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Abstract
This paper investigates the poetry of Qu Xuanying, a literatus who remained in the city of Beiping (now Beijing) following its occupation by the Japanese in 1937. Through historical allusions in his poetry, Qu communicated with friends about the ethical dilemmas that he faced under occupation, and reflected upon the choices that literati in earlier eras had made when facing dynastic transitions and foreign conquest. Qu's 'esoteric writing' during the occupation contained a complex set of historical allusions which referenced various points in the Chinese past. Since Qu served in the collaborationist north China regime, he has often been perceived as a 'traitor' or a 'collaborator'. Through this in-depth analysis of his literary works, however, this paper seeks to reveal the special exegetical strategies adopted by literati such as Qu under occupation.

This paper investigates the poetry of Qu Xuanying, a literatus who remained in the city of Beiping (now Beijing) following its occupation by the Japanese in 1937. Through historical allusions in his poetry, Qu communicated with friends about the ethical dilemmas that he faced under occupation, and reflected upon the choices that literati in earlier eras had made when facing dynastic transitions and foreign conquest. Qu's 'esoteric writing' during the occupation contained a complex set of historical allusions which referenced various points in the Chinese past. Since Qu served in the collaborationist north China regime, he has often been perceived as a 'traitor' or a 'collaborator'. Through this in-depth analysis of his literary works, however, this paper seeks to reveal the special exegetical strategies adopted by literati such as Qu under occupation.

Historical references used by political representatives throughout time might reveal changes in the way policies are justified to society. For Spain, promoting Euro-Mediterranean relations within the framework of the Barcelona Process meant circumventing a certain traditional vision that saw Mediterranean policy as a legacy. Allusions to the past were often avoided, with preference to looking towards the future as a stimulus for regional cooperation. Nevertheless, Spanish foreign policy converged with the French and Italian outlook in grounding the European Union Mediterranean agenda on a shared historical discourse. However, the development of such discourse would not match the ultimate goal of enhancing regional cohesion, weakened the Barcelona Process itself, and undermined the European Union's legitimacy as international actor in the Mediterranean./n ; Las referencias históricas utilizadas por representantes políticos a lo largo del tiempo pueden mostrar los cambios en la manera de justificar políticas ante la sociedad. En el caso de España, el impulso de las relaciones euromediterráneas dentro del Proceso de Barcelona procuró sortear una cierta visión tradicional que ve la política mediterránea como un legado y las alusiones al pasado fueron a veces obviadas, prefiriéndose la mirada al futuro como acicate de la cooperación regional. Con todo, la política exterior española convergió con la francesa y la italiana en el asentar la agenda mediterránea de la Unión Europea sobre un discurso histórico compartido. Su desarrollo, sin embargo, no resultará coherente con el objetivo último de una mayor cohesión regional, debilitará el propio Proceso de Barcelona y minará la legitimidad de la Unión Europea como actor internacional en la zona.

The aim of this paper is to explore the benefits of a cognitive stylistic approach to the study of the stylistic pattern of allusion, and examine its essential features in creative instantiations. The empirical material for this research has been chosen from a self-composed corpus of actual cases of creative use of allusion in the media, drawn from analytical articles, political speeches in the House of Commons, debates in the EU, BBC news, and cartoons. The theoretical points are illustrated by case studies of the creative use of allusion in verbal and visual discourse, seeking an understanding of each specific case within a particular context. Semantic and stylistic analyses along with in-depth investigation of the empirical material allow me to draw conclusions about the creative use of allusion. Identifying allusion not only calls for insights into cognitive stylistics but also cognitive psychology, namely, understanding of the role of cognitive faculties of the mind: perception, recognition, comprehension, imagination, long-term memory and associative thinking, which are central to drawing inferences. Cognitive stylistic studies of the material reveal that allusion is not merely an implied reference to historical, mythological, cultural, social and political phenomena and events. First and foremost, allusion proves to be a stylistic pattern of both thought and language. Its creative use in discourse results in novel expression of thought.

Purpose: This study aims to shed the light on allusions to real lab rats in Dashner's trilogy: The Maze Runner (2009), The Scorch Trails (2010), and The Death Cure (2011). It also aims to trace the historical documents and chronicles essential to reveal the justifications behind the vague political and scientific crimes. Methodology: The researchers have used the literary analytical approach to study and analyze selected prominent aspects from each novel; such as the concept of lab rats and genocide crimes in The Maze Runner; references to weather experiments, the climate change conspiracy, gas chambers, and the Holocaust in The Scorch Trails; and finally, the man-made diseases and biological weapons in The Death Cure. Results: The outcomes confirm the necessity of knowing history whether bright or dark as a keyword to understand the present and predict the future. Also, Dashner has based The Maze Runners series on historical references as well as present-day vital scientific issues to predict a catastrophic future if a decision is not made. Young adult is chosen to lead the revolution against human abusing crimes and make a change. Applications: To develop a high understanding of young adult fiction, the researchers recommend those who are interested in literature with the necessity to apply this study to other post-apocalyptic, survival, adventure, science and dystopian series fictions, movies adaptations of related books, and related video games series that addressing young adults' mind in order to diagnose any dilemma . Novelty/Originality: Hence, this study makes a difference in the sense of exposing the genocide crimes committed by the name of science embedded in Dashner's The Maze Runners series by tracing the historical, social, political, and scientific justifications regarding the concept of human lab rats as one of the worst human abusing experiences still used by tyrant regimes till now in ethnic and sectarian purification.

The title of Carl Schmitt's Hamlet or Hecuba: The Intrusion of the Time into the Play enacts a complex collision between politics and aesthetics. The titular colon divides two oppositions from each other, thus producing a couple of couples. If the "either/or" of Hamlet or Hecuba mandates an absolute decision between opposed terms, a frame familiar to us from this theorist of the sovereign decision and the friend/enemy distinction, the logic of the "both/and" within The Intrusion of the Time into the Play insists upon the messy fact of lived historical interpenetration between the seemingly disjunctive spheres of politics and... [Excerpt provided by TELOS]. Adapted from the source document.

This paper studies the use of Diangu (典故) in Chinese poetry. Diangu (典故) refers to ancient events or stories quoted in poems and words with literary origins (Modern Chinese Dictionary 2012: 290). However, the Western allusion refers to an implicit reference, perhaps to another work of literature or art or to a person or an event; it is often a kind of appeal for a reader to share some experience with the writer; an allusion may enrich the work by association (q.v.) and give it depth (Cuddon 2013: 25). Thus, the concepts of "Diangu (典故)" and "allusion" do not correspond exactly, because the semantic range of the two words are not the same. In order to show the difference, we use the term "Classic Allusion" to refer the Chinese word "Diangu (典故)". From the cognitive linguistic perspective, Diangu (典故) in Chinese poetry is a category of metaphor (Ji Guangmao 1998 & Bai Minjun 2004 & Zhong Lingli 2009 & Li Pengfei 2010 & Zhang Guowei 2011). Its essence is to use the stories or events that have taken place in history to metaphorize events or people in the present. There are similarities or correlations between these historical events or stories and the events or people in present which form crossdomain projections, and form poetic metaphors based on conceptual blending mechanism, expressing the corresponding metaphorical meaning and emotions. The Diangu (典故) involve both the past (historical events or stories) and present (the present events or people). The "historical events or stories" and the "present events or people" have certain similarities or correlations; both of the mental spaces of the past and present share a same organizational framework. Accordingly, the conceptual blending network of Diangu (典故) belongs to mirror networks. Furthermore, using conceptual blending theory to analyze the internal structure of Diangu (典故) can make readers understand the nature of "Diangu (典故)" more clearly.

Can a proverb be quoted against itself? Since its introduction into the British "Brexit" debate in early 2016, the proverbial notion of "having one's cake and eat it" has had its meaning temporarily turned upside down from exposing the absurdity of wishing to consume and still retain the same goods or privileges, to serve as a reassuring promise (i.e., that in withdrawing from the EU, the UK could hold on to all or most of the membership benefits whilst shedding its obligations, which would equal 'having one's cake and eating it'). Using a corpus of 180+ British media texts containing varying applications of the proverb, this article charts its pragmatic development 2016-19 and discusses the conditions of its change from an ironical condemnation into a reassuring promise (and back). We identify a metaphorical scenario with strongly implicated evaluations as a necessary condition for the interpretability of the proverb's metarepresentations and analyse the emergence of competing scenario versions with reference to an iteration of ironical metarepresentations, which leads to a 'layering' of metarepresentations. In conclusion, we propose to include discourse-historical knowledge in the notion of metarepresentation.

Abstract
By investigating two literary allusions, chuzhi 蜍志 and lüdai 呂袋, found in poems from the Ming-Qing period, this article seeks to discover new ways to combine traditional philological techniques and digital research methodologies in the study of Chinese literature. The article illustrates several procedures through which scholars today can use digitized versions of large compendia such as the Peiwen yunfu 佩文韻府 (Thesaurus Arranged by Rhymes) to efficiently and rapidly find solutions to their questions regarding obscure historical or literary references. In addition, through a thorough study of one of the poems composed by Yiquan 宜泉, a close friend of Cao Xueqin 曹雪芹, and an individual called "Fourth Brother Li" that the poem was dedicated to, this article also shows the special power of electronic textual research to analyze the different ways social networks were formed and how they functioned during this era.

The work is devoted to the study of allusion in the presidential speeches of A. Lincoln. The subject of the study are the allusions used by the speaker during the presidency, the object - the language means of the embodiment of allusion: metaphors, comparisons, historical and cultural realities, anthroponyms, toponyms, mythologies, biblicalisms. To achieve the goal in the work, the concept of political discourse is revealed, and a cognitive-pragmatic analysis of allusion in the political speeches of Abraham Lincoln is carried out. ; Le travail traite des allusions à des discours présidentiels A. Lincoln. Le sujet de l'étude sont des allusions utilisées par le haut-parleur pendant la présidence, l'objet - Outils linguistiques allusions de réalisation: métaphores, comparaisons, réalités historiques et culturelles, anthroponymie, noms de lieux, mifologizm, biblicisms. Pour atteindre l'objectif dans le concept révélé du discours politique, ainsi que procédé à une analyse cognitivo-pragmatique des allusions aux discours politiques d'Abraham Lincoln. ; Работа посвящена исследованию аллюзии в президентских речах А. Линкольна. Предметом исследования являются аллюзии, использованные оратором за время президентства, объектом – языковые средства воплощения аллюзии: метафоры, сравнения, исторические и культурные реалии, антропонимы, топонимы, мифологизмы, библеизмы. Для достижения цели в работе раскрыто понятие политического дискурса, а также осуществлено когнитивно-прагматический анализ аллюзии в политических речах Авраама Линкольна. ; Робота присвячена дослідженню алюзії в президентських промовах А. Лінкольна. Предметом дослідження є алюзії, використані оратором за час президентства, об'єктом - мовні засоби втілення алюзії: метафори, порівняння, історичні та культурні реалії, антропонімів, топоніми, міфологізма, біблеїзми. Для досягнення мети в роботі розкрито поняття політичного дискурсу, а також здійснено когнітивно-прагматичний аналіз алюзії в політичних промовах Авраама Лінкольна.

The work is devoted to the study of allusion in the presidential speeches of A. Lincoln. The subject of the study are the allusions used by the speaker during the presidency, the object - the language means of the embodiment of allusion: metaphors, comparisons, historical and cultural realities, anthroponyms, toponyms, mythologies, biblicalisms. To achieve the goal in the work, the concept of political discourse is revealed, and a cognitive-pragmatic analysis of allusion in the political speeches of Abraham Lincoln is carried out. ; Le travail traite des allusions à des discours présidentiels A. Lincoln. Le sujet de l'étude sont des allusions utilisées par le haut-parleur pendant la présidence, l'objet - Outils linguistiques allusions de réalisation: métaphores, comparaisons, réalités historiques et culturelles, anthroponymie, noms de lieux, mifologizm, biblicisms. Pour atteindre l'objectif dans le concept révélé du discours politique, ainsi que procédé à une analyse cognitivo-pragmatique des allusions aux discours politiques d'Abraham Lincoln. ; Работа посвящена исследованию аллюзии в президентских речах А. Линкольна. Предметом исследования являются аллюзии, использованные оратором за время президентства, объектом – языковые средства воплощения аллюзии: метафоры, сравнения, исторические и культурные реалии, антропонимы, топонимы, мифологизмы, библеизмы. Для достижения цели в работе раскрыто понятие политического дискурса, а также осуществлено когнитивно-прагматический анализ аллюзии в политических речах Авраама Линкольна. ; Робота присвячена дослідженню алюзії в президентських промовах А. Лінкольна. Предметом дослідження є алюзії, використані оратором за час президентства, об'єктом - мовні засоби втілення алюзії: метафори, порівняння, історичні та культурні реалії, антропонімів, топоніми, міфологізма, біблеїзми. Для досягнення мети в роботі розкрито поняття політичного дискурсу, а також здійснено когнітивно-прагматичний аналіз алюзії в політичних промовах Авраама Лінкольна.

John F. Kennedy was a voracious reader and he put his reading to work in his speeches. His favorite quotation was from Dante: "The hottest places in Hell are reserved for those who in times of moral crisis preserve their neutrality." Throughout his career, he cited Dante more than 25 times. This essay traces Kennedy's deployment of two Dante quotations and analyzes their sources and the rhetoric surrounding them. Kennedy employed famous authors like Dante in a campaign of persuasion. Kennedy's allusions to Dante attest to his belief that poetry and politics could enhance one another.

In this paper we will start from the basic hypothesis that Lycurgus' selection of historical allusions in his oratory represents, above all, a reflection of his patriotic feelings and true moral beliefs. Lycurgus' speeches are primarily in the service of the endangered polis and his high ethical principles. Thus, a large number of his accusations are based on his moral views of the current social and political situation rather than on any precise or legal argumentation. Therefore, our main intention is to examine to what extent Lycurgus' digressions to the past history of Athens were a powerful weapon of persuasion in his oratory, especially in his speech Against Leocrates. ; У раду полазимо од основне хипотезе да је Ликургов одабир одломака из славне атинске прошлости, пре свега, одраз његовог патриотског заноса и истинских моралних убеђења. Ликургова беседничка делатност је у потпуности у служби угроженог полиса, односно највиших етичких начела и патриотских осећања, у којој се највећи део његових судских тужби више темељи на истицању моралних начела, а мање на некој прецизној и на темељу закона формираној аргументацији. Имајући у виду да је Ликургова реторика имала превасходно етички и дидактички карактер, његова дела су више била интересантна за потоње књижевне критичаре и лексикографе, као вредни документи и сведочења о тадашњим приликама у политичком и јавном животу Атине. Основни циљ Ликургових беседа је првенствено био да оне образују дух атинског грађанина и упуте га на моралне вредности, па тек онда да му пруже сведочанство о суптилности и рафинираности језика и стила тадашњих атинских ретора. Као предложак за наше истраживање узели смо, пре свега, једину сачувану Ликургову беседу Против Леократа. На основу историјских примера на које наилазимо у овом делу, а које се првенствено односе на историјску прошлост атинског народа, истражићемо неке од методских приступа у одабиру поменутих одломака и њиховог дејства на судски аудиторијум.

Discusses a number of historically informed insights that might bridge the gap between Anglo-American scholarly discourse on Central Europe & the public's self-confessed ignorance about this region. These insights include (1) the East is different from the West for specific historical reasons; (2) ethnic cleansing has a long history; (3) the Hapsburg-Ottoman frontier is still in existence; (4) multiethnicity is less a problem in the region than a solution; (5) the nation-state is less a solution than a problem; (6) the treaties signed at the end of WWI still cause problems in the region; (7) the creation of nation-states in the region produced dire consequences for the Jews; (8) the US has always deferred to its allies in the region; (9) war crimes trials against Serb criminals are important to maintain a sense of justice in the region; & (10) at the end of the 20th century, the West has another opportunity to play a positive role in the future of the region. Success in the region will be contingent on how well Western leaders have learned these lessons & are able to educate their publics about them. D. Ryfe