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Both Greece and Ireland have long suffered high youth unemployment rates and have been pressured to restructure their employment and social systems under the European Employment Strategy. Problems were aggravated by the harsh conditions imposed by the Troika following bail-outs. Yet there was significant divergence in youth employment outcomes between Greece and Ireland despite a convergence of policies. In Ireland, tighter conditionality of benefits and stronger 'activation' were already on the agenda of the social actors, so their implementation was not forcefully contested. In Greece, the lack of effective social protection made it difficult for successive governments to build support for flexibilization, and the escalating insecurity of young Greeks and their families gave rise to social unrest and political instability. This contrast leads to a reappraisal of the convergence–divergence debate.

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is a strategy of the organization that increasingly changes the outcome of their performances.This study intended to examine the economic outcome of the entrepreneurial orientation.It also tried to explain how government and the perceived environment impacts on the business organizations to successfully applying EO dimensions.The study found that applying EO in the business organizations less contributed to the economic growth of Malaysia comparing to other countries. The study also found that Malaysian government and private institution offered supportive programs to transfer the attitude and traits of the firms towards the application of the EO.The repayment of the loans is found to be an issue to government and private institutions to maintain their supports.The perceived environment, entrepreneurial knowledge and the attitude of entrepreneurs are key factor of the successful application of EO dimensions.

Sustained economic growth is a trance of all the developing and developed countries of the world. The need is not just a fetch of economic growth rather is a realization of a fact that the why some economies that receive heavy amount of foreign capital inflows in term of foreign direct investment (FDI) still find hard to capture the economic growth targets.This research captures for the state of the position of economic growth in terms of FDI and other internal factors in Pakistan. The study is based on the time series analysis covering the range of data from 1972 to 2014. Johansen Juselius technique of co-integration is employed for the precise statistical findings.Unit root test is computed in terms of Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF). Granger Causality test and Error Correction Model (ECM) is employed to test for the short-run and long-run relationships and causality between the variables selected in the equation of growth. The results of the study show that FDI and GDP possess positive association in short-run as well as in long-run. Unidirectional causality is also found on account of FDIand GDP. The study suggests that the government of Pakistan is to further pave off the ways that it already practices to attract FDI that is prerequisite for sovereign upcoming scenery of the country.

The key objective of the present paper is to highlight the consequence of education along with the importance of teacher in education and its overall influence on the national economic development Pakistan.It is crystal clear that the role of education and teachers has become more important in improving human capital and consequently has a positive impact on the national development and prosperity.The results of this study show that teachers in all level including primary school, middle school teacher and high school teacher play a positive and statistically significant role in promoting national economic development.Therefore, these findings have some important policy implications.The government of Pakistan at both the federal and provincial levels needs to formulate appropriate and education promoting oriented policy in order to encourage education and increase quality trained teachers in the country. Consequently, it will further help to promote overall economy performance and largely mitigate poverty and improve social welfare in the country.

In most societies, resources are distributed by individuals acting in markets and by governments through some form of collective decision-making process. Economic evaluation offers a set of tools to inform collective decisions by examining the resource requirements and outcomes of alternative policies. The 'societal perspective' has been advocated, but less consideration has been given to what this should include and its practical implementation. This paper presents a framework for economic evaluation of policies with costs and outcomes falling on different sectors (e.g. health, criminal justice, education) and involving different decision makers. It extends the 'impact inventory' developed by the Second Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine by considering all affected individuals and reflecting how outcomes attributed to an intervention can be compared with outcomes forgone as a result of resources not being available for other purposes. The framework sets out the series of assessments to be made, distinguishing points at which value judgements feed into the evaluation, and the implications of alternative judgements. These assessments reflect the institutional arrangements of public bodies, for example, their funding, the outcomes they consider important and their relative valuations of these outcomes. By avoiding the use of an abstract 'societal perspective', the contribution of the framework is to inform multiple decision makers with different objectives and provide practical guidance on overall societal impact.

Microfinance programme has been generally regarded as a development strategy that can enhance the economic performance of the poor.The government of Nigeria has made concerted efforts to alleviate poverty in the country. One of such efforts is Poverty alleviation through Microfinance loan but poverty still remains pervasive and widespread in the country especially in the rural communities. This study examines the role of microfinance vis-à-vis poverty reduction particularly in the South- West Zone of Nigeria.Data were collected through survey questionnaire in the study area.Descriptive Statistics together with Binary Logit Regression Model were employed to analyse the data collected. The result of the analyses revealed that microfinance loan made significant impact on the loan beneficiaries in the study area which lead to poverty reduction.The government is advised to provide more enabling environment to make Microfinance operations more effective in the country particularly in the rural areas. Microfinance Institutions are implored to create more awareness on their operations and make less stringent conditions for the loan accessibility.

The global drive towards decentralization has been increasingly justified on the basis that greater transfers of resources to subnational governments are expected to deliver greater efficiency in the provision of public goods and services and greater economic growth. This article examines whether this is the case, by analysing the relationship between decentralization and economic growth in 21 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries during the period between 1990 and 2005 and controlling not only for fiscal decentralization, but also for political and administrative decentralization. The results point towards a negative and significant association between fiscal decentralization and economic growth in the sample countries, a relationship which is robust to the inclusion of a series of control variables and to differences in expenditure preferences by subnational governments. The impact of political and administrative decentralization on economic growth is weaker and sensitive to the definition and measurement of political decentralization.

Relations between Malaysia and Nigeria is be dated back to 1960's when the then prime minister of Nigeria Abubakar Tafawa Balewa extended friendly relations with Malaysia Prime-Minster Tunku Abdurrahman since then both countries have enjoyed political and economic ties. Economic relations between both countries have flourished putting the total trade in 2016 at over $4 billion. Recently studies abound have shown raising China-Nigeria relations due to increase in global south partnership for trade and development. However, limited studies abound on the nature and benefit of economic relations between other Asian countries. The study hereby investigates the nature and volume of economic and trade relations between Malaysia and Nigeria with the purpose of asserting the economic relationship between both countries. The methodology used include secondary data sources from world trade integrate solution, an affiliate of World Bank and review of literature on foreign economic relations. The work is divided into the following aspect, starting with an overview of the Malaysia economy and its foreign economic relations and that of Nigeria, subsequently relations with both countries were examined. The study concludes that there has been a significant increase in trade relations between two countries and Malaysia has been on the benefiting side as it exports more to Nigeria and imports less, because of its industrialize nature especially in agriculture, capital goods, refined crude oil and machine and electrical appliance which it exports to Nigeria.

This paper investigates the effect of relationship between fiscal variables and economic growth in Asian economies using a generalized method of moments (GMM) method as a dynamic panel data analysis over the 1985-2001 periods. These data contain a number of time invariant and time varying variables, where the time varying variables are averaged over four year It examines two different channels through which fiscal policy can affect long run economic growth in Asia.The first channel is when components and aggregate government expenditure affects the real per capita GDP and the second channel is when the components and aggregate of other fiscal variables affects the real per capita GDP.The dynamic panel data result especially GMM-SYS establishes a long run relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth.We find positive and statistically significant impact of health and education expenditure, aggregate of government expenditure and aggregate of other fiscal variables on real per capita GDP.Furthermore, we find that the defence expenditure, distortionary taxation and budget balance are significantly and negatively related to real per capita GDP.

The aim of this study is to investigate empirically the role of Malaysian exports to TPP countries towards economic growth of Malaysia from 1997 to 2012.The results of this study confirm that Malaysian exports to TPP countries contribute in economic growth of Malaysia.Therefore, the result of this study is obtained through the empirical investigation of the model.Mainly, empirical investigation is based on FMOLS model but some preliminary tests are also performed.The results of unit root test presents that all Variables are non-stationary at level I(0) and become stationary after first difference I(1).In addition, results of Kao's panel cointegration shows that all the variables are cointegrated. Furthermore, Results of FMOLS confirms that out of all the variables included in the model, GDP, TRGDP and ER have significant effect on the exports. ECM panel unit root test were applied to confirm the stability of FMOLS. According to the unit root test of the residuals of FMOLS model, it can be confirmed that the long run results are not spurious.Results of Panel ECM show that out of all variables GDP and TRGDP are positively effect on exports.Finally, results of Granger Causality show that only CPI, GDP and TRGDP are cause exports in Malaysia.The government of Malaysia through understood the importance of exports with TPP member countries to boost economic growth.The latter not only contributes to economic growth through capital formation but also promotes trade activity by making financial resources available at lower cost; attracting foreign direct investment as well as facilitating development of advanced technology. Moreover, this study not only contribute to the exports and economic growth literature but also will guide the policy maker to chalk out right, effective and appropriate policy in order to improve exports between Malaysia and TPP countries.

Using linked employer-employee data for all China's public listed firms over the period 2001-10, we find top executive compensation exhibits many of the traits familiar in the Western literature, although sometimes in a more muted way, and with some clear exceptions. We also find a role for managerial power in executive pay setting which may reflect the recency of the stock market and regulations underpinning corporate governance. Nevertheless, there appear to be some elements of executive compensation which transcend national economic, political and cultural differences. The implication is that the Western model is not as idiosyncratic as critics suggest.

This paper focuses on the role of "institutions" in the fight against poverty and inequality. Our view of institutions encompasses formal rules designed by polity (including those in the legal and economics sphere such as rules of property rights, contracts and liabilities) as well as informal rules (usually labelled social capital) that have emerged over the history of one's civilisation. The inclusion of health, nutrition, and literacy indicators in defining well-being (or, non-income poverty à la capability approach of Amartya Sen) allows a rich discussion of policy interventions. While both orientations as to the concepts of poverty, inequality and institutions are expounded on a priori reasoning, empirical analysis with LAC data prove rewarding. Quality of institutions (measured by a composite variable called institutional capital, IC) turns out to be a key factor explaining well-being. Further where the level of income is also important to the explanation, the quantitative role of the institutional factor dominates that of the income variable. Within IC, political stability (or lack of violence) appeared to provide the more precise estimates in every case. Consequently we argue that the foremost policy interventions ought to be in the areas of building both adequate formal institutions, as well as creating an enabling environment for the informal institutions (such as social capital) to flourish and find their own roots. The principal focus of the policy debate must centre on the mutual interaction of market as well as non-market institutions in reducing poverty broadly speaking.

For more than 70 years, GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations. But as a measure, GDP is incomplete, as it does not encompass important factors such as well-being. In new research which applies over 40 indicators covering economics, investments and sustainability to 149 countries, Enrique Rueda-Sabater examines how countries perform in converting their GDP growth into improvements in well-being for their citizens. While some countries, such as Brazil, are very good at converting growth into well-being, others like the U.S., are less so. He writes that governments can take lessons from these results on how to devise inclusive long-term growth strategies.

While high growth firms (HGFs) are crucial drivers of economic growth, to date there has been a dearth of research examining their funding requirements. Drawing on a survey of over 8,000 UK Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs), this paper investigates the capital structure and access to credit in high growth SMEs in the period following the global financial crisis. The findings challenge conventional wisdom about high growth SMEs in certain respects. They find it no harder than non-high growth SMEs to access external finance. The vast majority of high growth SMEs rely strongly on debt-based finance for their funding, not equity finance. High growth SMEs are much less likely to seek finance for working capital purposes but are no more likely to seek finance to invest in R&D than less rapidly growing SMEs. The findings suggest little justification for government intervention aimed at increasing credit availability for HGFs as currently espoused by the UK government.

It is difficult to neglect the prominence of socio-economic factors that dampen the flow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to a country, inspite of either being developed or developing. This study, however, looked into such factors that affect FDI inflows towards Pakistan.This study gains appreciable position due to an attempt of looking into the theoretical perception, some of whom are tested while others are not, that explain such determinants of FDI.Exercising Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique of investigation on data ranging from 1974 to 2014 along with Error Correction Model (ECM) and bound test, some interesting facts, apart from conventional, though not in Pakistan or either quite rare, are found on the socioeconomic variables mix chosen in this research.It is suggested that the government is to look for specific policies to cater the problem of corruption that is found as a major hinge in the way of FDI inflows.