On November, 4th 2020, the Tigrayan Area became one of the deadly conflict hotspots in the midst of the global pandemic Covid-19. The conflicts are rooted since the Ethiopian People's Democratic Front (EPRDF) becoming the governing party 30 years ago that reigned by corrupt, dirty, discriminate governance. EPRDF was in coalition with four parties: Amhara Democratic Party (ADP); The Oromo Democratic Party (ODP); Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Party Movement (SEPDPM); and Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF). Among the four parties, only the TPLF has been promoted and acquired privileges by the EPRDF. These privileges provide TPLF an influence, an important political position, and a military sector, which creates other parties feel excluded. Political friction, sexual violence, and even the issue of ethnic cleansing of Tigrayans underlie the crisis. Since Abiy Ahmed from ODP become a new PM of Ethiopia, it is strongly indicated that his position indirectly supports reprisal against TPLF. The involvement of Eritrea in this conflict, expanding the spectrum of crisis. Deadlock on the solution and the unilateral claims of the Abiy's successful (offensive) settlement against TPLF, agonizing the situation of the Tigrayan people. Therefore, in this essay, the author will explain how the characteristics of the current conflict situation, the ripeness of conflict, methods of resolution of mediation, and possible solution to construct a stable situation in the Tigray Conflict. Key Words: Abiy, Afrika, Amhara, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Oromo, Tigray, TPLF
ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilakukan di Hutan Jaya Lestari koperasi di Kabupaten Konawe Selatan di lihat sukses untuk memotivasi masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi dalam develoment masyarakat hutan. Ini berhasil ditunjukkan dengan tingginya minat masyarakat untuk mengasosiasikan dengan KHJL. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi bentuk bangunan masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh Koperasi Hutan Jaya Lestari kepada masyarakat, untuk memahami tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengembangan hutan rakyat, dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan, pendapatan, motivasi, kepemimpinan, dan bimbingan, menuju Tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengembangan hutan rakyat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kombinasi kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan survei menggunakan kuesioner, wawancara intensif, observating, dan membuat dokumentasi. Keputusan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik proporsional random sampling, dengan 113 jumlah rumah tangga sampel. Analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik penilaian, dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara variabel dengan menggunakan Pearson Product Moment uji korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa program pembangunan masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh Koperasi Hutan Jaya Lestari yang menganugerahkan bantuan benih sebagai stimulus, konseling, pelatihan, pemantauan lokasi hutan kemasyarakatan, dan membantu para petani untuk berhubungan dengan benih penyedia dan instansi pemerintah. Tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengembangan hutan rakyat pada tahap perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan pemeliharaan diklasifikasikan menengah. Pendidikan dan pendapatan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengembangan hutan rakyat, sedangkan motivasi, kepemimpinan, dan konstruksi menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan. Yang paling berpengaruh faktor untuk tingkat partisipasi masyarakat adalah motivasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, penulis menyarankan bahwa pemerintah daerah Konawe Selatan melakukan pembangunan masyarakat dan memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat untuk berpartisipasi untuk pembangunan hutan. ABSTRACT This research was conducted at Hutan Jaya Lestari cooperative in South Konawe regency viewed succesful to motivate the society to participated in develoment of forest community. This succeed is shown with the high interest of the society to associate with KHJL. The research aims to evaluate the forms of community building done by Hutan Jaya Lestari Cooperative to society, to understand the society's participation level in development of community forest, and to know the effect of education, income, motivation, leadership, and guidance, toward the society's participation level in development of community forest.The method used in this study is the combination of quantitative and qualitative. The data were collected with survey using a questionnaire, interviewing intensively , observating, and making documentation. The samples decision was done by proportional random sampling technique, with 113 number of sample households. The analysis of data was conducted with scoring techniques, and to know the influence between variables by using Pearson Product Moment correlation test. The result of research shows that the community building program done by Hutan Jaya Lestari Cooperative are bestowing of seed aid as a stimulus, counseling, training, monitoring the location of community forest, and helping the farmers to relate to seed providers and government institution. The level of society's participation in development of community forest at the stage of planning, implementation, and maintenance classified medium. Education and income do not influence significantly to the level of society's participation in development of community forest, whereas the motivation, leadership, and construction indicate significant influence. The most influence factor to the level of society's participation is motivation. Based on the result of the research, the authors suggested that the regional government of South Konawe conduct community building and provide opportunities to communities for participate to forest development.
Background: Surabaya is one of the pioneers of the enactment of Smoke Free Area regulation. Regulations about Smoke Free Area ( SFA) and Smoke- Restricted Area (SRA) have validated at 2008 but started to be implemented in 2009. The aim of this study is to describe compliance of the implementation of that regulations from 2012until2014. Methods: This was a descriptive study with time series method. It saw how the implementation regulation based on the two surveys have done. The first survey conducted in 2012 with a sample size of 154 and the second survey conducted in 2014 by the number 300. The Survey samples were Categorized as Smoke Restricted Areas is a public place and Smoking Free Areas is health facilities. Cluster random sampling was used based on different areas of Surabaya (East, West, Center, North, and South). Data collection was done by an observation check list. The variable Consist of people are still found to be smoking inside the building, there are smoking room, Ashtray, cigarettes butts and cigarette sellers were found in the Smoke - Free Area. Results: The study founded that some indicators had improved in terms of the implementation of compliance regulations. But they also found an increase in violations in several indicators. Improved Implementation obtained on the indicators found room smoking increased (5.8% to 24%), showed signs ofbanned smoking (31.2% to 53%). Increasing the number of violations found in some indicator consist of founded people smoke (2 5.3 % to 41.3 % ), There was a smell of cigarette smoke (25.3% to 34.3%), found ashtrays and lighters (27.3% to 53.3 %), found cigarette butts (29.2% to 59%), there were indications of cooperation with the tobacco industry (22.1 % to 44.7%). Conclusions: The duration of the implementation of the regulations do not affect the compliance of the implementation of the regulation. The need for reinforcement in order to strengthen the implementation of regulations SFA in Surabaya.
The Bali Sejahtera Community-Based Development Program (CBD) is not the only program designed to respond to challenges, bringing Balinese families as part of an Indonesian family to live in prosperity. From the data collected by the Central Bureau of Statistics, the poverty rate in Bali has increased every year. To overcome the problem of poverty, the government has made various efforts by issuing development policies and programs by the central and regional governments. The condition of poverty is still a concern in Bali, inspiring the outside world, especially the World Bank to participate in overcoming it. Therefore, to implement a policy that has been designed by the Provincial Government of Bali, the Provincial Government of Bali in collaboration with the World Bank launched the Bali Sejahtera Community Development Program which began in 2001. Community Based Development uses a community-based or bottom up development program placing the community object program as the manager and main actor of the program in the sense that the community is given a full role to determine its own interests or needs in accordance with their potential. This program is managed through traditional institutions in Bali through Pakraman village. Badung as one of the regencies in Bali is the target of the CBD-Bali Sejahtera program with the number of Pakraman villages spread across 6 sub-districts in Abiansemal, Mengwi, South Kuta, Kuta, North Kuta and Petang, with a number of poor families as 5,680 households out of the total number 43,497 households. The selection of 49 Pakraman villages in Badung Regency was the object of research with the reason that, seeing from the development of the poverty line in Badung Regency that there was still a percentage of poverty that could be categorized as far from the expectation, Badung Regency was the Regency / City in Bali that had the Highest Original Income compared to other districts / cities in Bali. The analytical method used is qualitative.
Efforts to empower the poor communities in urban areas are still very urgent at this time. Although the number of poor communities in urban areas is decreasing, the rate is not significant. Empowerment needs to place poor urban as the main actors and the government as facilitators and motivators. This research aims to provide a scientific description of the causes of poverty and the empowerment model for the poor urban in Makassar city, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The research method used is qualitative with a narrative strategy. The research participantss were as many as five low-income households in an urban area. The data collection technique used in-depth interviews with participants. Field observations were also made related to participants' social life and literature studies to strengthen the interview and observation data. Data analysis takes three ways: data reduction, data display, and verification/conclusion drawing. The result showed three factors that cause urban poverty: natural, cultural, and structural. The empowerment model was implemented by understanding the problems encountered, developing problem-solving strategies, understanding the importance of making planned changes, and strengthening the urban poor's capacity. ; Upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat miskin di perkotaan masih sangat mendesak saat ini. Meski jumlah masyarakat miskin di perkotaan menurun, angka tersebut tidak signifikan. Pemberdayaan perlu menempatkan masyarakat miskin perkotaan sebagai aktor utama dan pemerintah sebagai fasilitator dan motivator. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran ilmiah tentang penyebab kemiskinan dan model pemberdayaan masyarakat miskin perkotaan di kota Makassar, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan strategi naratif. Partisipan penelitian adalah sebanyak lima rumah tangga berpenghasilan rendah di wilayah perkotaan. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara mendalam dengan partisipan. Pengamatan lapangan juga dilakukan terkait kehidupan sosial partisipan dan studi literatur untuk memperkuat data wawancara dan observasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan tiga cara yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi / penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tiga faktor penyebab kemiskinan perkotaan: alamiah, budaya, dan struktural. Model pemberdayaan dilaksanakan dengan memahami permasalahan yang dihadapi, menyusun strategi pemecahan masalah, memahami pentingnya melakukan perubahan yang terencana, dan memperkuat kapasitas masyarakat miskin perkotaan.
