Suchergebnisse

Pokrovčeva knjiga Slobodno stvaranje prava: Herman U. Kantorowicz i slobodnopravni pokret (2018) nameće pitanje izraženo naslovom ovog rada na koje rad odgovara u tri koraka: prvo, pretpostavkom da je pitanje odgovorivo samo idealnim tipovima pravnih disciplina / funkcija; drugo, upućivanjem na kontekst Kantorowiczevih gledišta, osobito na objavu presuda; treće, ocjenom da je Kantorowicz podijelio pravnu znanost u prepletene funkcije a ne u odvojene discipline. U tu svrhu rad nudi idealne tipove disciplina i funkcija pravne dogmatike, pravne historije, pravne teorije i, kao najsloženiji i najkorisniji skup funkcija, pravnopolitičku analizu. Pretpostavka je, koja se ne dokazuje, da ne postoji ni oštra granica između pravne znanosti i susjednih znanosti: sociologije, ekonomije, psihologije, filozofije. ; Is Herman U. Kantorowicz's classification of legal disciplines - which includes general legal science, legal dogmatics, legal history, sociology of law, philosophy of law, and legal policy - a division of scholarly knowledge of law into distinct disciplines/sciences or into intertwined functions of a single scholarly discipline/science? The question is prompted by the book written by Zoran Pokrovac entitled Slobodno stvaranje prava: Hermann U. Kantorowicz i slobodnopravni pokret (Free Law: Hermann U. Kantorowicz and the Free Law Movement ) and published by "Breza" and the Faculty of Law of the University of Split in 2018. Answering this question may assist Croatian legal scholars in finding standards of scholarly excellence, especially of research de lege ferenda. This paper offers an answer in three steps. The first is the recognition that scholarly practices differ considerably, which means that the question may be answered only by construing and correlating ideal types of legal disciplines / functions that are compatible with Kantorowicz's general ideas, prominent interpretations of legal scholarship, and Croatian mainstream legal scholarship since. The second step provides a context of Kantorowicz's ...

Poslije kratka presjeka važnijih događaja vezanih uz povijest Franjevačke provincije Bosne Srebrene autor analizira važnije odredbe franjevačkoga zakonodavstva s obzirom na školstvo koje su omogućile njegov snažan razvoj u razdoblju poslije Tridentskoga koncila i koje su bitno utjecale ne organizaciju i rad franjevačkih obrazovnih ustanova na ovim prostorima. Poseban je naglasak na odredbama što su se odnosile na studij filozofije čija je svrha bila pripremiti studente za što kvalitetniji studij bogoslovije. S tim je ciljem na generalnom kapitulu franjevačkoga reda održanome u Rimu 1694. godine propisano da se filozofija predaje najmanje tri godine i da se u njezinu okviru studiraju summulae (logica minor), logika (logica maior), fizika, metafizika, animistika (znanost o duši), učenje o nastanku i propadanju tvari te kozmologija. Nastavni je sadržaj bio vezan uz učenje Ivana Duns Škota i Bonaventure. Metoda je bila strogo skolastička. Međutim, daljnje su reforme išle za približavanjem državnih i crkvenih sveučilišnih programa. Iz odredaba vezanih za studij filozofije u Bosni Srebrenoj vidljivo je da su provincijske uprave nastojale što dosljednije provoditi propise što ih je donosio general reda i, koliko je to bilo moguće, držati korak s trendovima na zapadnim učilištima. Kada to okolnosti nisu dopuštale, svoje su gojence slali na studij u inozemstvo. ; After a short review of more important events related to the history of the Franciscan province Silver Bosnia the author analyzes more significant regulations of the Franciscan legislature with regard to education which enabled its strong development in the period after the Trident Council and which had a strong influence on the organization and work of the Franciscan educational institutions in these areas. The special emphasis is on the regulations which referred to the study of philosophy, the purpose of which was to prepare students for the quality study of theology. With that goal the general Franciscan body of canons held in Rome in 1694 stipulated that philosophy must be taught at least three years and that in its framework summulae (logica minor), logics (logica maior), physics, metaphysics, science about soul, study about the emergence and decadence of a matter and cosmology must be learned. The teaching content was connected with the study of Ivan Duns Scotsman and Bonaventure. The method was strictly scholastic. However, further reforms went in direction of drawing closer the state and church university curricula. From the regulations related to the study of philosophy in Silver Bosnia it is visible that the provincial authorities were trying to implement the regulations made by the general of order and, as much as possible, keep pace with trends in the western educational institutions. When the circumstances did not allow that, they sent their students to study abroad.

The history of the Order of Saint Augustine in Rijeka links the city and its region with Central Europe – more particularly to Bavaria, Bohemia, Austria, Slovenia and Italy. Unfortunately, the past of the Augustinian convent of St. Jerome is mostly unknown. The Order of St. Augustine was in fact the first religious community in Rijeka. The monastery, founded by the noble families of Devin and Walsee, existed from the 14th century till 1788, when it was dissolved by Joseph II. The archive suffered two main disasters: in 1509, when the Venetians partially destroyed it, and in 1788, the year of its closure. The Augustinian archive remained partially in the State Archives in Rijeka, but the largest part of its precious holdings was displaced. However, part of the archive disappeared. Cimiotti-Steimberg, a historian from Rijeka, speaks of that fact as incuria et vandalismus (negligence and vandalism). Part of the convent's archive returned to Croatia during the 19th century, but the Hungarian politics of centralization, led by Khuen-Héderváry, displaced again the Augustinian documents to Budapest. Finally, the 1958 restitution replaced the holdings back to Croatia. We can only partially assess the content of the archival holdings because many sources mention inventories, registries and urbaria that the convent in Rijeka once possessed. After its dissolution, the documents of a number of Augustinian fraternities disappeared. The most important of them was the Fraternity of Immaculate Conception, that convened in the Augustinian chapel and whose members were some of the most important citizens from Rijeka. The most important contribution to the archive of the Augustinian convent took place in 1958, when the Augustinian books and documents were restituted from Budapest. They have been kept in the State Archives in Rijeka ever since. The most important source preserved in Rijeka is Protocollum conventus Fluminensis Ordinis eremitarum s. patri Augustini ad s. Hieronymum. It was made by the Austrian Augustinian provincial Joseph Achinger, who in 1704 made an inventory of the archive of the Convent of St. Jerome. A smaller part of the archival holdings is preserved in the State Archives in Zagreb. It is not clear how the 16th century cartulary from the Augustinian Convent in Rijeka ended up in the University Library in Vienna. This Diplomatarium monasterii sancti Hieronimi ordinis eremitarum sancti Augustini in terra Fluminis sancti Viti is a source that still needs to be researched. During the last hundred years of its existence, the Augustinian convent makes part of the Austrian Province that preserved well the archives during the 18th century. It had nominated historians for every convent and documented local history. The historical research of the Convent of St. Jerome in Rijeka requires the knowledge of the Order of Hermits of St. Augustine. They are grouped in provinces that are under the authority of the general prior with a seat in Rome. The Central Archives of the Order in Rome preserve the major part of the correspondence between generals and the provinces. The Austrian National Library in Vienna hosts the archives of the Augustinian Province of Austria since the Augustinians of St. Jerome were part of it from 1669 to 1788. There are manuscripts from Vienna Augustinian convent of St. Sebastian and St. Rocco, mostly records and excerpts from various sources from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. An important source for the Rijeka Convent is the Codex latinus monacensis 8423 from the Bavarian State Library, which is related to the period from 14th to 16th century, when the convent was part of the Augustinian Province of Bavaria. The work of Rijeka Augustinians can be reconstructed only through historical sources of those provinces, the central Order structures in Rome and the remains of once rich convent archive, parts of which are preserved today in Rijeka, Zagreb and Vienna.

Zdravlje ljudi, okoliš i klima pod velikim su utjecajem složenih interakcija onečišćujućih tvari u atmosferi. Gotovo sve ljudske aktivnosti uzrokuju ispuštanje onečišćujućih tvari u zrak. Njihovo razumijevanje i kvantifikacija prvi je korak prema kontroli i ublažavanju onečišćenja zraka. Opći cilj ovoga rada jest prikaz rezultata odabranih hrvatskih i indijskih znanstvenih radova koji se bave onečišćenjem zraka, posebice onih s naglaskom na sumpor i aerosole povezane s elektranama na ugljen. Dvije zemlje u osnovi se razlikuju s obzirom na njihovu veličinu, zemljopisna obilježja, povijest, gospodarstvo i industrijski potencijal. Međutim, obje zemlje imaju određene veze s pridobivanjem fosilnih goriva i njihovom uporabom u elektranama i industriji već desetljećima. Prikazani su različiti znanstveni pristupi u istraživanjima te državne politike u legislativi onečišćenja zraka. ; Human health, the environment, and climate are being profoundly aff ected by complex pollutant interactions in the atmosphere. Almost all human activities cause the emissions of air pollutants. Their understanding and quantifi cation is the fi rst step towards the control and mitigation of air pollution. The general aim of this paper is to summarise the fi ndings of selected Croatian and Indian papers addressing air pollution, particularly those focusing on sulphur and aerosols associated with coal-fi red power plants. The two countries are essentially diff erent regarding their size, geography, history, economy, industrial potential, to name but a few. However, they both have had certain relations to the fossil fuel extraction and its usage in power stations and industry for decades. Various research approaches are presented, together with a brief outline of national air pollution policies.

U članku se razrađuje identitet grada koji je poistovjećen sa sudbinom samoga autora u tijeku najtežega dana napada na grad u Domovinskome ratu. Poistovjećujući se s gradom, on se istodobno pretvara i u središnji lik romana. Riječ je o posve drukčijemu i dosad nepoznatome ratnom pismu u Hrvatskoj jer je djelo posvema okrenuto transcendenciji. U romanu je rat tek sila zla, a ne politički proizvod. Tragičnost rata u Hrvatskoj kao književna tema prikazana je na sveopćoj civilizacijskoj razini kao iskonsko prokletstvo čovječanstva. Grad Zadar, smješten na obalama Sredozemlja, svojom povijesti i baštinom koja se razara preuzima na se ulogu Čovjekova glasnogovornika. Kada se ruši grad kao sveti prostor, čovjek gubi svoj vlastiti identitet. Povratak identiteta moguć je samo na simboličkoj i metafizičkoj razini pa roman obiluje simboličkim i arhetipskim slojevima i motivima. ; The article elaborates an identity of the city which is identified with the author's destiny during the hardest day of attacking the city in the Croatian War of Independence. Identifying himself with the city, at the same time he turns himself in the main novel protagonist. That is a completely different and so far unknown war letter in Croatia, because the work is completely turned to transcendence. In the novel the war is the evil force and not political product. Tragicalness of the war in Croatia as the literary topic is shown at the general civilization level as a true human damnation. City of Zadar, located at the Mediterranean coasts, with his history and destroying heritage takes over the role of human spokesperson. When a city as the holy area is destroyed, a human loses his/her own identity. Return of identity is possible only at the symbolic and metaphysic level, therefore the novel is full of symbolic and archetype motives.

Najopsežnije i sigurno najcitiranije djelo o povijesti »grada baroka«, epitet je kojim se nesumnjivo može opisati Povijest grada Varaždina renomiranog hrvatskog povjesničara Rudolfa Horvata (Koprivnica, 14. ožujka 1873. – Zagreb, 25. svibnja 1947.). Njegovim se tiskom namjeravalo dostojno obilježiti proslavu jubileja sedamstogodišnjice grada Varaždina (1909.) – ali nije; rukopis je tiskan 1993. godine. Godine 2017. navršilo se sedam desetljeća od piščeve smrti, a 2018. godine, 125 godina od njegova rođenja i četvrt stoljeća od tiskanja povjesnice. Na temelju podacima obilne arhivske građe u varaždinskom i zagrebačkom arhivu, upotpunjuje se slika o njezinom nastanku. Iz sačuvanih točaka sjednica gradske vlasti, dopisa gradonačelnika i Prosvjetnog odbora, korespondencije između gradske vlasti i Horvata iščitava se napor autora u provođenju opsežnog istraživanja povijesti grada Varaždina i obradi građe za sastavljanje buduće povjesnice, njegovoj viziji o njezinom sadržaju i ustrajnosti u isplati honorara koji je on neprestano smatrao primjerenim za svoj gotovo tridesetogodišnji rad. Također se iščitava napor njezinog naručitelja da primjerenu visinu honorara provjeri sa znanstvenim i nakladničkim institucijama, te je ugovori u skladu s tadašnjim lošim gospodarskim uvjetima. Naručitelj se o troškovima tiskanja buduće povjesnice raspitavao kod različitih tiskara unaprijed im poslavši predloške tiskanih historiografskih radova, pa tako i Horvatovog. U njezin nastanak uključivao je i mjerodavne osobe – zastupnike i ne-zastupnike grada Varaždina koji će na temelju svog stručnog iskustva i rada, putem triju višečlanih odbora donositi stručne zaključke o predanom rukopisu. Horvat je na njemu radio nepunih trideset godina. Zaključuje da je rukopis predao u dijelovima: u ožujku 1934., 1935., 1936., kolovozu 1938. i proljeće 1939. godine, izravno osobnim dolaskom u Varaždin ili posredstvom gradonačelnika Novakovića ili dragog mu prijatelja. Zaključuje se da je zamislio višedijelni sadržaj rukopisa: njegov I. dio, opća ili politička povijest tiskana je 1993. godine, a tematski II. dio sa zasebnim poglavljima ostao je neobjavljen; pod naslovom Dr. Rudolf Horvat: Kulturna povijest grada Varaždina, skupa s objavljenim prvim djelom, čuva se u Gradskom muzeju Varaždin. Želeći omogućiti Horvatu vrijeme za istraživanje i pisanje povjesnice, gradska vlast je uz pomoć tadašnjeg hrvatskog bana Pavla Raucha, piscu ishodila premještaj u tadašnji Zemaljski kraljevski arhiv u Zagrebu, kako bi tamo mogao istraživati sačuvanu arhivsku građu, a novčanom isplatom pripomogla njegova arhivska istraživanja u austrijskim i mađarskom arhivu i tisak studije Varaždin koncem 16. vijeka. U zagrebačkom arhivu Horvat je imao mogućnosti i vremena istraživati građu ne samo o povijesti Varaždina, nego i o povijesti drugih hrvatskih gradova, na temelju koje je također mogao raditi i na povjesnicama tih gradova. U tom se pogledu ističe i skroman doprinos varaždinskih gradskih zastupnika davne 1909. godine za hrvatsku historiografiju. U vezi s tim, s obzirom na to da je Horvat na rukopisu radio nepunih trideset godina i da ga je u dijelovima predao do 1939. godine, neminovno je uspoređivati rukopis i promatrati ga u kontekstu historiografskih radova nastalih tijekom 1930-ih godina. ; The most comprehensive and most cited work on the history of "the Baroque Town" is undoubtedly the best description of The History of the Town of Varaždin by the renowned Croatian historian Rudolf Horvat (Koprivnica, 14 March 1873 – Zagreb, 25 May 1947). The manuscript was meant to be printed on the 700th anniversary of the founding of the town of Varaždin (in 1909), but the plan failed; it was only printed in 1993. In 2017 it was seven decades since the author's death, and in 2018 we marked 125 years since his birth and a quarter of a century since the publishing of his historiographic work. With the help of rich and comprehensive archive material in State Archive in Varaždin and Croatian State Archives in Zagreb, we get the full picture about the making of his work. Reading the minutes from town assembly sessions, the letters by vice-mayor and Education board, and the correspondence between town officials and Horvat, we see how ardent the author was in conducting a comprehensive research of the history of Varaždin, in collecting the materials for the future historiographic work, in his vision regarding the work's content, and in his persistence in negotiating the fee he deemed reasonable for his 30-years effort. We can also see the commissioner's efforts to discuss the reasonable fee with scientific and publishing institutions, in order to agree a fee in accordance with the poor economic situation of that day and age; they negotiated the cost of printing of his future historiographic work with different printing offices having sent them similar examples of historiographic works, including Horvat's own. The commissioner was keen to involve other competent people in this process – representatives and non-representatives of the town assembly of Varaždin – who were supposed to use their professional and work experience and draw an expert conclusion about the manuscript by means of three multimembered committees. Horvat had worked on it for almost thirty years. He handed over his manuscript in parts in March 1934, 1935, 1936, August 1938 and in the Spring of 1939; he used to com to Varaždin in person or send the text via the mayor Novaković or one of his close friends. It is thought he planned to publish the manuscript in multiple volumes: the first part, general and political history, was published in 1993, whereas the topic-based, second part with separate chapters has never been published. This text titled Doctor Rudolf Horvat: The Cultural History of the Town of Varaždin, together with the published first part, is kept in the Varaždin City Museum. Wanting to give Horvat the time for research and writing of his historiographic work, the town authorities, with the help of the former governor of Croatia Ban Pavao Rauch, sent the author to the then Royal State Archive in Zagreb, where he studied archive materials, and helped him financially to continue his research in Austrian and Hungarian archives, as well as to publish the study Varaždin in the Late 16th Century. In the Royal State Archive in Zagreb (today's Croatian State Archives), Horvat had the time and opportunity to research not only the history of Varaždin, but also the history of other Croatian towns, which allowed him to write historiographic works about these towns as well. That way the representatives of the Varaždin town assembly from 1909 made a small contribution to the development of historiography in Croatia. Regarding that and keeping in mind that Horvat worked on the manuscript for almost thirty years up until 1939, it is necessary to compare this manuscript in the context of historiographic works from the 1930s.

Augustinski samostan sv. Jeronima podignula je najstarija redovnička zajednica u Rijeci. Od početaka u 14. stoljeću, pa do ukidanja samostana 1788. godine, augustinci pustinjaci obilježili su grad i širu riječku okolicu u vjerskom, kulturnom i ekonomskom pogledu. Rad opisuje negativne posljedice jozefinističkoga zatvaranja samostana na augustinsko arhivsko gradivo, što se odrazilo i na nedovoljni historiografski interes prema povijesti te zajednice. Autor daje presjek sačuvanoga gradiva koncem pedesetih godina 20. stoljeća vraćena iz Budimpešte, od kojega je najvrjednije vrelo samostanski protokol. Navode se podatci i o arhivskom gradivu diljem Europe, iz svjetovnih i crkvenih ustanova, neophodnom za historiografsku prosudbu povijesti augustinaca pustinjaka u Rijeci.State Archives in Rijeka ; The history of the Order of Saint Augustine in Rijeka links the city and its region with Central Europe – more particularly to Bavaria, Bohemia, Austria, Slovenia and Italy. Unfortunately, the past of the Augustinian convent of St. Jerome is mostly unknown. The Order of St. Augustine was in fact the first religious community in Rijeka. The monastery, founded by the noble families of Devin and Walsee, existed from the 14th century till 1788, when it was dissolved by Joseph II. The archive suffered two main disasters: in 1509, when the Venetians partially destroyed it, and in 1788, the year of its closure. The Augustinian archive remained partially in the State Archives in Rijeka, but the largest part of its precious holdings was displaced. However, part of the archive disappeared. Cimiotti-Steimberg, a historian from Rijeka, speaks of that fact as incuria et vandalismus (negligence and vandalism). Part of the convent's archive returned to Croatia during the 19th century, but the Hungarian politics of centralization, led by Khuen-Héderváry, displaced again the Augustinian documents to Budapest. Finally, the 1958 restitution replaced the holdings back to Croatia. We can only partially assess the content of the archival holdings because many sources mention inventories, registries and urbaria that the convent in Rijeka once possessed. After its dissolution, the documents of a number of Augustinian fraternities disappeared. The most important of them was the Fraternity of Immaculate Conception, that convened in the Augustinian chapel and whose members were some of the most important citizens from Rijeka. The most important contribution to the archive of the Augustinian convent took place in 1958, when the Augustinian books and documents were restituted from Budapest. They have been kept in the State Archives in Rijeka ever since. The most important source preserved in Rijeka is Protocollum conventus Fluminensis Ordinis eremitarum s. patri Augustini ad s. Hieronymum. It was made by the Austrian Augustinian provincial Joseph Achinger, who in 1704 made an inventory of the archive of the Convent of St. Jerome. A smaller part of the archival holdings is preserved in the State Archives in Zagreb. It is not clear how the 16th century cartulary from the Augustinian Convent in Rijeka ended up in the University Library in Vienna. This Diplomatarium monasterii sancti Hieronimi ordinis eremitarum sancti Augustini in terra Fluminis sancti Viti is a source that still needs to be researched. During the last hundred years of its existence, the Augustinian convent makes part of the Austrian Province that preserved well the archives during the 18th century. It had nominated historians for every convent and documented local history. The historical research of the Convent of St. Jerome in Rijeka requires the knowledge of the Order of Hermits of St. Augustine. They are grouped in provinces that are under the authority of the general prior with a seat in Rome. The Central Archives of the Order in Rome preserve the major part of the correspondence between generals and the provinces. The Austrian National Library in Vienna hosts the archives of the Augustinian Province of Austria since the Augustinians of St. Jerome were part of it from 1669 to 1788. There are manuscripts from Vienna Augustinian convent of St. Sebastian and St. Rocco, mostly records and excerpts from various sources from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. An important source for the Rijeka Convent is the Codex latinus monacensis 8423 from the Bavarian State Library, which is related to the period from 14th to 16th century, when the convent was part of the Augustinian Province of Bavaria. The work of Rijeka Augustinians can be reconstructed only through historical sources of those provinces, the central Order structures in Rome and the remains of once rich convent archive, parts of which are preserved today in Rijeka, Zagreb and Vienna.

In recent German history, several events unfolded on 9 November with far-reaching consequences. Some of them, like the fall of the Berlin Wall, symbolize the end of the Cold War and of Germany divided. In addition to political implications, the fall of the Berlin Wall, or the events that preceded and followed it, also caused dilemmas on whether it was a (peaceful) revolution, (just) a turning point, or a refolution – pressure from below and reforms from above. The paper analyses events prior to and following the fall of the Berlin Wall, as well as the terms used for them in basic programs of the parties represented in the 19th electoral term of the Bundestag and the curricula of different school subjects in German states. It is concluded these parties use different terms for the events of 1989/90 on the territory of the former GDR, in accordance with their ideological positions, and that the events are inconsistently described in the curricula. The character of events was a revolutionary one, as they thoroughly changed the social and political relations in the GDR in a very short time. Despite this, the phrase "peaceful revolution" is still not present in the German language as a widespread, general term, but the rather vague "turning point" or "reversal" is more common. ; Devetoga studenog u novijoj njemačkoj povijesti odigrali su se događaji koji su imali dalekosežne posljedice za Njemačku, a neki od njih, poput pada Berlinskoga zida, simbol su završetka hladnog rata i podjele Njemačke. Osim političkih implikacija, pad Berlinskoga zida, odnosno događaji koji su mu prethodili i uslijedili, uzrokovali su i nedoumice radi li se o (miroljubivoj) revoluciji, (samo) o preokretu ili pak o refoluciji – pritisku odozdo i reformama odozgo? U radu se analiziraju događaji uoči i nakon pada Berlinskoga zida, njihovi nazivi u temeljnim programima stranaka zastupljenih u 19. sazivu Bundestaga te u kurikulima nastavnih predmeta u njemačkim pokrajinama. Zaključuje se da stranke različito nazivaju zbivanja 1989./90. godine na području bivšeg DDR-a, i to s obzirom na svoje ideološke pozicije te da se ta zbivanja vrlo neujednačeno opisuju i u kurikulima nastavnih predmeta. Ti su događaji imali revolucionarni karakter, budući da su u vrlo kratkom roku potpuno promijenjeni društveni i politički odnosi na području DDR-a, ali usprkos tome sintagma miroljubiva revolucija ipak nije ušla u raširenu opću jezičnu uporabu u njemačkom jeziku, već se uvriježio sadržajno neodređeniji pojam preokreta, tj. obrata.

Povećanje nezaposlenosti, loš životni standard i opća besperspektivnost, ali i politički razlozi bili su glavni potisni čimbenik iseljavanja iz Jugoslavije tijekom 60-ih i 70-ih godina prošloga stoljeća. U fokusu ovoga rada je iseljavanje građana iz Hercegovine kao regije s najvećom stopom iseljavanja u vrijeme komunističke Jugoslavije. Zbog velike potrebe za radnom snagom i zbog postojanja razgranatih migrantskih mreža (rodbinskih i inih veza), najveći dio iseljenika odlučio se za Saveznu Republiku Njemačku. Prilikom dolaska u SR Njemačku iseljenici se susreću s mnogobrojnim nedaćama i problemima koje ćemo razmotriti u ovome radu. Rad se temelji na metodi pripovjedne povijesti i pripovijesti šestero kazivača. Cilj je predočiti etnološku i kulturno-antropološku sliku života tadašnjih iseljenika, koji se u ovome radu izjednačuju s terminom "gastarbajteri". Jedan od ciljeva rada jest otkriti uzročno-posljedične veze i motive iseljavanja iz komunističke Jugoslavije u SR Njemačku u razdoblju od 1960. do 1973. te prikazati svakodnevicu iseljenika u Njemačkoj. Zaključak rada jest da su razgranate hrvatske migrantske mreže jedan od glavnih poticajnih čimbenika iseljavanja u Njemačku. ; Rising unemployment, poor living standards, and general lack of prospects, but also political reasons were the main drivers of emigration from Yugoslavia during the 1960s and 1970s. The focus of this paper is on emigration to Germany from Herzegovina as the region with the highest emigration rate during the communist Yugoslav political framework. Due to the huge need for the workers and due to the developed migrant networks (family-based or other) the majority of the emigrants decided to go to the Federal Republic of Germany. After their arrival the emigrants are faced with numerous problems, that this paper discusses. The paper is based on the method of oral history and the narrative of six narrators with the aim of acquiring an ethnological and cultural-anthropological picture of the life of the then emigrants, who are in this paper equivalent to the term "Gastarbeiters". One of the aims of the paper is to unveil causes, consequences and motivation for the emigration from the communist Yugoslavia to the Federal Republic of Germany in the period 1960 till 1973 as well as to depict everyday life of the emigrants in Germany. The conclusion of the paper is that the branched Croatian migrant networks were one of the main incentives for the emigration of Croats to Germany.

Važnost gospodarske diplomacije iznimno je naglašena s pojavom i sve većim utjecajem globalizacije kao procesa unutar kojeg su države i njihova gospodarstva postali međusobno ovisni i isprepleteni više nego ikad u povijesti. Sukladno tome, učinkovitost gospodarske diplomacije odnosno njezini dosezi postaju predmetom detaljnih i brojnih analiza, sve s ciljem što značajnijih krajnjih rezultata. Kao i u mnogim drugim sferama političkog i gospodarskog života, države ne provode iste strategije ni aktivnosti, a posljedično ne postižu ni iste ili čak slične rezultate u toj utakmici na globalnoj sceni. Opća je ocjena svih relevantnih dionika i komentatora da Republika Hrvatska u svojih tridesetak godina neovisnosti i samostalnosti nije iskoristila potencijal i prilike koje aktivna, moderna i učinkovita gospodarska diplomacija nudi kao sve značajnija sastavnica diplomacije. Djelomično se takvi rezultati mogu opravdati trajanjem i posljedicama Domovinskog rata zbog kojeg je cjelokupni gospodarski razvoj zemlje na nižoj razini nego što bi bio da nije bilo rata. No, posve je razvidno da dosadašnji modus operandi koji Republika Hrvatska koristi u gospodarskoj diplomaciji nije dao željene rezultate. Upravo stoga u ovome se članku, između ostalog, analizira postojeći hrvatski model te daju jasne i konkretne preporuke o tome kojim smjerom odnosno putem bi Hrvatska ubuduće trebala krenuti. ; The importance of economic diplomacy is strongly emphasized in relation to the emergence and growing influence of globalization as a process within which states and their economies have become more interdependent and interconnected than ever in history. Accordingly, the effectiveness of economic diplomacy and its achievements become the subject of diverse and detailed analyses, all conducted with the aim of reaching the best possible end results. As in many other spheres of political and economic life, states do not implement the same strategies or activities and consequently do not achieve the same, nor even similar results in the global game. The general assessment of all relevant stakeholders and commentators is that the Republic of Croatia, 30 years since its independence, has not used the potential and opportunities offered by active, modern and effective economic diplomacy, an increasingly important part of diplomacy. Such results can partly be justified by the duration and consequences of the Croatian War of Independence, as a result of which the overall economic development of the country is at a lower level than it would have been if the war had not happened. However, it is quite clear that the current modus operandi of Croatian economic diplomacy has not yielded the desired results. That is why this article, among other things, analyzes the existing Croatian model and provides clear and concrete recommendations as to the direction or path Croatia should take in the future.

Autorica se bavi stanjem komparativne politike, a posljedično i političke znanosti uopće, u Hrvatskoj četvrt stoljeća nakon početka političke transformacije. Glavne uzroke njihova nezavidna statusa u međunarodnoj politološkoj zajednici vidi u selekcijskoj pristranosti u komparativnim istraživanjima i podrazvijenosti discipline. U prvom dijelu teksta općenito razmatra problem selekcijske pristranosti kao jedne od najčešćih i najpogubnijih grešaka u komparativnim istraživanjima. Prirodna pristranost očituje se u odabiru samo poznatih i dostupnih slučajeva, a neprirodna u "odabiru koji se provodi na ovisnoj varijabli", to jest u izboru samo onih slučajeva koji potvrđuju polazne hipoteze i isključivanju onih koji ih dovode u pitanje ili ih opovrgavaju. U drugom dijelu autorica ilustrira selekcijsku pristranost u transformacijskim istraživanjima i regionalnoj komparatistici na primjeru Hrvatske. Uzroke prirodne pristranosti vidi u tome što strani komparatisti ne poznaju jezik, povijest i politiku zemlje. Ona je umnogome posljedica large-nation biasa, to jest usredotočenosti istraživača na velike i moćne zemlje, i historiografskog biasa, to jest njihova oslanjanja na selektivne historiografske izvore podataka. Neprirodna pristranost izraz je metodoloških problema u dizajniranju komparativnih istraživanja, najčešće neopravdanog precjenjivanja jednih, a podcjenjivanja drugih varijabli, što znatno utječe na rezultate istraživanja. Naposljetku se osvrće na uzroke podrazvijenosti komparativne politike u Hrvatskoj. ; The author deals with the state of comparative politics in Croatia, and the state of political science more generally, a quarter of a century after the beginning of political transformation. Selective bias in comparative research and underdevelopment of the discipline are diagnosed as the main causes of its unimpressive status in the International community of political scientists. The first part of the article discusses in more general terms the problem of selective bias as one of the most widespread, but also most dangerous mistakes in comparative research. Natural bias is reflected in the choice of only known and available cases, while unnatural bias involves choice only of the cases that confirm the starting hypotheses and exclude those that question or repudiate the hypotheses. In the second part, the author illustrates the selective bias in research of political transformation and regional comparative politics using Croatia as an example. The main cause of natural bias has to do with the fact that many comparativists are unfamiliar with the language, history and politics of the country. This is largely due to large-nation bias and Reliance on selective historical data. Unnatural bias reflects methodological problems in designing research in comparative politics, most often in emphasizing one set of variables at the expense of another, which affects the results of research. In the concluding part, the article deals with the causes of underdevelopment of comparative politics in Croatia.

Na temelju Sabranih djela I–III (1997) Bonifaca Badrova (Livno, 1896. – Sarajevo, 1974), franjevca i profesora filozofije na Franjevačkoj teologiji u Sarajevu, u radu se obrađuje njegov pristup renesansnoj filozofiji i hrvatskim renesansnim misliocima. Badrov je u trećem dijelu svoje Povijesti filozofije (Sarajevo, 1959), koju je namijenio studentima za internu uporabu, uključio i neveliko poglavlje o renesansnoj filozofiji (1450–1600). On nalazi da su specifična filozofska i društvena strujanja na početku Novog vijeka iznjedrila nove, međusobno sasvim disparatne, renesansne filozofske sustave sa samo jednim zajedničkim obilježjem: odbacivanje tomističke filozofije. Prema Badrovu renesansna filozofija ima četiri glavne sastavnice: 1. obnova starih sustava: neoplatonizam, neostoicizam i hedonizam, 2. filozofija prirode, 3. politička filozofija i 4. skepticizam. Badrov hrvatske renesansne mislioce ubraja isključivo u prvu skupinu, dakle među pojedince koji su nastojali obnoviti stare filozofske sustave, i opet – isključivo među one mislioce koji se oslanjanju na Platonovu filozofiju. On smatra da je renesansni platonizam u svojoj bîti zapravo »eklektički neoplatonizam«. Na tragu spoznaje da je antički novoplatonizam eklektički zato što iz Platonovih, ali i drugih teorija probire, prihvaća i primjenjuje ono što mu se čini najprikladnije, gornju Badrovljevu tvrdnju treba razumjeti u smislu da se renesansni platonizam eklektički odnosi prema Platonovim djelima, ali i misaonim dostignućima antičkog novoplatonizma. Ipak, čini se da Badrov ne propituje detaljno izvore i izvornost renesansnog platonizma. Badrov se pojedinačno bavi trima hrvatskim filozofima: Jurjem Dragišićem, Benediktom Benkovićem i Franom Petrićem. Dodatno, o Dragišiću ističe da se bavio logičkim problemima, a da se Benković u pristupu Škotovim djelima koristio Aristotelovim logičkim aparatom. Pišući o Petriću Badrov citira Filipovića koji, pozivajući se na Überwegov Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie, tvrdi da je Petrić preteča i učitelj Giordana Bruna te da je utjecao na Bernardina Telesija. U kasnijim izdanjima Überwega naprotiv nalazimo da Brunov odnos prema suvremenicima nije dovoljno jasan i da se Petrić naslanja na Telesija u nekim svojim stavovima. Nadalje, Badrov o Petriću tvrdi da pobija Aristotelovu filozofiju i drži platonizam bližim kršćanskoj misli te u osnovnim potezima iznosi Petrićev nauk o svjetlu: ono je nematerijalna supstancija, samoegzistentno i sveprisutno, prvotni uzrok i princip svih stvari. Dalje, zbog stava o prostoru kao onom koji je postojao prije svijeta, neovisno o stvarima, Badrov Petrića smješta među mislioce koji imaju ultrarealističko mišljenje o prostoru. Načelno, takvi mislioci prostor poimaju kao neku apsolutnu i beskonačnu realnost, različitu od svih drugih tjelesnih realnosti, a za Petrića on je čak počelo, prvo od njegovih četiriju počela tvarnoga svijeta. Pri izradi svojih najopsežnijih skripata Povijest filozofije Badrov se, kako dokumentira njegov popis literature, oslonio na 17 djela iz povijesti filozofije tiskanih u 20. stoljeću, a u prikazu o hrvatskim renesansnim misliocima u mnogome na Filipovićevu Filozofiju Renesanse (1956). S obzirom na kratko izvješće o Petriću, nije utvrđen utjecaj Bazaline Povijesti filozofije, a Šanc u drugom dijelu svoje Povijesti filozofije hrvatske renesansne filozofe ionako ne spominje. ; Based on Sabrana djela [Collected Works] I–III (1997) of Franciscan Bonifac Badrov (Livno, 1896 – Sarajevo, 1974), professor of philosophy at Franciscan Theology in Sarajevo, the paper examines his approach to Renaissance philosophy and Croatian thinkers of this period. In the third part of Badrov's Povijest filozofije [History of Philosophy] (1959), which he wrote for the students' internal use, he also included a small chapter on Renaissance philosophy (1450–1600). He finds that specific philosophical and social mainstreams of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries gave way to new, mutually disparate Renaissance philosophical systems sharing a single common feature: rejection of Thomistic philosophy. According to Badrov, Renaissance philosophy has four main components: 1. revival of old systems: Neoplatonism, Neostoicism and hedonism; 2. natural philosophy; 3. political philosophy; 4. Renaissance scepticism. Croatian thinkers of the Renaissance, Badrov holds, fall exclusively within the first group, that is, among those who worked on the revival of old philosophical systems, or more precisely, among the philosophers who leaned on Plato's philosophy only. In its essence, he views Renaissance Platonism as eclectic Neoplatonism. Grounded on the understanding that Neoplatonism of the Antiquity was eclectic because from the theories of Plato and others it selected, accepted and applied what it considered to be most appropriate, Badrov's statement should be understood in the sense that Renaissance Platonism had an eclectic approach to Plato's works, but also to philosophical achievements of the classical Neoplatonism. However, it seems that Badrov's analysis of the sources and originality of the Renaissance Platonism lacks depth. The philosophers that Badrov treats individually are Juraj Dragišić, Benedikt Benković and Frane Petrić. In addition, he emphasizes that Dragišić devoted himself to logical problems, and that Benković in his approach to Duns Scotus' works used Aristotle's logical apparatus. While writing on Petrić, Badrov paraphrases Filipović's Filozofija Renesanse [Renaissance Philosophy] (1956): »Überweg considers Petrić to be the forerunner and teacher of Giordano Bruno. He also influenced another Renaissance philosopher, Bernardino Telesio.« In the later editions of Überweg's Geschichte der Philosophy, by contrast, we find that Bruno's relationship to Petrić lacks clarity and that Petrić leans on Telesio in some of his views. Badrov states that Petrić refutes Aristotle's philosophy and holds Platonism to be closer to Christian thought. The Sarajevo professor outlines Petrić's doctrine on light. Further, on account of Petrić's view of space as that which exists before the world, regardless of all things, Badrov places the philosopher of Cres among the thinkers who share an ultrarealistic view of space. Mainly, these philosophers understand space as some kind of an absolute and infinite reality, different from all other bodily realities, while for Petrić it is even a principle, the first of his four principles of the material world. While preparing his most extensive manual Povijest filozofije, Badrov, as documented in his bibliography, drew from 17 works of the history of philosophy: three Zagreb editions (Albert Bazala, Franjo Šanc and Vladimir Dvorniković), five Belgrade editions (Borislav Lorenc, Branislav Petronijević, Dragan Jeremić and Bertrand Russell), six German and three French. All these books were published in the course of the twentieth century. Being too short and general, Badrov's outline of Petrić offers sparse information for the establishment of any connection with Bazala's statements on Petrić published in the second volume of Bazala's Povjest filozofije [History of Philosophy] (1909). Šanc, however, in the second part of his Povijest filozofije [History of Philosophy] makes no reference to Croatian philosophers of the Renaissance.

Ove se godine (2009.) slavi šezdeseta obljetnica postojanja i uspješnoga djelovanja Sjevernoatlantskoga saveza, poznatijega kao NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation). NATO je međunarodna vojno-politička organizacija koja je osnovana 4. travnja 1949. potpisivanjem Sjevernoatlantskoga ugovora (Washingtonski ugovor) između dvanaest zemalja zapadnoga bloka (Belgija, Danska, Francuska, Italija, Island, Kanada, Luxemburg, Nizozemska, Norveška, Portugal, SAD i Velika Britanija). Na stvaranje NATO-a utjecali su sljedeći čimbenici: razilaženje protuhitlerovske koalicije zbog suprotnih ciljeva, stvaranje zemalja "narodne demokracije" pod sovjetskom dominacijom, Marshallov plan gospodarske pomoći Sjedinjenih Američkih Država razrušenoj Europi koji je odbio Sovjetski Savez, Trumanova doktrina iz 1947. godine koja je označila veće angažiranje SAD-a, politika SSSR-a pod Staljinovim predsjedanjem i sve veće "prijetnje komunizma i socijalističkih zemalja". Sjevernoatlantski ugovor počiva na četrnaest članaka, a prema petomu članku "strane su suglasne da će se oružani napad na jednu ili više zemalja Saveza smatrati napadom na sve njih". Sjedište je NATO-a u Bruxellesu, službeni su jezici engleski i francuski, a aktualni glavni tajnik jest Anders Fogh Rasmmunsen. Savez funkcionira u skladu s načelima međuvladine suradnje, a odluke se donose pristankom svih zemalja članica (28 zemalja). Misija NATO-a u BiH od 1992. do 1995. godine bila je najopsežnija u povijesti Saveza. U njoj je zabilježeno i prvo oružano djelovanje ove organizacije. Danas je NATO ne samo vojna nego i politička organizacija. ; The sixtieth anniversary of existence and successful functioning of North Atlantic Treaty Organization, more famous as NATO is celebrated in this year (2009). NATO is international military-political organization established on April 4, 1949 by signing North Atlantic Treaty (Washington Treaty) between twelve countries of the Western block (Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Iceland, Canada, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, USA and Great Britain). Following factors influenced on establishment of NATO: separation of anti-Hitler coalition because of opposing goals, development of "national democracy" countries under Soviet domination, Marshall's plan of the USA help to demolished Europe, which was rejected by the Soviet Union, Truman's doctrine from 1947 which marked greater engagement of USA, politics of U.S.S.R. under Stalin's presiding and bigger "threats of communism and socialist countries". North Atlantic Treaty is based on fourteen articles, and according to the fifth article "the parties agreed that an armed attack against one or more of the organization members shall be considered as an attack against them all". The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, official languages are English and French and Anders Fogh Rasmmunsen is the current Secretary General. The alliance functions in accordance with the principles of intergovernmental cooperation and decisions are made by common consent of all members (28 countries). NATO mission in B&H from 1992 to 1995 was the most extensive in the history of Alliance. The first military action of this organization took place during this mission. Today NATO is not only military, but also political organization.

Autori u radu daju osvrt na postanak i razvitak stanarskog prava, te presjek domaćih pravnih propisa koji su se odnosili na stanarsko pravo, kao i propisa kojima je izvršena pretvorba stambenih odnosa. Pišu o značaju stupanja na snagu Zakona o najmu, kada je prestalo stanarsko pravo osobama koje su to pravo stekle prema ranijim propisima te su one po sili zakona postale najmoprimci (u pravilu, zaštićeni najmoprimci). Podsjećaju da pitanja vezana uz pretvorbu iz stanarskog prava u vlasništvo na stanovima te brojni sudski sporovi koji su proizašli iz te materije još uvijek nisu, niti stvarna niti sudska, prošlost. Autori navode stajališta i praksu Ustavnog suda Republike Hrvatske, te Europskog suda za ljudska prava (ESLJP). Posebno ističu presudu ESLJP-a Statileo protiv Hrvatske, u kojoj je Europski sud uvažio činjenicu da su hrvatske vlasti tijekom tranzicije bile suočene s teškim zadatkom stvaranja ravnoteže između prava najmodavaca i zaštićenih najmoprimaca koji su stanovali u stanovima dugo vremena, te je zaključio da u konkretnom slučaju nije postojala pravedna raspodjela socijalnog i financijskog tereta koji je nastao kao posljedica reforme u stambenom sektoru. Umjesto toga, prema ocjeni ESLJP-a, na podnositelja je stavljen nerazmjeran i pretjerani pojedinačni teret, budući da je morao snositi većinu socijalnih i financijskih troškova stambenog zbrinjavanja zaštićene najmoprimke i njezine obitelji, zbog čega je ESLJP utvrdio povredu članka 1. Protokola br. 1. ; The authors of this paper provide an overview of the creation and development of tenancy rights, and of the domestic legislation dealing with tenancy rights, as well as legislation that was used to reform tenancy relations. They mention the significance of the enactment of the Lease of Flats Act, when tenancy rights were withdrawn from persons who were entitled to that right pursuant to earlier legislation, and consequently, they became lessees (tenants) by force of law (generally, protected lessees). The authors recall that issues related to the transformation of tenancy rights into ownership of flats and to the numerous court cases that followed from this matter have not yet become either general, or court, history. The authors cite the positions and case law of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia, and of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). They stress in particular the ECtHR judgment Statileo v. Croatia, where the ECtHR took into consideration the fact that the Croatian authorities during the transition were faced with the difficult task of striking a balance between the right of the lessor and that of protected lessees who had lived in the flats for a long time, and concluded that in the given case there was no fair distribution of the social and financial burden resulting from the reform of the housing sector. Rather, the ECtHR held that a disproportionate and excessive individual burden was placed on the applicant as landlord, as he was required to bear most of the social and financial costs of providing housing for the protected lessee and her family, due to which the ECtHR found a violation of Article 1 of Protocol no. 1.

Od ukupno pet poznatih bojnih listova barem djelomične hrvatske provenijencije, list Sudrug zagrebačke 25. domobranske pješačke pukovnije jedini je gotovo u cijelosti dostupan istraživačima. Od 25. rujna 1915. do 24. listopada 1918. tiskana su ukupno 84 broja, uglavnom na ruskom, manjim dijelom na talijanskom bojištu, opsega četiri do 16 stranica, u nakladi po svoj prilici manjoj od 100 primjeraka, pri čem su borbe narušavale planirani tjedni tempo izlaženja. Glavninu brojeva uredio je pričuvni natporučnik Ivo Klučka, inače zagrebački gimnazijski profesor, među suradnicima bili su Branimir Knežević, Milivoj Jambrišak, Rikard Kraus i Kosta Premužić, no većinu prinosa potpisali su danas nepoznati dočasnici i domobrani, a dio je ostao skriven iza pseudonima. Autorova raščlamba tematskih slojeva, odjeka i recepcije Sudruga zasnovana je na inozemnim radovima o sličnim vojničkim listovima te na hrvatskoj literaturi o usmenoj, pučkoj i popularnoj kulturi. Zaključno, ustanovljuje se da je riječ o vrijednom izvoru za raznolike pristupe književne, kulturne i vojne povijesti, kojega bi valjalo uzeti i kao poticaj za produbljenija istraživanja. Kao ilustracija poetičkoga šarenila Sudruga, prijepis deset u njem objavljenih izvornih pjesama dan je u prilogu. ; In many ways, Croatian experience of the First World War has for decades been a neglected theme. Among other things, a total of five trench journals (Feldzeitungen, bojni listovi) are known to have had existed, but only that of the Zagreb-seated 25th Home Guard Infantry Regiment, the Sudrug (Comrade), is almost completely preserved, and available on the Croatian State Archives website. Starting on September the 25th 1915 and ending on October the 24th 1918, a total of 84 issues of Sudrug have been published, varying from 4 to 16 pages, and probably with a circulation of less than 100 specimens. Projected rate of publication was once a week, which was mainly sustained, apart from the serious setbacks caused by the 1916 Brusilov and the 1917 Kerenski offensive, and also by the 1918 fighting on the Italian front. As the journal was conceived under the auspices of the 25th Home Guard Infantry Regiment Headquarters, for most of the time edited by one Ivo Klučka, Oberleutnant in der Reserve and otherwise a highschool teacher of Croatian and Classic languages, all of the available 1915–1917 issues were printed somewhere on the Russian front (probably in the close vicinity of the Regimental Headquarters), while the preserved 1918 issues were printed by the Austro-Hungarian 11th Army press department in the occupied region of Italy. Apart from Klučka, who had been a lesser known teacher without registered civilian bibliography, only several of the contributors were to a degree notable individuals, all of them at least for a brief period serving in the 25th Regiment: writer Branimir Knežević, physician and politician Milivoj Jambrišak, biologist and geographer Rikard Kraus, lawyer and war correspondent Kosta Premužić. Practicaly all other contributors of Sudrug were either simple NCOs and common soldiers whose names don't tell us much, or they had even decided to stay hidden behind the pseudonyms. As far as the ideological-political layer of Sudrug is concerned, generally it could be said that it followed the official Habsburg line, but with some alterations, presenting – or, more often, just hinting – a somewhat »nationalized«, Croatian view on the Monarchy, the armed forces in general, and the more specific Croatian national interests. Much more elaborated was the educational layer of Sudrug, reporting not only on the current advances in military technology and tactics, but also on hygiene, legal questions, national history, geology etc. Most of the epic poetry, short-stories and essays dealt with either real or fictionalised battlefield events, mainly influenced by the oral folk tradition, but some also had certain expressionist traits. As a general rule, enemy rulers were frequently mocked at, but enemy soldiers – apart from pretty much demonized Russian Cossacks – were seldom derogatory treated. Similarly, liric poetry of Sudrug was more often on the rather simplified romanticist track, including two or three possible cases of avantgardism. Themes and tones vary from the expected (patriotism, perseverance, vengeance of fallen comrades, devotion to family, religious consolation…) to rather unexpected ones (meaningless suffering, pessimism, betrayal by beloved persons, unconditional pacifism…). Although not decisive, such a shift is clearly discernible as the war progressed. Particularly revelatory is a large section dedicated to humour, as the jokes and funny verses (mainly in the Croatian kajkavian dialect) tended to convey both happy and unhappy moments of the soldier's life, ranging from lice and monotonuos food to fatherly commanders and home leave. Interestingly, the absence of women was not so much coped with eroticism, as with mysoginistic utterances of a sort, culminating in a description of a would be physical punishment of an unfaithfull spouse. Also, most issues of Sudrug contained a section dedicated to the more serene regimental news such as decorations or promotions, and also to the memorial activities, such as the regimental frontline cemeteries and the Zagreb-seated regimental museum. Finally, there was also an enigmatics section, some of the correct answers bringing cigarettes, pocket watches and other officer-donated prizes. In spite of the primitive printing technique (»hectography«), many of the issues were illustrated with Art Nouveau vignettes, heraldic variations, caricatural portraits and even some short comic cartoons. Presumably, as the Sudrug had not been significantly distributed outside the battlefield and the 25th Regiment, its content was outside regular censorship as well as out of traditional high culture criteria. Although neither the contributing circle nor the reception of Sudrug had been as wide as the editors hoped for, it seems that the position of the journal – in spite of all the casualties, including the wounded Klučko – was unproblematic all the way untill the second half of 1917, when trends of war weariness and decaying complement numbers irreversibly gained the upper hand. All in all, Sudrug is judged to be an early Croatian manifestation of popular culture (as defined by Dean Duda), thus also representing a possible window to the oral culture world of illiterate soldiers, a window that certainly should be compared to other sources.