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International audience ; Since the landing in South Africa of Europeans in 1652, the country has based the relationship of the different groups that live on its soil on the notion of "race". It is in 1685 that the Dutch East India Company forbade mixed marriages in its station in the Cape. All along their history, miscegenation has been a worry for White people in South African, whether they be Dutch or British settlers. It has thus induced the different White governments to segregate the various groups under its authority, Africans, Coloureds or "Asians". This article aims at examining the mechanisms that led to the discrimination policies that have anticipated the Apartheid regime. The objective will be both to understand le political and economic issues at stake, but also the ideological one which led the leaders of a minority group, the Whites, to try to define the notion of "race" in order to justify their project. ; Depuis l'arrivée des Blancs en 1652, l'Afrique du Sud a été un pays où la notion de « race » a été prépondérante pour définir les relations entre les divers groupes qui la composent. C'est en 1685 que la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales a interdit les mariages mixtes au Cap de Bonne Espérance. Tout au long de son histoire, cette inquiétude a renforcé la volonté des divers gouvernements, qu'ils soient néerlandophones ou anglophones, de ségréger les composantes africaines, métis ou asiatiques de cette société coloniale. Cet article se propose d'examiner les mécanismes qui ont conduit à l'élaboration d'une politique discriminatoire dans les années qui ont précédé la mise en place de l'apartheid. Il s'agira de comprendre les enjeux politiques et économiques, mais également idéologiques, qui ont conduit les dirigeants d'un groupe minoritaire, les Blancs, à essayer de définir la notion de « race » afin de justifier son projet.

International audience ; Since the landing in South Africa of Europeans in 1652, the country has based the relationship of the different groups that live on its soil on the notion of "race". It is in 1685 that the Dutch East India Company forbade mixed marriages in its station in the Cape. All along their history, miscegenation has been a worry for White people in South African, whether they be Dutch or British settlers. It has thus induced the different White governments to segregate the various groups under its authority, Africans, Coloureds or "Asians". This article aims at examining the mechanisms that led to the discrimination policies that have anticipated the Apartheid regime. The objective will be both to understand le political and economic issues at stake, but also the ideological one which led the leaders of a minority group, the Whites, to try to define the notion of "race" in order to justify their project. ; Depuis l'arrivée des Blancs en 1652, l'Afrique du Sud a été un pays où la notion de « race » a été prépondérante pour définir les relations entre les divers groupes qui la composent. C'est en 1685 que la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales a interdit les mariages mixtes au Cap de Bonne Espérance. Tout au long de son histoire, cette inquiétude a renforcé la volonté des divers gouvernements, qu'ils soient néerlandophones ou anglophones, de ségréger les composantes africaines, métis ou asiatiques de cette société coloniale. Cet article se propose d'examiner les mécanismes qui ont conduit à l'élaboration d'une politique discriminatoire dans les années qui ont précédé la mise en place de l'apartheid. Il s'agira de comprendre les enjeux politiques et économiques, mais également idéologiques, qui ont conduit les dirigeants d'un groupe minoritaire, les Blancs, à essayer de définir la notion de « race » afin de justifier son projet.

Résumé Cet article étudie l'impact de la crise financière globale en Afrique du Sud, et en particulier comment un système fédéral très centralisé a intégré la crise et lui a répondu. Les auteurs soutiennent que la crise globale et la récession qui a suivi ont exacerbé des problèmes structurels économiques de longue date, et que la réponse de l'État à la crise a une fois de plus souligné la nature fortement centralisée de l'organisation financière du pays. Une section de l'article explore l'impact de la crise financière sur l'économie et sur les trois niveaux de gouvernement. Une autre section étudie comment chaque niveau a répondu à la crise. Une dernière section évalue l'impact de ces réponses sur l'économie politique du pays et le fonctionnement du système fédéral, en concluant par une hypothèse sur les conséquences à long terme de la crise globale.

This study has been carried out in one irrigation scheme of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The study assessed the economic performance of a smallholder irrigation scheme (Zanyokwe Irrigation Scheme). The study took place in a former homeland area (Ciskei). This region is submitted to a semi-arid and relatively mild climate. The infrastructures were built during the apartheid era, in order to provide employment and food to the local black population. Currently, the farmers crop from 1 to 10 hectares, producing vegetables and maize with low productivity. The government has engaged in a revitalization process, aimed at upgrading infrastructures and establishing new local organisations. Its objectives are to curtail the financial burden of operation and maintenance costs and withdraw from any direct farming activities and management of the schemes. The process includes the rehabilitation of infrastructure and establishment of Water User's Associations, which are to take over ownership and collective management of the scheme. In such context the aims of the research were: (i) To evaluate the diversity of livelihoods and the contribution of farming; (ii) To estimate productivity of land and water; (iii) To identify factors influencing production at farm level; (iv) To examine the role of land tenure onto productivity.

Since the 1980s, participatory processes have proliferated all over the world, without having enabled for a democratization of political systems. While the adoption of such processes is often thought has an imperative, in particular for developing countries and in the environmental field, this thesis seeks to explain the construction of environmental participation in South Africa, using an approach aiming at identifying the actors involved, analyzing their motivations and the way in which they influence it. Our analytical framework offers to study the behavior of groups of actors through four dimensions: the competition between political actors; the weight of administrative structures; the profile of professionalized service providers; the struggles of social actors. Our study relies on semi-structured interviews, meetings' observations, grey literature and the collect of records. At the end of our thesis, we notice little interest from political actors for environmental participatory processes in South Africa. This causes a lack of incentive for administrative structures to take the public voice into account, usually leading to a low-cost organization by consultants, which does only allow for a monitory of the South African population to express itself. Civil servants who do not have the support of administrative structures with which they should collaborate try nonetheless to circumvent them by seeking public support so that they can implement their mandate for environmental preservation. In order to make their way into the South African participation market dominated by environmental consultants, independent consultants also choose to specialize themselves into the public participation field and to favor the organization of participatory processes adapted to the local context. ; Depuis les années 1980, les dispositifs participatifs se sont multipliés de par le monde, sans pour autant qu'ils n'aient permis de démocratiser la vie politique. Alors que l'adoption de tels dispositifs est souvent pensée comme un ...

Since the 1980s, participatory processes have proliferated all over the world, without having enabled for a democratization of political systems. While the adoption of such processes is often thought has an imperative, in particular for developing countries and in the environmental field, this thesis seeks to explain the construction of environmental participation in South Africa, using an approach aiming at identifying the actors involved, analyzing their motivations and the way in which they influence it. Our analytical framework offers to study the behavior of groups of actors through four dimensions: the competition between political actors; the weight of administrative structures; the profile of professionalized service providers; the struggles of social actors. Our study relies on semi-structured interviews, meetings' observations, grey literature and the collect of records. At the end of our thesis, we notice little interest from political actors for environmental participatory processes in South Africa. This causes a lack of incentive for administrative structures to take the public voice into account, usually leading to a low-cost organization by consultants, which does only allow for a monitory of the South African population to express itself. Civil servants who do not have the support of administrative structures with which they should collaborate try nonetheless to circumvent them by seeking public support so that they can implement their mandate for environmental preservation. In order to make their way into the South African participation market dominated by environmental consultants, independent consultants also choose to specialize themselves into the public participation field and to favor the organization of participatory processes adapted to the local context. ; Depuis les années 1980, les dispositifs participatifs se sont multipliés de par le monde, sans pour autant qu'ils n'aient permis de démocratiser la vie politique. Alors que l'adoption de tels dispositifs est souvent pensée comme un ...