Suchergebnisse

Narenda Modi's triumph for the BJP (Indian People's Party) during the regional elections of 2007 strengthened the hold of Hindu nationalism in this state. As long as Modi & the local Congress leaders occupied front stage, the election campaign was dominated by economic development & governance issues, given that Congress hesitated to attack Modi over the anti-Muslim pogroms of 2002. However, the campaign tours of national Congress leaders such as Sonia Gandhi brought this issue back to the fore, to the delight of Modi who reacted by posing as defender of law & order it in the face of the Muslim threat. Modi's Hindu national hostility is, however, merely his most salient trait. It is blended with a form of high-tech populism, a strong personality cult, a definite authoritarianism & constant praise for managerial governance. This combination has rallied around Modi the business world & the new middle class, whose anti-parliamentarianism is tending to spread elsewhere in India. The Modi phenomenon -- an atypical within the BJP where individuals usually take a back seat to organizations -- could well hail a transformation in the Hindu nationalist movement, even in Indian politics. Adapted from the source document.

Dilavard Houssen memaparkan asal dan beberapa aspek sosial dan agama masyarakat Khoja dari Madagaskar. Mereka berasaldari daerah Gujarat (India) yang telah merantau ke Madagaskar dengan jalan me- mutar melalui Afrika Timur sejak pertengahan abad ke XIX. Penduduk Khoja yang berjumlah 2.600 orang itu adalah pemeluk agama Islam aliran shi'ah. Mereka merupakan masyarakat yang menyendiri tetapi yang cenderung mengikuti perkembangan moderen.

Christophe Jaffrelot — Violence between Hindus and Moslems in Gujarati (Inda) in 2002 : State riots, pogroms and anti-jihad reactions
Riots between Hindus and Moslems increasingly hinge on political determinants. The violence of 2002 in Gujarati is however unique, due to the level of implication of political actors and to the government of that particular State. Such a political instrumentation has been facilitated by Islamic attacks organised in India since december 2001, thus fuelling a desire for reprisals within the Hindu majority. The propaganda of the nationalist Hindu movement has also created conditions that unleash violence even among the aborigine populations, due to the thickening of militant networks of the movement in the current years.

Dans deux cantons de l'État du Gujarat, cet article s'intéresse aux systèmes agraires et à leurs relations avec la pauvreté rurale, composante essentielle du « grand écart spatial de l'Inde ». À partir d'un travail de terrain approfondi, il confirme l'extrême pauvreté qui sévit dans les campagnes indiennes, dans un État qui affiche pourtant un taux de croissance élevé. Il montre comment cette pauvreté s'explique par une inégale répartition de la terre, de l'eau, mais aussi de la valeur ajoutée, qui s'enracine dans des relations sociales de dépendance dont l'essence a été peu modifiée au cours des dernières décennies. Les activités non agricoles, pour importantes qu'elles soient, ne modifient pas ces inégalités. À la lumière de ce travail, les politiques de développement agricole visant la résorption des inégalités en zone rurale apparaissent plus que jamais nécessaires.

Dans deux cantons de l'État du Gujarat, cet article s'intéresse aux systèmes agraires et à leurs relations avec la pauvreté rurale, composante essentielle du « grand écart spatial de l'Inde ». À partir d'un travail de terrain approfondi, il confirme l'extrême pauvreté qui sévit dans les campagnes indiennes, dans un État qui affiche pourtant un taux de croissance élevé. Il montre comment cette pauvreté s'explique par une inégale répartition de la terre, de l'eau, mais aussi de la valeur ajoutée, qui s'enracine dans des relations sociales de dépendance dont l'essence a été peu modifiée au cours des dernières décennies. Les activités non agricoles, pour importantes qu'elles soient, ne modifient pas ces inégalités. À la lumière de ce travail, les politiques de développement agricole visant la résorption des inégalités en zone rurale apparaissent plus que jamais nécessaires.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Map of India -- Introduction: The Three Ages of India's Democracy -- PART I. The Hindu Nationalist Power Quest: HINDUTVA AND POPULISM -- Introduction -- 1 Hindu Nationalism: A Different Idea of India -- 2 Modi in Gujarat: The Making of a National-Populist Hero -- 3 Modi's Rise to Power, or How to Exploit Hope, Fear, and Anger -- 4 Welfare or Well-Being? -- Conclusion to Part I -- PART II. The World's Largest De Facto Ethnic Democracy -- Introduction -- 5 Hindu Majoritarianism against Secularism -- 6 Targeting Minorities -- 7 A De Facto Hindu Rashtra: Indian-Style Vigilantism -- Conclusion to Part II -- PART III The Indian Version of Competitive Authoritarianism -- Introduction -- 8 Deinstitutionalizing India -- 9 Toward "Electoral Authoritarianism": The 2019 Elections -- 10 The Making of an Authoritarian Vigilante State -- 11 Indian Muslims: From Social Marginalization to Institutional Exclusion and Judicial Obliteration -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Select Bibliography -- Index

Water scarcity is a characteristic of north-western states of India, such as Gujarat. Over time, the continuous increase of the population as well as the financial, administrative and technical deficiencies of the new supply system have lead to the deterioration of the water service in the city. In the meantime, the water demand has considerably increased due to the improvement of standards of living. This has resulted in an increasing pressure on underground water resources, which has lead to an alarming depletion of aquifers. From this overall situation arises the question of the use of complementary alternative sources of water in Ahmedabad and more particularly of the rehabilitation of the rainwater harvesting structures still existing in its old city area. The objective of the research is to evaluate to what extent this traditional system may constitute an additional source of water within the Old city of Ahmedabad and may locally reduce the pressure on water demand, assuming that the existing supply system does not fulfil the needs of the users. The results of an exploratory field study conducted in the Old city in 2001-02, which combined quantitative and qualitative aspects, give an outlook on people's opinions and behaviours regarding both systems. Finally, the rehabilitation of rainwater harvesting structures in the Old city of Ahmedabad suggests the necessity of empowering local structures of water management (households, non governmental association) in semi-arid urban areas to create the conditions for a sustainable implementation. ; La récupération de l'eau de pluie est une pratique ancienne dans les Etats du nord-ouest de l'Inde, tel que le Gujarat, et notamment dans les centres urbains anciens. A l'instar de nombreuses villes indiennes, l'augmentation de la population associée aux déficiences financières, administratives et techniques du réseau d'adduction existant ont conduit à une détérioration continue du service d'eau à Ahmedabad. De manière concomitante, la consommation d'eau a fortement ...

Water scarcity is a characteristic of north-western states of India, such as Gujarat. Over time, the continuous increase of the population as well as the financial, administrative and technical deficiencies of the new supply system have lead to the deterioration of the water service in the city. In the meantime, the water demand has considerably increased due to the improvement of standards of living. This has resulted in an increasing pressure on underground water resources, which has lead to an alarming depletion of aquifers. From this overall situation arises the question of the use of complementary alternative sources of water in Ahmedabad and more particularly of the rehabilitation of the rainwater harvesting structures still existing in its old city area. The objective of the research is to evaluate to what extent this traditional system may constitute an additional source of water within the Old city of Ahmedabad and may locally reduce the pressure on water demand, assuming that the existing supply system does not fulfil the needs of the users. The results of an exploratory field study conducted in the Old city in 2001-02, which combined quantitative and qualitative aspects, give an outlook on people's opinions and behaviours regarding both systems. Finally, the rehabilitation of rainwater harvesting structures in the Old city of Ahmedabad suggests the necessity of empowering local structures of water management (households, non governmental association) in semi-arid urban areas to create the conditions for a sustainable implementation. ; La récupération de l'eau de pluie est une pratique ancienne dans les Etats du nord-ouest de l'Inde, tel que le Gujarat, et notamment dans les centres urbains anciens. A l'instar de nombreuses villes indiennes, l'augmentation de la population associée aux déficiences financières, administratives et techniques du réseau d'adduction existant ont conduit à une détérioration continue du service d'eau à Ahmedabad. De manière concomitante, la consommation d'eau a fortement augmenté suite à l'amélioration des conditions de vie. Cette situation a entrainé une surexploitation des sources d'eau souterraines et une diminution de leur niveau, soit une situation largement partagée dans les grandes villes indiennes. Dans ce contexte caractérisé par l'improbabilité d'une amélioration à court terme du service du réseau d'adduction, se pose la question de la complémentarité des sources d'approvisionnement à l'échelle globale de la ville, et à un niveau local, celle de la réhabilitation des citernes traditionnelles de récupération d'eau de pluie dans le centre ancien. En s'appuyant sur l'exemple d'Ahmedabad, la recherche a pour objet d'évaluer dans quelle mesure cette source d'eau pourrait constituer localement un apport complémentaire pour les usagers du service d'eau et diminuer globalement la pression sur la demande en eau. Les résultats d'une recherche exploratoire menée en 2001-02 auprès de ménages (60) dans la vieille ville, informe sur les pratiques de consommation d'eau par les deux systèmes d'approvisionnement et donne une indication sur l'opinion d'une réhabilitation du système complémentaire. Au-delà du cas spécifique étudié, une remise en état à une échelle plus large de ces dispositifs alternatifs suppose d'accompagner la montée en puissance des acteurs locaux de gestion de l'eau (ex. ménages, association locales).

A huge importer of food aid in the post-independence years, India has rapidly reached self-sufficiency in grain in the late sixties, thanks to a pro-active policy oriented towards grain production in the indo-gangetic plains. However facing the today's gigantic surpluses of grains, and the worrisome budget deficit of the central government and the Indian states, India ha come under pressure from various national and international institutions to shift state support from grain production to other productions. For the indo-gangetic plains, current grain basket of India, dairy is considered among the best alternatives. Grain producers of these regions are already the one contributing most, with producers form the North West (Gujarat, Maharastra), to the national dairy production and they are the ones with the better chances to respond to the increasing national demand for dairy products. The simulations developed in this study show that there is an important potential for crop livestock integration and that this integration can maintain agricultural incomes; partially compensate the likely reduction of subsidies and contribute to a better management of soil fertility. Whether national production will be able to respond to the demand in grain from both humans and animals, is a hot debate in India. On one hand, dairy production system is so extensive that production can be increased easily without much additional feeding of grain or concentrates but with cheaper sources of forages. On the other hand, the rapidly increasing poultry industry depends heavily upon maize, which is still a marginal production in India.