This article is a short collective biography of six so-called 'Turkestan Generals', all of whom played a prominent role in the Russian conquest and administration of Central Asia. These campaigns are usually seen as marginal to the military history of the Russian empire in the nineteenth century, but they were central to the reputations of three of the most prominent generals of the period, who became important public figures – Cherniaev, Skobelev, and Kuropatkin. The article shows that this was not accidental, but the product of a carefully constructed narrative in Russian military historiography.
Since the establishment of the state of Israel the curriculum planners at the Israeli Ministry of Education deliberated as to what part and place should be allocated to the program of general history in the overall curriculum, especially what place should general history have versus the history of the Jewish people (and the history of Zionism). Another major deliberation was whether general history should be a separate subject, autonomous, in the studies of the Israeli student in order to enrich his world, broaden his horizons, enable him to form a universal world picture or should it serve the messages transferred by the program of the history of the Jewish people and thus, be subject, especially its contents, in a manner that would serve the Israeli government when it determines what contents should a student learn. This deliberation accompanies until this day all those who deal in creating study programs and study books of history in Israel, but not only here.
The history of the Maltese General Practitioner (GP) remains to be written. Such history will enhance the identity of the family doctor and prove indispensable to characterise the Maltese context of practice. To list some of the resources available for the study of the history of the Maltese GP and use it to provide an overview of relevant material for the pre-seventeenth- century period. Over the past ten years, note was made of the material and literature encountered that could be of relevance to Maltese medical history in general and that of the Maltese GP in particular. Further information was obtained by consulting the references and other information provided by these works. These sources were categorized. As a case study, information on community medical services preceding 1600 AD was collected to come up with an account that goes beyond a strictly chronological overview, giving particular attention to other details such as training, remuneration, political involvement as well as gender and social issues. Evidence has been presented for fifteenth century community health services in Gozo and Mdina. In the following century, such service spread to a number of villages in Malta, financed by institutions or private individuals. ; peer-reviewed
This article analyzes Garcilaso's ideas concerning the imposition of the New Laws andthe famous "capitulaciones" between the Indians and the Spaniards in arder to disclosehis política! project, a project linked to the humanists' circle which surrounded theauthor both in Montilla and in Cordova. To move between two powers, that of thecrown and the lnquisition and that of the Jesuistical thought, was a very difficult matterto deal with, something he finally worked out well. ; El presente estudio trata de analizar las ideas de Garcilaso de la Vega en su "HistoriaGeneral del Perú" acerca de la imposición de las Leyes Nuevas y en torno a las famosas"capitulaciones" entre indios y españoles, con el fin de desentrañar y determinar su proyectopolítico. Dicho proyecto está a su vez vinculado al círculo de humanistas e intelectualesque rodeaban al autor, tanto en Montilla como en Córdoba. De esta manera, la"Historia General" se mueve entre dos poderes: el de la Corona y la inquisición y el delpensamiento jesuítico, difícil juego de acrobacia del que su autor salió bien parado.
This paper reflects on the history and enduring relevance of Keynes? economics. Keynes unleashed a devastating critique of classical macroeconomics and introduced a new replacement schema that defines macroeconomics. The success of the Keynesian revolution triggered a counter-revolution that restored the classical tradition and now enforces a renewed classical monopoly. That monopoly has provided the intellectual foundations for neoliberalism which has produced economic and political conditions echoing the 1930s. Openness to Keynesian ideas seems to fluctuate with conditions, and current conditions are conducive to revival of the Keynesian revolution. However, a revival will have to overcome the renewed classical monopoly.
The General of the Garbage Dump [Tr. title: Çöplüğün Generali] is a novel by a prominent Turkish novelist, Oya Baydar. It is set in a dystopian future in an imaginary country where a scientist finds the lost manuscripts of a novelist who vanished fifty years ago without publishing his novel. Baydar's protagonist is in the midst of a politically oppressed society in which a collective social memory is created by the state. To create this illusionary political reality, everybody is given a pleasure pill that annihilates memory, in order to enable the whole society to remember and acknowledge an official history of the country after a so-called "big bang". The history before the "big bang" is deleted from the social memory. After finding the manuscripts about the history before the big bang, the protagonist begins to find out about the "deleted past" and rejects having the pleasure pills every day to keep his memory active. Baydar's style and her novel's gloomy atmosphere invite a direct comparison of The General of the Garbage Dump to George Orwell's 1984 and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World in terms of the elements of dystopian novel, illusionary reality and state oppression. This paper, therefore, aims to present a comparative reading of these novels and question whether "fear" is a tool for state oppression to re-create history.
One of the most relevant controversies in the contemporary history of Spain has been the one surrounding who were the authors and instigators involved in the attack that cost General Prim his life on 27 December 1870, when he was the prime minister and minister of war. Although the discussion was already relevant, in the last decade this interest has been stirred up by the commemoration of the bicentenary of his birth in 2014 and the proximity of the 150th anniversary of his death. But not everything concerning this debate has been motivated by the always laudable intention of bringing more light to this still dark event. Some have also seen the opportunity to "cash in" by rewriting or embellishing old stories already knew or simply making up new and scandalous hypotheses with no or minimal documentary basis. This work aims to analyze what has been published in the first two decades of this century in the form of books or magazine articles, especially in the heat of the aforementioned bicentenary, and what the current state of the subject has been. ; Una de las polémicas más relevantes de la Historia Contemporánea de España ha sido la creada acerca de los autores y los inductores implicados en el atentado que le costó la vida al general Prim el 27 de diciembre de 1870, cuando era el presidente del gobierno y el ministro de la Guerra. Aunque la discusión ya venía de atrás, en la última década se ha exacerbado este interés con motivo de la conmemoración del bicentenario de su nacimiento en el año 2014 y la proximidad de los 150 años de su muerte. Pero en este debate no todo ha estado motivado por el siempre laudable propósito de aportar más luz a este todavía oscuro suceso. Algunos han visto también la oportunidad de "hacer caja" reescribiendo o adornando los viejos relatos ya conocidos o simplemente inventando nuevas y escandalosas hipótesis de nula o mínima base documental. Este trabajo pretende analizar lo publicado en forma de libros o artículos en revistas en las dos primeras décadas del presente siglo, especialmente al calor del citado bicentenario, y el estado actual del tema.
Una de las polémicas más relevantes de la Historia Contemporánea de España ha sido la creada acerca de los autores y los inductores implicados en el atentado que le costó la vida al general Prim el 27 de diciembre de 1870, cuando era presidente del gobierno y ministro de la Guerra. Aunque la discusión ya venía de atrás, en la última década se ha exacerbado este interés con motivo de la conmemoración del bicentenario de su nacimiento en el año 2014 y la proximidad de los 150 años de su muerte. Pero en este debate no todo ha estado motivado por el siempre laudable propósito de aportar más luz a este todavía oscuro suceso. Algunos han visto también la oportunidad de "hacer caja" reescribiendo o adornando los viejos relatos ya conocidos o simplemente inventando nuevas y escandalosas hipótesis de nula o mínima base documental. Este trabajo pretende analizar lo publicado en forma de libros o artículos en revistas en las dos primeras décadas del presente siglo, especialmente al calor del citado bicentenario, y el estado actual del tema. ; One of the most relevant controversies in the contemporary history of Spain has been the one surrounding who were the authors and instigators involved in the attack that cost General Prim his life on 27 December 1870, when he was the prime minister and minister of war. Although the discussion was already relevant, in the last decade this interest has been stirred up by the commemoration of the bicentenary of his birth in 2014 and the proximity of the 150th anniversary of his death. But not everything concerning this debate has been motivated by the always laudable intention of bringing more light to this still dark event. Some have also seen the opportunity to "cash in" by rewriting or embellishing old stories already knew or simply making up new and scandalous hypotheses with no or minimal documentary basis. This work aims to analyze what has been published in the first two decades of this century in the form of books or journal articles, especially in the heat of the aforementioned bicentenary, and what the current state of the subject has been.
The article examines the problem of relations between the General and the Unique in the social and political sciences. The author highlights the different views on this perspective: some scientists explain specific cases by bringing them under general theories and laws while others researchers emphasize that each case, each phenomenon is unique and shouldn't be generalization. The author theorizes that there is a methodological bridge between the generalizing spirit of social science and uniqueness of events and cases.
This article aims to contribute to the study of internationalist claims during the six-year democratic period (1868-1874), placing particular emphasis on the general strike led by Malaga workers during the summer of 1872. This period coincides with the favourable political atmosphere afforded by the coming to power of the Radical party, led by Ruiz Zorrilla, and is marked by the revival of the Spanish Regional Federation of the A.I.T. (International Workers Association) and by the economic crisis which had affected Malaga´ s economy since the mid sixties. ; Contribución al estudio de las prácticas reivindicativas internacionalistas durante el sexenio democrático (1868-1874), con especial incidencia en la huelga general protagonizada por los obreros malagueños durante el verano de 1872. Una etapa que, coincidiendo con la favorable coyuntura política abierta por la llegada al poder del Partido Radical de Ruiz Zorrilla, estará marcada por el resurgir de la Federación Regional Española de la A.I.T. y por la crisis económica que atraviesa la economía malagueña desde mediados de los años sesenta.
Irish Republican women in Britain formed a vital network which provided their counterparts in Ireland with weapons, intelligence, and shelter for when they travelled across the Irish Sea. Far from being auxiliary, these women were an essential part of republican operations and blurred the boundaries between the "male" IRA and the "female" Cumann na mBan. Yet strikingly, few historians have examined this network of female republican activism, despite the availability of digitised sources such as the Military Service Pension Collection. This article seeks to remedy this oversight by using this collection to examine the role of republican women in Britain, highlighting the overlapping nature of men and women's activities, while also drawing attention to the unique circumstances of acting in a clandestine organisation within the country of the enemy.
The trial and execution of the Jesuit John Ogilvie in 1615 is located within diverse political contexts-Reformation and Counter-Reformation; British state formation; and the contested control of the Scottish Kirk between episcopacy and Presbyterianism. The endeavors of James vi and i to promote his ius imperium by land and sea did not convert the union of the crowns into a parliamentary union. However, he pressed ahead with British policies to civilize frontiers, colonize overseas and engage in war and diplomacy. Integral to his desire not to be beholden to any foreign power was his promotion of religious uniformity which resulted in a Presbyterian backlash against episcopacy. At the same time, the Scottish bishops sought to present a united Protestant front by implementing penal laws against Roman Catholic priests and laity, which led to Ogilvie being charged with treason for upholding the spiritual supremacy of the papacy over King James. Ogilvie's martyrdom may stand in isolation, but it served to reinvigorate the Catholic mission to Scotland.
Interwar fascism achieved sensational international reach through the appeal and circulation of a set of generic ideological norms and political practices. Therefore models of interpretations must accommodate alternative local interpretations, adaptations, and a wide range of varied outcomes in the process of its diverse local translations. In this article, I propose the new trans-discplinary mobility paradigm as a productive methodological extension of the transnational approach in fascism studies. I focus on the fluid dynamics of trans-national circulation of 'fascist' ideas and political innovations, as well as on how these were perceived, (re-)interpreted, adopted/adapted by a wide set of local agents in interwar Europe. I employ a decentred, anti-literarist, and multi-directional mobility approach that analyses the history of interwar 'fascism' as the messy net force of diverse, multivalent agencies, of interactions and frictions, in the end of creative translation and trial-anderror. I argue that a focus on this mobility dynamic offers three advantages: first, it promotes the re-integration of diverse fragmented histories of interwar fascism; second, it is capable of exposing the dynamic co-production of the political history of 'fascist' over time and space; and third, it fosters a far better understanding of the reasons for the ideological travel and political traction of radical ideas and politics in interwar years.
Documentary production at the Complutense University of Madrid, its predecessors and institutions that eventually was merging with it, turns out to be of exceptional importance for the study of Spanish education, science, culture and politics from the thirteenth century today. However, for various reasons, it's still poorly understood by researchers and largely remains dispersed in different repositories. In line with the historical vicissitudes of the university, this article explains what documentation is produced in every circumstance, where that documentation is today and the causes of its current situation. ; La producción documental de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, de sus antecesoras y de las instituciones que acabaron fusionándose con ellas, resulta ser de una importancia excepcional para el estudio de la educación, la ciencia, la cultura y la política españolas desde el siglo XIII a la actualidad. Sin embargo, por diversas circunstancias, aún es poco conocida por los investigadores y, en gran medida, permanece dispersa en distintos depósitos. Al hilo de los avatares históricos de la universidad, se explica qué documentación se produjo en cada circunstancia, dónde se encuentra esa documentación hoy en día y las causas de su situación actual.
With the cessation of apartheid in 1994, social transformation was one of the key objectives of the democratic South Africa. In light of this, the South African government believed that mass education would develop a democratised mindset amongst the country's citizens. History and Geography were identified as two subjects that could promote the desired societal transformation and were thus combined into one learning area: Social Sciences. The concept underpinning this learning area was integration. The notion of integration takes different forms in the literature, and these are explored here. This study explored teachers' views on integration in relation to Social Sciences. Responses from semi-structured interviews indicated that integration in Social Sciences varied as conceptual, physical and social processes. The study results revealed that integration in Social Sciences is devoid of metanarratives, as there was a degree of discongruity in teachers' views of integration in Social Sciences. Despite this, inherent commonalities were evident in their responses in terms of disciplinary proficiency, issues of diversity and engagement in a globalised world. These were reflected in the participants' responses as being important to explore when integrating History and Geography in Social Sciences. ; https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v14i2.482
