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Environmental groups: Saviours of the world or nutty nuisances? Dr Geh Min traces the evolution of the green movement in Singapore in the context of changing political, social and environmental values.

Contents -- Figures -- Preface -- 1. Urban green spaces: why rethinking is needed -- 2. Urban green spaces until today -- 3. Urban green space use in transition -- 4. Design and transformation of green spaces -- 5. Green space management for today and tomorrow -- 6. Changing governance of green spaces -- 7. Planning and integration of urban green spaces -- 8. Securing and diversifying funding for green spaces -- 9. Shifts in urban green space narratives -- 10. Perspective: streetwoods, urban groves and more rethinking of urban green spaces -- References -- Index.

Draws on 1981-2001 data on subdivision house sales in Calvert County, MD, to examine how households value being next to open space & more open space in subdivisions & how readily they will trade off those amenities with the loss of their own private property space. Tables, Figures. Adapted from the source document.

Abstract
Zgodnie z ideami zrównoważonego rozwoju zawartymi w rezolucji ONZ "Przekształcamy świat: Agenda 2030 na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju" do kluczowych celów, jakich osiągnięcie założono do 2030 r., należą między innymi: zapewnienie powszechnego dostępu do bezpiecznych dla wszystkich i inkluzywnych terenów zieleni oraz przestrzeni publicznych, a jednocześnie wzmocnienie wysiłków na rzecz ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego i przyrodniczego. W artykule przedstawiono, na wybranych przykładach zabytkowych parków, ogrodów oraz krajobrazów, jak cele te są realizowane. Przedmiotem badań były w szczególności: Ogród Wersalski, Stonehenge i krajobraz kulturowy otaczający ten zabytek, zarządzany przez English Heritage, a także polityka udostępniania zabytkowych, parków, ogrodów i krajobrazów, realizowana przez Historic England.
Analiza strategii udostępniania zabytkowych terenów zieleni i krajobrazów kulturowych osobom ze szczególnymi potrzebami, wypracowanych przez wymienione powyżej instytucje, pozwoliła na sformułowanie w podsumowaniu artykułu propozycji ogólnych założeń inkluzywnej polityki względem tej grupy zabytków.

The paper focuses on the digital logic that informs debates on urban ecology and green spaces in Asia. First, the paper builds a case regarding how pervasive digitalization is embedding everyday activities with artificial intelligence. This process, the paper argues, reconfigures existing social relationships of power and creates new modes of articulation, engagement, contestation, and negotiation. Second, the paper specifically looks at how this process informs material productions of space, spatiality, and territoriality of urban ecology. As case studies, the paper maps the narratives and discourses about Mumbai's Mithi River and Seoul's Cheonggyecheon and the way in which they are anchored to technoscapes and an overarching digital logic. This paper, concludes that this reconstituted urban ecology leads to 'green narratives' that are reductionist and simplistic.

Cover -- Half Title -- Endorsements -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 0.1 Failures of landscape architecture and urban planning -- 0.2 Gaps in knowledge and misconceptions -- 0.3 Contemplative Landscape Model and its relationship with existing frameworks -- Part 1 Science behind the contemplative landscapes -- 1 Therapeutic mechanisms of urban green spaces -- 1.1 Urbanicity aspects behind mental health deterioration -- 1.2 The solution is in nature . . . but what nature? -- 2 Brain response to contemplative landscapes and mental health implications -- 2.1 Contemplation vs. landscape contemplation -a health-benefitting mechanism -- 2.2 Brain science for design disciplines -- 2.3 What do we know about the brain's reaction to contemplative landscapes? -- 2.4 Neuroscience - a designer's muse -- 3 How to benefit the most from contemplative landscape exposure -- 3.1 Who can benefit? -- 3.2 Which exposure conditions unlock the benefits? -- 3.3 New mission for landscape architects -- Part 2 Contemplative landscape features -- 4 Character of Peace and Silence -- 4.1 Reorientation -- 4.2 Rest and relaxation -- 4.3 Silence and solitude -- 4.4 Safety and no technology -- 5 Compatibility -- 5.1 Harmony and spatial order -- 5.2 Balance between wild and tamed -- 5.3 Inward space orientation -- 5.4 Artistic expression -- 6 Layers of the Landscape -- 6.1 Three distance zones in the landscape -- 6.2 Psychological comfort of looking afar -- 7 Landform -- 7.1 Looking up towards the sky -- 7.2 Mounds and natural topography -- 8 Biodiversity -- 8.1 Wild and plentiful lifeforms -- 8.2 Geometric vs. naturalistic planting -- 8.3 Human-animal relations in cities -- 9 Color and Light -- 9.1 Calm color palette -- 9.2 Lively play of light and shadow -- 10 Archetypal Elements.

More precise explanations are needed to better understand why public green spaces are diminishing in cities, leading to the loss of ecosystem services that humans receive from natural systems. This paper is devoted to the incremental change of green spaces&mdash ; a fate that is largely undetectable by urban residents. The paper elucidates a set of drivers resulting in the subtle loss of urban green spaces and elaborates on the consequences of this for resilience planning of ecosystem services. Incremental changes of greenspace trigger baseline shifts, where each generation of humans tends to take the current condition of an ecosystem as the normal state, disregarding its previous states. Even well-intended political land-use decisions, such as current privatization schemes, can cumulatively result in undesirable societal outcomes, leading to a gradual loss of opportunities for nature experience. Alfred E. Kahn referred to such decision making as &lsquo ; the tyranny of small decisions.&rsquo ; This is mirrored in urban planning as problems that are dealt with in an ad hoc manner with no officially formulated vision for long-term spatial planning. Urban common property systems could provide interim solutions for local governments to survive periods of fiscal shortfalls. Transfer of proprietor rights to civil society groups can enhance the resilience of ecosystem services in cities.

More precise explanations are needed to better understand why public green spaces are diminishing in cities, leading to the loss of ecosystem services that humans receive from natural systems. This paper is devoted to the incremental change of green spaces—a fate that is largely undetectable by urban residents. The paper elucidates a set of drivers resulting in the subtle loss of urban green spaces and elaborates on the consequences of this for resilience planning of ecosystem services. Incremental changes of greenspace trigger baseline shifts, where each generation of humans tends to take the current condition of an ecosystem as the normal state, disregarding its previous states. Even well-intended political land-use decisions, such as current privatization schemes, can cumulatively result in undesirable societal outcomes, leading to a gradual loss of opportunities for nature experience. Alfred E. Kahn referred to such decision making as 'the tyranny of small decisions.' This is mirrored in urban planning as problems that are dealt with in an ad hoc manner with no officially formulated vision for long-term spatial planning. Urban common property systems could provide interim solutions for local governments to survive periods of fiscal shortfalls. Transfer of proprietor rights to civil society groups can enhance the resilience of ecosystem services in cities. ; Urban Studio

Background: The epidemiological evidence on green spaces and obesity is inconsistent. Objectives: To study the association of access to green spaces and surrounding greenness with obesity in Spain. Methods: We enrolled 2354 individuals 20-85 years from urban areas of seven provinces of Spain between 2008-13. Subjects were randomly selected population controls of the MCC-Spain case-control study. We geocoded current residences and defined exposures in a buffer of 300 m around them: i) access to green space, identified using Urban Atlas, and ii) levels of surrounding greenness, measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. We examined excess weight/obesity as binary outcomes based on body mass index and waist-hip ratio. We examined effect modification by genetic factors, sex and individual socio-economic status and mediation by physical activity and concentrations of PM2.5 and NO2. To assess potential effect modification by genetic factors, we used a polygenic risk score based on obesity polymorphisms detected in genome-wide association studies. We used logistic mixed-effects models with a random effect for catchment area adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Access to green space was associated with a reduced risk of excess weight/obesity after adjusting for confounders [excess weight: OR (95%CI) = 0.82 (0.63, 1.07), p-value = 0.143; abdominal obesity: OR (95%CI) = 0.68 (0.45, 1.01), p-value = 0.057]. In the stratified analysis, this association was only observed in women. Associations between surrounding greenness and excess weight/obesity were null or modest based on a 1 IQR increase in NDVI [excess weight: OR (95%CI) = 0.99 (0.88, 1.11), p-value = 0.875; abdominal obesity: OR (95%CI) = 0.91 (0.79, 1.05), p-value = 0.186]. The observed associations were not mediated by physical activity or air pollution. Discussion: Access to green space may be associated with decreased risk of excess weight/obesity among women in Spain. Mechanisms explaining this association remain unclear. ; The study was conducted with the Support of Department of Health, Catalan Government grant SLT002/16/00223. The study was partially funded by the "Acción Transversal del Cáncer", approved on the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER (PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PS09/00773-Cantabria, PS09/01903-Valencia, PI11/01403, PI11/01889-FEDER, PI11/01810, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI14/01219, PI14/0613, PI15/00069), by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (API 10/09), by the ICGC International Cancer Genome Consortium CLL (The ICGC CLL-Genome Project is funded by Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) through the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and Red Temática de Investigación del Cáncer (RTICC) del ISCIII (RD12/0036/0036), by the Junta de Castilla y León (LE22A10-2), by the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía (PI-0571-2009, PI-0306-2011, salud201200057018tra), by the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana (AP_061/10), by the Recercaixa (2010ACUP 00310), by the Regional Government of the Basque Country, by the Consejería de Sanidad de la Región de Murcia, by the European Commission grants FOOD-CT-2006-036224-HIWATE, by the Catalan Government- Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) grants 2017SGR723 and 2014SGR850, by the Fundación Caja de Ahorros de Asturias and by the University of Oviedo. ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. Biological samples were stored at the biobanks supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III- FEDER: Parc de Salut MAR Biobank (MARBiobanc) (RD09/0076/00036), "Biobanco La Fe" (RD 09 0076/00021) and FISABIO Biobank (RD09 0076/00058)