко-католицького духовенства є національний літературний контекст, який проявлявся у художній інтерпретації історичного минулого України, біблійних текстів, життєвих подій галицького населення. Свої твори священики друкували на сторінках тогочасної галицької преси: "Дзвони", "Діло", "Мета", "Нова Зоря" та ін., видавали самостійними збірниками (часто за власні кошти). Письменницька діяльність духівників позитивно сприймалась українським населенням і водночас негативно – існуючою владою через втримування національних ідей в умовах бездержавності української нації.
The topicality of the research of society and church interaction in the last century has been invoked due to several factors. The establishment of civilized relations between the church and authority contributes to the democratization of society, constructive dialogue and cooperation. The real need to overcome certain interconfessional estrangement (Catholic - Orthodox, "Westerners" - "Easterners") promotes the development of civil society principles.In studying these problems superiority naturally belongs to the West Ukrainian researchers. They are L. Aleksiievets, A. Yehreshiy, M. Kuhutiak, A. Krasivskyi, M. Lytvyn, A. Lutskyi, K. Naumenko, V. Marchuk, N. Korostil and O. Malyarchuk and many other native scholars. Public, political, cultural, educational, social, economic and religious revival of the Western Ukrainian people is comprehensively covered in their works based on wide range of sources. The special attention should be given to a new cultural and educational periodical "Svitych" in Precarpathian region. The first copy of it was published in late 2012. The founders and promoters of the issue were historians M.Kolomyiets, B. Yanevych, O. Malyarchuk and O.Tebeshevska, I. Tkachyk, U. Panio and others. "Svitych" means light and truth.In terms of national, political and economic oppression of the Ukrainian population by Polish government the church was a real force to preserve Ukrainian national identity, the Ukrainian language and traditions. The considerable influence on political processes was made by hierarchs of the Greek Catholic and Orthodox churches and local pastors.In the interwar period, the church played a crucial social role in the Western Ukrainian region. It was a consolidated Ukrainian community force that combined all social strata of the Ukrainian population. The church was the mediator between the Polish administration and Ukrainian community, undertaking the task to search for compromise solutions in the most difficult historical situations.In the interwar period the Greek Catholic Church continued to bear the status of an independent religious, moral, social and political force which was closely associated with the national liberation movement of the Ukrainians. In religious sphere it vindicated the values of Christianity by solving the problems of the Ukrainian community for what other religious denominations claimed. In political sphere it has contributed to strengthening the western Ukrainians' identity, becoming a politically-organized community. GCC (Greek Catholic Church) has formulated its clear purpose and actively defended it in the government and against opposition organizations. Its view on the national liberation movement was manifested in creating its own effective social and political institutions and active participation in various events. On the one hand it is the objection to Communism ideas, on the other hand it is the deprecation of Ukrainian nationalists defense tactics.An important role in national education of the Western Ukrainians was made by church. Clergy organized schools, mutual aid institutions, published books, theological and secular literature, was engaged in public affairs, acted as a unifying center of the progressive nation forces. In every population centre the church tried to create parish reading rooms with a variety of clubs: anti-nicotine, anti-alcohol, sports, commercial, theatrical ones.The Greek Catholic and the Orthodox churches formally dissociated themselves from political activity, developed their own strategy and tactics for the various social and political movements. They were key factors in stabilizing and unifying political situation. The closest ties were with the national democratic camp which was embodied in the UNDA and VUO. ; В статье охарактеризована деятельность определяющих институтов Западной Украины межвоенного периода - греко-католической и православной церквей, которые наряду с влиятельными политическими партиями и товариществами заметно повлияли на функционирование тогдашнего сообщества, выступали защитниками "украинских интересов", священники принимали активное участие в общественной жизни и были наиболее прогрессивными и образованными представителями народа. ; У статті охарактеризовано діяльність визначальних інституцій Західної України міжвоєнного періоду - греко-католицької і православної церков, які поряд із впливовими політичними партіями та товариствами помітно вплинули на функціонування тогочасної спільноти, виступали захисниками "українських інтересів", священики брали активну участь у громадському житті й були найбільш прогресивними та освіченими представниками народу.
The topicality of the research of society and church interaction in the last century has been invoked due to several factors. The establishment of civilized relations between the church and authority contributes to the democratization of society, constructive dialogue and cooperation. The real need to overcome certain interconfessional estrangement (Catholic - Orthodox, "Westerners" - "Easterners") promotes the development of civil society principles.In studying these problems superiority naturally belongs to the West Ukrainian researchers. They are L. Aleksiievets, A. Yehreshiy, M. Kuhutiak, A. Krasivskyi, M. Lytvyn, A. Lutskyi, K. Naumenko, V. Marchuk, N. Korostil and O. Malyarchuk and many other native scholars. Public, political, cultural, educational, social, economic and religious revival of the Western Ukrainian people is comprehensively covered in their works based on wide range of sources. The special attention should be given to a new cultural and educational periodical "Svitych" in Precarpathian region. The first copy of it was published in late 2012. The founders and promoters of the issue were historians M.Kolomyiets, B. Yanevych, O. Malyarchuk and O.Tebeshevska, I. Tkachyk, U. Panio and others. "Svitych" means light and truth.In terms of national, political and economic oppression of the Ukrainian population by Polish government the church was a real force to preserve Ukrainian national identity, the Ukrainian language and traditions. The considerable influence on political processes was made by hierarchs of the Greek Catholic and Orthodox churches and local pastors.In the interwar period, the church played a crucial social role in the Western Ukrainian region. It was a consolidated Ukrainian community force that combined all social strata of the Ukrainian population. The church was the mediator between the Polish administration and Ukrainian community, undertaking the task to search for compromise solutions in the most difficult historical situations.In the interwar period the Greek Catholic Church continued to bear the status of an independent religious, moral, social and political force which was closely associated with the national liberation movement of the Ukrainians. In religious sphere it vindicated the values of Christianity by solving the problems of the Ukrainian community for what other religious denominations claimed. In political sphere it has contributed to strengthening the western Ukrainians' identity, becoming a politically-organized community. GCC (Greek Catholic Church) has formulated its clear purpose and actively defended it in the government and against opposition organizations. Its view on the national liberation movement was manifested in creating its own effective social and political institutions and active participation in various events. On the one hand it is the objection to Communism ideas, on the other hand it is the deprecation of Ukrainian nationalists defense tactics.An important role in national education of the Western Ukrainians was made by church. Clergy organized schools, mutual aid institutions, published books, theological and secular literature, was engaged in public affairs, acted as a unifying center of the progressive nation forces. In every population centre the church tried to create parish reading rooms with a variety of clubs: anti-nicotine, anti-alcohol, sports, commercial, theatrical ones.The Greek Catholic and the Orthodox churches formally dissociated themselves from political activity, developed their own strategy and tactics for the various social and political movements. They were key factors in stabilizing and unifying political situation. The closest ties were with the national democratic camp which was embodied in the UNDA and VUO. ; В статье охарактеризована деятельность определяющих институтов Западной Украины межвоенного периода - греко-католической и православной церквей, которые наряду с влиятельными политическими партиями и товариществами заметно повлияли на функционирование тогдашнего сообщества, выступали защитниками "украинских интересов", священники принимали активное участие в общественной жизни и были наиболее прогрессивными и образованными представителями народа. ; У статті охарактеризовано діяльність визначальних інституцій Західної України міжвоєнного періоду - греко-католицької і православної церков, які поряд із впливовими політичними партіями та товариствами помітно вплинули на функціонування тогочасної спільноти, виступали захисниками "українських інтересів", священики брали активну участь у громадському житті й були найбільш прогресивними та освіченими представниками народу.
This study provides information on the development of events in the Turkish-occupied territory of northern Cyprus. The methodological basis of the work is a systematic approach, the principle of historicism, scientific objectivity, critical thinking and approach to scientific literature. The study of this topic consists in studying the problem posed in order to assess the problematic nature of the territory of Cyprus and Turkey's interference in the affairs of this region ; У даному дослідженні проаналізована інформація про розвиток подій на окупованій Туреччиною територією півночі Кіпру. Методологічною основою роботи є системний підхід, принцип історизму, наукової об'єктивності, критичного мислення та підходу до наукової літератури. Дослідження даної тематики полягає у вивченні поставленої проблеми, щоб дати оцінку проблемності території Кіпру та втручання Туреччини у справи цього регіону
In the article religious vocabulary is studied in the diachronic aspect based on the material of different genres and different styles of Ukrainian written monuments of the 16th – 18th centuries (act books of city governments, city and provincial courts, village councils, privileges, land lustration, books of income and expenditure, wills, deeds, descriptions of castles, universals of hetman offices, documents of church and school brotherhoods, chronicles, works of religious, polemical and fiction literature, monuments of scientific and educational literature, liturgical literature, epistolary heritage, etc.), included in the sources «Dictionary of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – first half of the 17th century», "Mapping of the Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language", edited by Ye.Tymchenko and their lexical card indexes, which are stored in the Department of the Ukrainian language of the Ivan Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Lviv). In particular, names related to religious teachings, religions, and names of persons according to their attitude to a particular faith or religion are reviewed. The article focuses on the etymological analysis of religious names, which was primarily focused on the clarification of their semantic etymon. It has been established that the words of the studied lexico-semantic group are not genetically homogeneous, as it includes tokens of different origins, including borrowings from the Greek language, Church Slavonic, Latin, Polonism, etc. Some Church Slavonic names originated as a semantic calque from Greek words. It is observed that the semantic history of some studied words in the Ukrainian language dates back to the early monuments of the Kyivan Rus period. The historical fate of names associated with religious teachings and religions is not the same. Mostly, these names have survived in the modern Ukrainian literary language and liturgical practice. Others were archaized or preserved in Ukrainian dialects. In some religious names, there are vivid features of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – 18th centuries. It has been found that some of the studied tokens act as core components of various two-membered or three-membered stable and lexicalized phrases. ; У статті на матеріалах українських історичних словників у діахронному аспекті досліджено лексику, пов'язану з релігійними вченнями, віросповіданнями та найменуваннями осіб за їх ставленням до тієї чи тієї релігії. Основну увагу звернено на етимологічний аналіз цих назв, який полягав передовсім у з'ясуванні їхнього семантичного етимона. Установлено, що генетично слова досліджуваної групи не є однорідними, оскільки до її складу входять різні за походженням лексеми (грецизми, церковнослов'янізми, латинізми, полонізми). Деякі лексеми виступають як стрижневі компоненти різних стійких і лексикалізованих словосполучень.
In the article religious vocabulary is studied in the diachronic aspect based on the material of different genres and different styles of Ukrainian written monuments of the 16th – 18th centuries (act books of city governments, city and provincial courts, village councils, privileges, land lustration, books of income and expenditure, wills, deeds, descriptions of castles, universals of hetman offices, documents of church and school brotherhoods, chronicles, works of religious, polemical and fiction literature, monuments of scientific and educational literature, liturgical literature, epistolary heritage, etc.), included in the sources «Dictionary of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – first half of the 17th century», "Mapping of the Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language", edited by Ye.Tymchenko and their lexical card indexes, which are stored in the Department of the Ukrainian language of the Ivan Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Lviv). In particular, names related to religious teachings, religions, and names of persons according to their attitude to a particular faith or religion are reviewed. The article focuses on the etymological analysis of religious names, which was primarily focused on the clarification of their semantic etymon. It has been established that the words of the studied lexico-semantic group are not genetically homogeneous, as it includes tokens of different origins, including borrowings from the Greek language, Church Slavonic, Latin, Polonism, etc. Some Church Slavonic names originated as a semantic calque from Greek words. It is observed that the semantic history of some studied words in the Ukrainian language dates back to the early monuments of the Kyivan Rus period. The historical fate of names associated with religious teachings and religions is not the same. Mostly, these names have survived in the modern Ukrainian literary language and liturgical practice. Others were archaized or preserved in Ukrainian dialects. In some religious names, there are vivid features of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – 18th centuries. It has been found that some of the studied tokens act as core components of various two-membered or three-membered stable and lexicalized phrases. ; У статті на матеріалах українських історичних словників у діахронному аспекті досліджено лексику, пов'язану з релігійними вченнями, віросповіданнями та найменуваннями осіб за їх ставленням до тієї чи тієї релігії. Основну увагу звернено на етимологічний аналіз цих назв, який полягав передовсім у з'ясуванні їхнього семантичного етимона. Установлено, що генетично слова досліджуваної групи не є однорідними, оскільки до її складу входять різні за походженням лексеми (грецизми, церковнослов'янізми, латинізми, полонізми). Деякі лексеми виступають як стрижневі компоненти різних стійких і лексикалізованих словосполучень.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the origin of sciences on peace, war, and ethnopolitical conflicts in philosophical, religious and political dimensions. Views and ideas of Ancient Eastern philosophers marked the beginning of future sciences on analysis of the origin of sciences on peace, war, and ethnopolitical conflicts. Subsequently, Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers took up these ideas. Beginning and development of these sciences started in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance. The Middle Ages witnessed the birth of a number of projects related to achieving and maintaining permanent peace. These projects were based on religious principles. Some of them are of scientific interest to this day. Thus, the treatise of George of Poděbrady was republished several times in English, German, Czech and other languages and had an influence on the development of ideas on war, armed conflict, and peace. Erasmus of Rotterdam, the brightest representative of the Renaissance, became well-known due to his exposure of the true causes of wars and armed conflicts. The fundamental work of the prominent Dutch lawyer and political thinker at the turn of the Renaissance and the Modern Era Hugo Grotius made a significant contribution to the study of the issues identified in the article, predominantly from the political and legal viewpoint. A notable contribution to the further development of the sciences on peace, war, and armed ethnopolitical conflicts was made by the eminent English philosopher and lawyer Jeremy Bentham. An outstanding German philosopher Immanuel Kant made a huge contribution to the formation of a new field of knowledge on peace and ethnopolitical conflicts. From a political perspective, it's worth to mention the contribution of the distinguished Austrian-German thinker and politician Friedrich von Gentz to the development of sciences on peace, war, and armed conflicts. The science of peace is called "eirenology" (from Greek "eirnene" – peace). However, this relatively unknown and incomprehensible term due to various reasons has been popular among most foreign researchers, not to mention domestic researchers who are engaged in the study of this problem. In Western corresponding academic literature in 1960–1970 this term was known as "Peace Studies". Nevertheless, since the mid-1980s issues related to it had been investigated mainly within the framework of a new field of scientific knowledge called "Peace and Conflict Studies". In the West today, it is quite known and influential scientific trend. This is demonstrated by the training at many Universities of bachelors, masters and even PhDs in this field and publishing scientific journal "Peace and Conflict Studies".However, in the author's view, this field should be divided into 2 separate ones, namely a) science of peace and b) science of conflicts. The author of the article offers to introduce a new concept "mirology" into the corresponding Ukrainian political and conflict literature, which should be interpreted as the science of peace as the eternal and highest all-human value. Speaking of science aimed at studying conflicts in ethnopolitical sphere of social life. in the West it is known as "Ethnic Conflict Studies". But given that the global ethnopolitical conflicts explosion has occurred at the turn of the millennia, in our opinion, a new branch of scientific knowledge of these conflicts deserves a more correct and adequate name - "Ethnopolitical Conflict Studies". ; The article is devoted to the analysis of the origin of sciences on peace, war, and ethnopolitical conflicts in philosophical, religious and political dimensions. Views and ideas of Ancient Eastern philosophers marked the beginning of future sciences on analysis of the origin of sciences on peace, war, and ethnopolitical conflicts. Subsequently, Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers took up these ideas. Beginning and development of these sciences started in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance. The Middle Ages witnessed the birth of a number of projects related to achieving and maintaining permanent peace. These projects were based on religious principles. Some of them are of scientific interest to this day. Thus, the treatise of George of Poděbrady was republished several times in English, German, Czech and other languages and had an influence on the development of ideas on war, armed conflict, and peace. Erasmus of Rotterdam, the brightest representative of the Renaissance, became well-known due to his exposure of the true causes of wars and armed conflicts. The fundamental work of the prominent Dutch lawyer and political thinker at the turn of the Renaissance and the Modern Era Hugo Grotius made a significant contribution to the study of the issues identified in the article, predominantly from the political and legal viewpoint. A notable contribution to the further development of the sciences on peace, war, and armed ethnopolitical conflicts was made by the eminent English philosopher and lawyer Jeremy Bentham. An outstanding German philosopher Immanuel Kant made a huge contribution to the formation of a new field of knowledge on peace and ethnopolitical conflicts. From a political perspective, it's worth to mention the contribution of the distinguished Austrian-German thinker and politician Friedrich von Gentz to the development of sciences on peace, war, and armed conflicts. The science of peace is called "eirenology" (from Greek "eirnene" – peace). However, this relatively unknown and incomprehensible term due to various reasons has been popular among most foreign researchers, not to mention domestic researchers who are engaged in the study of this problem. In Western corresponding academic literature in 1960–1970 this term was known as "Peace Studies". Nevertheless, since the mid-1980s issues related to it had been investigated mainly within the framework of a new field of scientific knowledge called "Peace and Conflict Studies". In the West today, it is quite known and influential scientific trend. This is demonstrated by the training at many Universities of bachelors, masters and even PhDs in this field and publishing scientific journal "Peace and Conflict Studies".However, in the author's view, this field should be divided into 2 separate ones, namely a) science of peace and b) science of conflicts. The author of the article offers to introduce a new concept "mirology" into the corresponding Ukrainian political and conflict literature, which should be interpreted as the science of peace as the eternal and highest all-human value. Speaking of science aimed at studying conflicts in ethnopolitical sphere of social life. in the West it is known as "Ethnic Conflict Studies". But given that the global ethnopolitical conflicts explosion has occurred at the turn of the millennia, in our opinion, a new branch of scientific knowledge of these conflicts deserves a more correct and adequate name - "Ethnopolitical Conflict Studies".
