Suchergebnisse

Table of Contents -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Figures and Tables -- Figures -- Tables -- Abbreviations -- Notes on the Authors -- Preface -- 1: Introduction -- The Gridlock Argument -- Gridlock Revisited -- Looking beyond Gridlock: Anomalies and Exceptions -- Pathways through and beyond Gridlock -- Theorizing Pathways through and beyond Gridlock -- Normative Considerations of Moving beyond Gridlock -- Structure of the Book -- Notes -- 2: Finance -- The Global Financial System: A Complex Organizational Ecology -- Continued Gridlock or Forward Momentum Out? -- Prospects for the Future -- Civil Society's Potential Contribution out of Gridlock -- Assertion of Autonomous Agency within and among Technocratic Organizations -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 3: Monetary Policy -- Growing Multipolarity, Harder Problems and Institutional Inertia: The Gridlock in Monetary Cooperation -- Which Pathways Lead through and beyond Gridlock in Global Monetary Cooperation? -- Beyond Gridlock? Technical Groups with Effective Processes and Autonomous and Innovative International Organizations -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 4: Trade -- The Multilateral Trade Environment: History, Architecture, and Successes -- Absence and Presence of Gridlock in Trade -- Pathways through and beyond Gridlock -- Conclusion: Reinvigorating the Multilateral Trading System -- 5: Investment -- Contemporary Investment Governance and Its Gridlock -- Pathways out of Gridlock in Investment Governance -- Conclusion: Who Benefits from Investment Governance? -- Notes -- 6: Energy -- The Current Energy Picture -- Gridlock and Beyond in Fossil Fuel Governance -- The New Energy World: Technological Transformation? -- Potential Shifts in Great Power Interests -- Proliferating Institutions and Changing Technocratic Institutions: The Empirical Evidence

"The United States government seems to be stuck in a partisan stalemate. While such frustrating periods of deadlock have occurred throughout history, there also have been times of stunning progress. Is government gridlock a problem, or is it exactly what the framers of the Constitution intended in order to limit the powers of the federal government? The expert viewpoints in this resource debate important about the functionality of the US government, such as whether gridlock limits its effectiveness; which countries have better systems for dealing with political stalemate; should the filibuster be ended; and how Congress might address legislative inaction"--

Private climate governance can achieve major greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions reductions while governments are in gridlock. Despite the optimism that emerged from the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992, almost a quarter century later the federal legislative process and international climate negotiations are years from a comprehensive response. Yet Microsoft, Google and many other companies have committed to become carbon neutral. Wal-Mart has partnered with the Environmental Defense Fund to secure 20 million tons of GHG emissions reductions from its suppliers around the world, an amount equal to almost half the emissions from the US iron and steel industry. Investors holding roughly $90 trillion in assets have pressured large corporations to disclose and reduce their carbon footprints, and participating companies report having reduced emissions by an amount equal to a major emitting nation. Private forest certification programs have taken steps to reduce the GHG emissions from deforestation. Household carbon regulation is off the table in many countries, but private advocacy groups and corporations have reduced household emissions through home energy disclosure, eco-driving campaigns, employee programs, voluntary carbon offsets, and other initiatives. To explain the importance of private climate governance, this Article is structured around three propositions. The first is the need for urgency. The second proposition is that the barriers to adopting and implementing a carbon price are unlikely to be overcome in the next decade. The third proposition is that unlocking the potential of private governance will require a conceptual shift by scholars, philanthropists, and corporate and NGO managers. Private initiatives cannot keep global emissions on track to achieve the most widely adopted climate target, but they can achieve a private governance wedge: they can reduce emissions by roughly 1,000 million tons (a gigaton) of CO2 per year between 2016 and 2025. When combined with other efforts, this private ...

"Robert Cervero documents the rise in suburban traffic around the country and examines the role of various planning, design, and management approaches in defining the automobile's growing presence in suburbia. The book highlights suburban business complexes and mixed-use centers throughout the United States that have been planned and designed to reduce auto dependency and to promote ridesharing, transit usage, and other commuting alternatives.Steps taken by various municipalities to enlist the support of private interests in reducing employee trip-making and financing area-wide roadway improvements are also examined. While the analysis is national in scope, detailed case studies offer in-depth insights into the many institutional and logistical problems involved in mitigating the impact of suburban congestion.The transportation planning profession has historically focused its attention and resources on downtown access and mobility problems. Suburbs, and places beyond, have long been considered havens for travel, free from traffic jams, and ideal for leisurely weekend excursions. Over the years, transportation planning in suburbia has involved little more than adding new projects to five-year capital improvement programs. This book remains essential for planners, administrators, and citizens interested in the future of suburbia and safeguarding it from the coming transportation crisis."--Provided by publisher.

Anwar Sadat's "open door" policy involved the forceful promotion of an American-inspired car society. This essay traces the development of Egypt's motorscape by recounting the first eight decades of automobility in Egypt. Focusing on the 1970s, it suggests that the increasing number of vehicles on the road and consequent congestion were the result, and apparently also the driving force, of politics at every level: from class and gender to geopolitics. In particular, the adoption of the car during the infitah was informed by a discourse of demographic and urban crisis that it was meant to solve yet actually aggravated. Contrasting the private car to the public bus—and stressing zahma, population control, and regulation of sexuality—brought to the fore gendered aspects of automobility and especially sexual harassment rather than issues such as energy efficiency, traffic accidents, and environmental pollution, which would describe the car as the more dangerous vehicle. This contextualization helped neutralize the immoral connotations cars carried over from the prerevolutionary era. Against this background, Egypt's motorscape was partitioned into public and private, dangerous and safe, humiliating and respectable, in a way that made the bus stand for all the former connotations and the car for all the latter.

Adapted from the source document.

While coverage of events in Cote d'Ivoire seems to have gone quiet, there still exists a dangerous power struggle occurring in the country since the November 2010 election results. The disputed outcome is already having a regional impact as over 300 Ivorians have been killed and another twenty thousand have fled into neighboring countries to escape the violence. There has been a political standoff since the Independent Electoral Commission gave opposition leader Alassane Ouattara victory with 54.1 percent against 44.9 percent for the incumbent President Laurent Gbagbo. Gbagbo supporters encouraged his Constitutional Council to annul votes from seven northern departments and declare him the winner. Outtara has also announced he is president and set up rival governments. Adapted from the source document.

This book describes how rationality undermines bureaucracy's ability to solve problems or to gain the confidence of the general public. The author suggests ways to change the bureaucratic environment into one that appreciates the creative abilities of all its members, without the false premise of operating government like a business