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This document summarises the outcome of a regional training workshop, "Interactive and dynamic approaches on forest and land use planning in Southern Africa". It was organised in December 2001 by the government of Botswana in cooperation with organisations in Zimbabwe and South Africa and with Swedish financial and technical support. The workshop aimed at exposing the participants to new cross sector approaches on strategic forest and land use planning, including the Area Production Model (APM) and concept, and to provide a platform for possible future development work in this field. It concerned such issues as the role of planning in relation to policies and local development, information and data needs in planning, the use of scenario modelling in land use planning, how to narrow the gap between "planning from above" and "planning from below", and the roles and interaction of different stakeholders in the planning process. The workshop had been proposed by the participating countries following an international training programme on policy and strategy development in Sweden. The 18 participants from three countries included central and local government staff concerned with forest and land use planning at the national and sub-national level, researchers and NGOs. The workshop consisted of two weeks of lectures, seminars and field based case studies and a concluding seminar, in which the participants presented their experiences and conclusions about the APM concept to a broader group of decision makers. Some of the main conclusions drawn by the participants were that the APM was a useful tool for promoting dynamic and multi-sector planning. At the same time the Model has a number of technical shortcomings that needs to be addressed. Those shortcomings were identified and discussed throughout the workshop. The need to keep the model simple and transparent was acknowledged. It was proposed that "homes" should be identified for the model in each country. Those homes should build up and maintain capacity to develop and adapt the model to the local conditions and priorities. INTRODUCTION. The workshop "Interactive and dynamic approaches on forest and land-use planning in Southern Africa" was arranged in Botswana in December 2001. It aimed at exposing the participants to new cross sector approaches on strategic forest and land use planning, including the Area Production Model (APM), and to provide a platform for possible future development work in this field. The workshop was the concluding step of a process that had been running for several years. It provides important lessons on approaches to cross-sectoral land use planning in Southern Africa. The process started in 1998, when there were several participants from Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe in an annual international course "Development of National Forest Policies and Strategies", organised by the Swedish National Board of Forestry and funded by Sida. Those participants strongly suggested that the Area Production Model, (APM), which had been demonstrated during the course, might be highly relevant in Southern Africa. As a response, the Country Capacity Building (CCB) project (a Sida funded project aiming at forest policy issues), set up a training programme in discussions with the three countries. As a first step, key personnel from the forest authorities in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe, underwent a post­ graduate course at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) in Umea, Sweden. The course took place in March 2000 and was focused on the ideas and applications of the APM. In a second step, a workshop designated for a wider audience, including governmental as well as non­ governmental organisations, was planned for mid 2000. The workshop was originally intended to be a two-phase arrangement. The first phase to be arranged in Zimbabwe, focusing on model theory with only limited field work, and a second phase, were the participants would split up and work a realistic case in a designated study area in each of the three countries involved. Unfortunately, the political situation in Zimbabwe during spring 2000 made it necessary to postpone the workshop. About a year later, in spring 2001, it was agreed among the interested countries to move it to another country in the Region, after the Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana, had generously accepted to host the workshop. The two-phase design of the workshop was by now reduced to a single event, with the joint study-area around Serowe in the eastern part of Botswana. The APM is a simulation model developed by Professor Nils-Erik Nilsson in co-operation with FAO. The Model, including an application concept, has been further developed by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Forest Resource Management and Geomatics. The Swedish team of resource persons in the Botswana workshop have all been instrumental in the previous development work of the Model. The APM has been field tested on numerous occasions in South and Southeast Asia. This workshop, however, is the first occasion the model is used in Southern Africa. In spite of the simplicity and flexibility that characterises the model, the new setting was considered a major challenge when planning the workshop. The workshop results have given new and partly unexpected results in terms of both usefulness and applicability of the model. The Country Capacity Building project focuses on forest policy development. In modem terminology, nfp (national forest programmes) is a highly relevant term. Key strategies include support to demand driven processes, investment in human knowledge and, not least, a belief that personal commitment is as important for success as political commitments. On behalf of the organisers, I would like to thank the Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana, and the key­ persons from Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Without their commitment and enthusiasm, the positive outcome of the workshop would not have been possible.

In the face of climate change, the urgent need for sustainable food systems has brought agroforestry under the spotlight in the Global North, for its provision of ecosystem services. Despite being less known in the Danish and Swedish context, the traditional practice of managing livestock in the semi-natural pastures, similar to the cut-and-carry systems in the tropics, is undeniably a form of agroforestry system. With an agroecological perspective, the study adopted a quantitative statistical analysis, and identified the perceptions of farmers in Denmark and southern Sweden towards temperate agroforestry systems via an online survey. Moreover, the study conducted a qualitative document analysis on grey literatures to review national policies related to agroforestry under the framework of the European Union Common Agricultural Policies (CAP). The connection of motivating and discouraging factors to adopt agroforestry pointed out by the farmers were examined along with the current policies. Farmers' behaviour and attitude were further analyzed by conducting logistic regression modelling to distinguish the tendencies within Danish and Swedish farmers. The results revealed that 'animal health and welfare', 'landscape aesthetics', 'soil erosion', 'microclimate moderation', 'pollination', and 'carbon fixation' were perceived as positive factors by farmers from both Denmark and southern Sweden; while 'administrative burden' and 'regulation' were regarded as hurdles to include trees and bushes on farmlands. The study further identified the practice of organic operations and high diversity of livestock to be common indicators observed amongst farmers' positive attitude towards agroforestry, regardless of the discrepancy between attitude and behaviour amongst Danish farmers. At the policy level, Denmark offered many agroforestry-related financial support schemes, while the similar schemes in Sweden were generally more restricted in practice and options, except for the diverse and detailed schemes for semi-natural pastures. It was thus concluded that the silvopastoral systems had a great potential amongst Danish and Swedish farmers if the density restriction was withdrawn. To establish more agroforestry systems, 'pollination' and 'carbon sequestration' could also be further promoted in both regions, while 'soil conservation' and 'microclimate moderation' should be included in the Swedish financial support schemes. Other suggestions followed the two streams to increase landscape heterogeneity and to have more pollinators, fruits and berries. An interdisciplinary collaboration between agriculture and forestry policy makers, and farmers' participation in the policy-making process were further recommended.

We propose a long-term breeding program for Norway spruce and Scots pine in southern Sweden based on a model. presented in a parallel paper. For the establishment of the long-term breeding population we propose three founder populations for Norway spruce. one of Swedish origin. the others from the Carpathian mountain range and White Russia respectively. Only one founder population. Swedish. is proposed for Scots pine but we suggest further exploration of foreign sources. For all founder populations we should like two parallel schemes. One should be based on sub populations consisting of 30 to 40 parents each. the other based on selfed lines. In the first alternative. problems with inbreeding depression are avoided: in the second. we intend to purge detrimental genes by inbreeding. The subpopulations will cover southern Sweden. that is. from the south up to 62o latitude It is suggested that the Institute of Forest Tree Improvement takes care of the long-term breeding populations. We consider the long-term breeding effort to be an important means of managing the country's biological resources. and therefore consider it proper for the government to fund the program.

The unrest incident in Deep South of Thailand has plays an important problem issue in Thailand. There are many efforts to solve the problems in various ways. The special local administration in this area was presented in several forms. This study therefore aims to examine the existed local administrations and the special local models, which were proposed to help solving the conflict problem. The "Citizens Jury", which is a process of deliberative democracy, was applied to support a participatory process. The process to bring about the deliberative democracy in this research has comprised of two phases. The first phase is to design the whole processes under the supervision of the advisory committee, organized from experts who has significant roles from various sectors of the southernmost provinces. Then, the researchers randomly select jurors or representatives from the civil society organizations to deliberate the forms of local government. The second phase involved hearings and discussions of the jurors. The jury board listened and asked questions about the various local administration models from witnesses, who were experts in his/her own model. Later, the free debates and discusses had led to conclusions about the appropriate form of the local government in this conflict area. The interesting finding obtained from the recommendations of the citizens jury about the suitable form of the local government is a proposal to dissolve all regional administration except for the military, finance and foreign affairs. The rest remains only the local government. Moreover, the governor should be elected by the local people. The candidates are to be scanned by the committees, who are representing all sectors before the elections. This administration will be held in two levels: namely overall level and provincial level. The overall level is covering three provinces, Pattani Yala Narathiwat and 4 districts of Songkla. There is elected Meta-Governor. Additionally, there are still 4 provincial governors for the provincial level, in term of Pattani Yala Narathiwat including a new province, a collection of 4 districts of Songkla. ; เหตุการณ์ความไม่สงบในจังหวัดชายแดนภาคใต้เป็นปัญหาสำคัญหนึ่งของไทย มีความพยายามจากทุกภาคส่วนในการร่วมกันแก้ปัญหาในหลายวิธี รวมถึงการนำเสนอการปกครองท้องถิ่นแบบพิเศษในหลากหลายรูปแบบ การศึกษานี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อนำรูปแบบการวิจัยที่มีชื่อว่า คณะลูกขุนพลเมือง หรือ Citizens Jury ซึ่งได้รับการพัฒนาขึ้นโดย Jefferson Center สหรัฐอเมริกา มาทดสอบกับภาคประชาสังคมและประชาชนทั่วไป กระบวนการนี้แบ่งเป็น 2 ระยะ ระยะที่หนึ่ง เป็นการออกแบบกระบวนการทั้งหมดภายใต้คำแนะนำของคณะกรรมการที่ปรึกษา ซึ่งคัดสรรจากผู้มีบทบาทสำคัญจากภาคส่วนต่าง ๆ ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับพื้นที่จังหวัดชายแดนภาคใต้ และสุ่มคัดเลือกคณะลูกขุนพลเมืองหรือตัวแทนภาคประชาชนที่จะพิจารณาตัวแบบการปกครอง ระยะที่สอง เป็นกระบวนการรับฟังและปรึกษาหารือ โดยคณะลูกขุนพลเมืองรับฟังและซักถามข้อมูลเกี่ยวกับการปกครองรูปแบบต่าง ๆ จากพยาน ก่อนจะอภิปรายอย่างอิสระกระทั่งหารือร่วมกันสู่ข้อสรุปเกี่ยวกับรูปแบบการปกครองที่เหมาะสมกับพื้นที่จังหวัดชายแดนภาคใต้ ผลการศึกษาพบว่า ข้อเสนอแนะของคณะลูกขุนพลเมืองที่มีต่อรูปแบบการปกครองที่เหมาะสม จากแถลงการณ์ของคณะลูกขุน มีข้อเสนอที่สำคัญ คือ ให้ยุบการปกครองส่วนภูมิภาค ยกเว้นด้านการทหาร การต่างประเทศ การเงิน และคงเหลือไว้เพียงการปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น โดยให้ข้าราชการส่วนภูมิภาคมาขึ้นกับส่วนท้องถิ่นแทน ส่วนผู้บริหารการปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่นให้มาจากการเลือกตั้งของประชาชน โดยผ่านการคัดกรองจากคณะกรรมการที่เป็นตัวแทนทุกภาคส่วนก่อนที่จะลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้ง ซึ่งจะจัดขึ้นใน 2 ระดับ คือ ระดับมณฑล 1 คน เป็นผู้ว่าการมณฑล ครอบคลุมพื้นที่ 3 จังหวัด 4 อำเภอ และระดับจังหวัด 4 คน เป็นผู้ว่าจังหวัดละ 1 คน ส่วนอีก 4 อำเภอให้ยกฐานะเป็นจังหวัด

The government of the South Kalimantan Province moved the provincial capital from Banjarmasin to Banjarbaru at the end of 2011. However, there has not been a clear decision as to what the government's old building will be used for. One thing is clear, the utilization has to be optimized by considering the local government regulations. The aim of the research is to examine the highest and the best alternatives of utilization that can be adopted for such an asset. Non-probability sampling method was used in the research to find the alternatives. The alternatives were analyzed by using the highest and the best use analysis as the relevance test instrument for each of them. After analyzing the alternatives, the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) analysis was conducted to analyze the alternatives prior to determining their feasibility. Legal analysis, physical analysis, financial analysis, and the maximum productivity analysis were the stages conducted on the research based on highest and best use analysis. Based on the result of the research, the alternative which is feasible to do is that the building is used for other governmental or public purposes. Through the analysis, the alternative meets the criteria of the analysis as mentioned before with NPV Rp. 747,439,143 and BCR 1.024. Furthermore, according to 42.5 percent of the respondents, the building is best used for UPT offices and other institutions.

Lithuania and Southern Sweden share similar natural conditions, but differ considerably in forest policies and management; thereby providing an opportune basis for comparative studies. Since the 1990s, Sweden has attempted to reduce the negative impact of its forest management on biodiversity, after decades of intensive production forestry. In contrast, Lithuania has been intensifying forestry practices associated with the post-soviet socio-economic transition. Here we assess the actual outcomes by comparing selected forest structure and composition variables known to be indicators for forest biodiversity; and estimate the prospective trends by scrutinising current forest policies and management. Our results indicate that Lithuanian forests consistently possessed higher rankings in six indices related to tree species composition, stand age, and deadwood quantities that are positively associated with forest biodiversity. The reverse is indicated by those data on stand age and tree diameter that are associated with centennial dynamics in forest utilisation intensity. With respect to policy instruments, Lithuania designates a substantially greater share of forest area to non-timber functions and legislates more severe management restrictions in forests targeting timber production. Concurrently, all estimates of forestry activities indicate more intensive forest management in Southern Sweden, including a higher share of artificial regeneration and shorter rotations. This allows concluding that, if current forest management practices persist, then an increased "biodiversity gap" may be expected between the two countries. The study concludes with discussing to what degree the identified trends are the direct product of targeted policies versus merely by-products of other factors.

The current share of sub-Saharan Africa in global carbon dioxide emissions is negligible compared to major contributors like Asia, Americas, and Europe. This trend is, however, likely to change given that both economic growth and rate of urbanization in the region are projected to be robust in the future. The current study contributes to the literature by examining both the direct and the indirect impacts of quality of institution on the environment. Specifically, we investigate whether the institutional setting in the region provides some sort of a complementary role in the environment-FEG relationships. We use the panel two-step system generalized method of moments (GMM) technique to deal with the simultaneity problem. Data consists of 43 sub-Saharan African countries. The result shows that energy inefficiency compromises environmental standards. However, the quality of the institutional setting helps moderate this negative consequences; countries with good institutions show greater prospects than countries with poor institutions. On the other hand, globalization of the region and increased forest size generate positive environmental outcomes in the region. Their impacts are, however, independent of the quality of institution. Afforestation programs, promotion of other clean energy types, and investment in energy efficiency, basic city infrastructure, and regulatory and institutional structures, are desirable policies to pursue to safeguard the environment.

Researcher conducted a study with the aim to determine the quality of items in terms of analysis: 1) the validity of the content and empirical, 2) reliability, 3) level of difficulty, 4) distinguishing features, and 5) the function of detractors. This research is a descriptive study. The sample was a set of second semester final exam subjects biology grade XI IPA SMAof the school year 2015/2016 in the south region district solok. Quantitative analysis was performed by using Anates, while for the qualitative analysis carried out by the study table. Based on the results of data analysis, the result for the review of aspects: 1) the validity of the content, about 7.5% did not meet the material aspect, 40% of questions that do not meet aspects of construction, and 77.5% did not meet aspects of language problems, and validity empirically, 52.5% are invalid matter, 2) reliability, the test has a value of 0.67 belong to the category enough, 3) the level of difficulty, 5% classified as very easy matter, 22.5% easy, 40% about the medium, 17 , 5% about the difficult, and 15% about the very difficult, 4) different power, 15% of matter which is classified as very bad, 15% about the relatively ugly, 30% about enough, and 40% items good, 5) function options, for options that are not qualified humbug is 75% and the quality is 25%. It can be concluded that the end of the semester exam subjects biology grade XI of the school year 2015/2016 in the south region district solok not meet both criteria.