The independent Republic of Lithuania, with Kaunas settled as the capital in 1919, rebuilt the foundations of modern Jewish, as well as Lithuanian, culture. In the newly formed state of Lithuania, the second largest community in the provisional capital was busy establishing its cultural life and searching for its identity. In the case of art, there was a correlation between the attempts to join the general artistic life of Lithuania and the satisfaction of the inner needs of the community. Lithuania's familiarity with Jewish art has been rather one-sided: what prevails is the analysis of Jewish artists' activity and creative work from the point of view of their integration into the general culture of the country. For this reason, the picture of interwar Lithuania's Jewish art and its contexts that has formed in Lithuanian art studies is incomplete, and many artists and artistic events have remained in the margins or completely unknown. This applies to the art and artists dedicated to the needs of the Jewish community, but also to the activities of local Jewish artists in other countries who left Lithuania. Jewish art life in Lithuania, as an individual and unique process that experienced ebbs and flows, adapted to political and historical realities, and absorbed and reflected a wide range of influences, was multifaceted and varied. Its trucated cognition does not allow us to see the overall picture as a whole, as a distinctive element of interwar Lithuanian cultural life. This kind of congition offers a new insight into the migration of artistic ideas and influences, art organisers and participants, and is important for the history of Jewish culture, but also for the general history of Lithuanian culture.
The independent Republic of Lithuania, with Kaunas settled as the capital in 1919, rebuilt the foundations of modern Jewish, as well as Lithuanian, culture. In the newly formed state of Lithuania, the second largest community in the provisional capital was busy establishing its cultural life and searching for its identity. In the case of art, there was a correlation between the attempts to join the general artistic life of Lithuania and the satisfaction of the inner needs of the community. Lithuania's familiarity with Jewish art has been rather one-sided: what prevails is the analysis of Jewish artists' activity and creative work from the point of view of their integration into the general culture of the country. For this reason, the picture of interwar Lithuania's Jewish art and its contexts that has formed in Lithuanian art studies is incomplete, and many artists and artistic events have remained in the margins or completely unknown. This applies to the art and artists dedicated to the needs of the Jewish community, but also to the activities of local Jewish artists in other countries who left Lithuania. Jewish art life in Lithuania, as an individual and unique process that experienced ebbs and flows, adapted to political and historical realities, and absorbed and reflected a wide range of influences, was multifaceted and varied. Its trucated cognition does not allow us to see the overall picture as a whole, as a distinctive element of interwar Lithuanian cultural life. This kind of congition offers a new insight into the migration of artistic ideas and influences, art organisers and participants, and is important for the history of Jewish culture, but also for the general history of Lithuanian culture.
The independent Republic of Lithuania, with Kaunas settled as the capital in 1919, rebuilt the foundations of modern Jewish, as well as Lithuanian, culture. In the newly formed state of Lithuania, the second largest community in the provisional capital was busy establishing its cultural life and searching for its identity. In the case of art, there was a correlation between the attempts to join the general artistic life of Lithuania and the satisfaction of the inner needs of the community. Lithuania's familiarity with Jewish art has been rather one-sided: what prevails is the analysis of Jewish artists' activity and creative work from the point of view of their integration into the general culture of the country. For this reason, the picture of interwar Lithuania's Jewish art and its contexts that has formed in Lithuanian art studies is incomplete, and many artists and artistic events have remained in the margins or completely unknown. This applies to the art and artists dedicated to the needs of the Jewish community, but also to the activities of local Jewish artists in other countries who left Lithuania. Jewish art life in Lithuania, as an individual and unique process that experienced ebbs and flows, adapted to political and historical realities, and absorbed and reflected a wide range of influences, was multifaceted and varied. Its trucated cognition does not allow us to see the overall picture as a whole, as a distinctive element of interwar Lithuanian cultural life. This kind of congition offers a new insight into the migration of artistic ideas and influences, art organisers and participants, and is important for the history of Jewish culture, but also for the general history of Lithuanian culture.
The trends of history learning in the secondary schools are not changing. The main sources of historical knowledge for the secondary school students still remain a teacher and a textbook. Modern technologies are still not sufficiently utilized for the teaching of History. They are still mostly an element of entertainment for the young people. There is a trend of decreasing family role in the students' learning process. Because of being more occupied, parents and grandparents rarely consult their children in the questions of history. Until the 1980's instead of "national revival movement" historians used the term "national liberation movement". It was also used in the Soviet time school textbooks. This concept appeared there not at once and included various chronological boundaries. The term of Lithuanian national revival was used in the textbooks during the first years of transition from totalitarian to democratic system. Preparation of History textbooks for secondary schools still remains a problem in Lithuania. Because of this, students' level of knowledge suffers. At the same time, more responsibility is given to teachers. The process of History textbook preparation should involve more professional historians who have more experience of pedagogical work at schools. Students have more general knowledge about our nation's past. Therefore more of their attention should be directed to the problems of regional and local history. Studying youth is mostly interested in the period of Soviet occupation. This interest is stimulated by several reasons: the stories of their parents, grandparents and teachers; availability of Soviet books, movies and press; special TV and radio programmes, etc. Little interest in the period of 1795-1915 influenced they poor answers to the questions about the 19th century Lithuanian national revival.
The trends of history learning in the secondary schools are not changing. The main sources of historical knowledge for the secondary school students still remain a teacher and a textbook. Modern technologies are still not sufficiently utilized for the teaching of History. They are still mostly an element of entertainment for the young people. There is a trend of decreasing family role in the students' learning process. Because of being more occupied, parents and grandparents rarely consult their children in the questions of history. Until the 1980's instead of "national revival movement" historians used the term "national liberation movement". It was also used in the Soviet time school textbooks. This concept appeared there not at once and included various chronological boundaries. The term of Lithuanian national revival was used in the textbooks during the first years of transition from totalitarian to democratic system. Preparation of History textbooks for secondary schools still remains a problem in Lithuania. Because of this, students' level of knowledge suffers. At the same time, more responsibility is given to teachers. The process of History textbook preparation should involve more professional historians who have more experience of pedagogical work at schools. Students have more general knowledge about our nation's past. Therefore more of their attention should be directed to the problems of regional and local history. Studying youth is mostly interested in the period of Soviet occupation. This interest is stimulated by several reasons: the stories of their parents, grandparents and teachers; availability of Soviet books, movies and press; special TV and radio programmes, etc. Little interest in the period of 1795-1915 influenced they poor answers to the questions about the 19th century Lithuanian national revival.
The article, based on general methodological approaches applicable in the theories of memorial culture and places of memory and historiographical materials, provides an analysis of the interaction between the "dark heritage" and the discourses shaping the politics of history, the uses of the "dark heritage" objects and the site of the Macikai camps. The article gives an historical overview of the Macikai camps and provides an account of the current state of research of the "dark heritage", and the heritage of military and defence works in Lithuania. It examines the creation of Holocaust memorials as examples of European "dark heritage" and related controversies, and includes recommendations for the patterns of representation and content of exhibitions at the "dark heritage" Macikai site.
The article, based on general methodological approaches applicable in the theories of memorial culture and places of memory and historiographical materials, provides an analysis of the interaction between the "dark heritage" and the discourses shaping the politics of history, the uses of the "dark heritage" objects and the site of the Macikai camps. The article gives an historical overview of the Macikai camps and provides an account of the current state of research of the "dark heritage", and the heritage of military and defence works in Lithuania. It examines the creation of Holocaust memorials as examples of European "dark heritage" and related controversies, and includes recommendations for the patterns of representation and content of exhibitions at the "dark heritage" Macikai site.
The summer of 1940 opened a new chapter in the history of Lithuania. The first Soviet summer events changed the lives of entire generations, dramatically modified the national consciousness, and programmed the loss of lives of hundreds of thousands of Lithuanian citizens. Today, apart from general knowledge, little is known about how the occupation of Lithuania went on in the summer of 1940 in a particular place, on a particular day. How did it change Lithuanian institutions, government agencies, and the military? This article discusses the Sovietization of the Lithuanian army's Siauliai military garrison in the summer of 1940. The article mainly focuses on the heads of the crew change. This article is largely based on yet unpublished sources.
The summer of 1940 opened a new chapter in the history of Lithuania. The first Soviet summer events changed the lives of entire generations, dramatically modified the national consciousness, and programmed the loss of lives of hundreds of thousands of Lithuanian citizens. Today, apart from general knowledge, little is known about how the occupation of Lithuania went on in the summer of 1940 in a particular place, on a particular day. How did it change Lithuanian institutions, government agencies, and the military? This article discusses the Sovietization of the Lithuanian army's Siauliai military garrison in the summer of 1940. The article mainly focuses on the heads of the crew change. This article is largely based on yet unpublished sources.
There are no studies on the historical development of manor houses' interiors from the mid-1700s to early 1900s in Lithuanian art history that delve into the interior in terms of function, planned structure and form. The focus most often is on researching general features of manor architecture (building volumes, style development, estates' spatial structure). Because of this, this doctoral thesis analyses the issue of manor interior modernization in a narrower perspective, concentrating on one space in manor houses of highest-level nobility: the dining room. The dissertation aims to reconstruct the structure and image of the dining space in the context of manors' modernization processes from the mid-1700s to the early 1900s. The work investigates the causes of the emergence, prevalence and change of the dining room, the development of planning, form, structure, equipment and decor during that period. Object research complements the historiography of the development of the Lithuanian nobility's culture. The methods of monads and clues and the social history of art were chosen to approach this micro-historical research, using historiographical and factual research methods and comparative analysis. The newly found data and the insights based on it provide a broader view of manor houses' planning and decoration phenomena and aspects of the nobility's lifestyle, cultural and social contacts. From the perspective of regional art and architecture history, the thesis is significant in that it covers the manors of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Lithuania, Belarus and Poland, and ties them into an aggregate of common cultural tradition. In the Lithuanian art history framework, the research is important because it rethinks the processes of manor modernization in the context of Lithuanian historical and social development and broader European modernization processes. It also analyses their social, political, cultural settings and how the everyday home environment, in this case – the dining room, responded to them. ...
The master's thesis is devoted to the policy of memory in the Russian Federation since the 2000s. The goal of the work was to determine the degree of influence of political elites in the Russian Federation since 2000 on the policy of history in the state and investigate it`s practical expression of this policy in science. The attention is focused on the analysis of the memorial campaign, the significance and influence on the writing of the history of the memorial legislation is considered. Revealed the formation, essence and progress of the ideological basis, which was reflected in the policy of memory. The work covers methodological textbooks which has adopted by the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. Expounded the comparative analysis of the textbooks written before and after the approval of the manuals on methodological recommendations. The methodological basis of this study is a systematic approach that provides for the disclosure of the structural, functional and regulatory aspects of the subject of study. The structure of these elements makes it possible to characterize the main features and constituent elements of the policy memory in Russia. Structural elements include: character, specifics, functions, subjects of implementation and objects of direction, goals, objectives and forms of implementation of the policy. In carrying out the research, a historical genetic method is used, through which historical phenomena are studied in the course of their development, from origin to end or the present state. The study used a historical-system method through which a deep analysis of entire socio-historical systems was carried out, and were revealed their internal mechanisms of their functioning and development. The application of the sociological method made it possible to reveal the essence of the implementation of the policy of memory in the case of a specific country and a specific example. The novelty of the scientific investigation is that in contemporary historical science, insufficient attention is paid to issues of political regulation and influence as on the history as a science in general, from the side of political elites in Russia. The results of the research showed that history as a science is subordinated to the influence of an antiscientific nature on the part of the state power, which uses history as a means to implement state policy with elements of the personality cult of the president. The work reflects a critical comprehension of the policy pursued regarding the writing of history by political elites and destructive influence on the consciousness of pupils, as well as the entire Russian society, which encounters to the history. The thesis is given according to which the negative impact on science is reflected in the cultural perception of the society of its past.
The master's thesis is devoted to the policy of memory in the Russian Federation since the 2000s. The goal of the work was to determine the degree of influence of political elites in the Russian Federation since 2000 on the policy of history in the state and investigate it`s practical expression of this policy in science. The attention is focused on the analysis of the memorial campaign, the significance and influence on the writing of the history of the memorial legislation is considered. Revealed the formation, essence and progress of the ideological basis, which was reflected in the policy of memory. The work covers methodological textbooks which has adopted by the decrees of the President of the Russian Federation. Expounded the comparative analysis of the textbooks written before and after the approval of the manuals on methodological recommendations. The methodological basis of this study is a systematic approach that provides for the disclosure of the structural, functional and regulatory aspects of the subject of study. The structure of these elements makes it possible to characterize the main features and constituent elements of the policy memory in Russia. Structural elements include: character, specifics, functions, subjects of implementation and objects of direction, goals, objectives and forms of implementation of the policy. In carrying out the research, a historical genetic method is used, through which historical phenomena are studied in the course of their development, from origin to end or the present state. The study used a historical-system method through which a deep analysis of entire socio-historical systems was carried out, and were revealed their internal mechanisms of their functioning and development. The application of the sociological method made it possible to reveal the essence of the implementation of the policy of memory in the case of a specific country and a specific example. The novelty of the scientific investigation is that in contemporary historical science, insufficient attention is paid to issues of political regulation and influence as on the history as a science in general, from the side of political elites in Russia. The results of the research showed that history as a science is subordinated to the influence of an antiscientific nature on the part of the state power, which uses history as a means to implement state policy with elements of the personality cult of the president. The work reflects a critical comprehension of the policy pursued regarding the writing of history by political elites and destructive influence on the consciousness of pupils, as well as the entire Russian society, which encounters to the history. The thesis is given according to which the negative impact on science is reflected in the cultural perception of the society of its past.
There are no studies on the historical development of manor houses' interiors from the mid-1700s to early 1900s in Lithuanian art history that delve into the interior in terms of function, planned structure and form. The focus most often is on researching general features of manor architecture (building volumes, style development, estates' spatial structure). Because of this, this doctoral thesis analyses the issue of manor interior modernization in a narrower perspective, concentrating on one space in manor houses of highest-level nobility: the dining room. The dissertation aims to reconstruct the structure and image of the dining space in the context of manors' modernization processes from the mid-1700s to the early 1900s. The work investigates the causes of the emergence, prevalence and change of the dining room, the development of planning, form, structure, equipment and decor during that period. Object research complements the historiography of the development of the Lithuanian nobility's culture. The methods of monads and clues and the social history of art were chosen to approach this micro-historical research, using historiographical and factual research methods and comparative analysis. The newly found data and the insights based on it provide a broader view of manor houses' planning and decoration phenomena and aspects of the nobility's lifestyle, cultural and social contacts. From the perspective of regional art and architecture history, the thesis is significant in that it covers the manors of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Lithuania, Belarus and Poland, and ties them into an aggregate of common cultural tradition. In the Lithuanian art history framework, the research is important because it rethinks the processes of manor modernization in the context of Lithuanian historical and social development and broader European modernization processes. It also analyses their social, political, cultural settings and how the everyday home environment, in this case – the dining room, responded to them. This study is expected to be used as a practical aid for manor managers and heritage experts.
There are no studies on the historical development of manor houses' interiors from the mid-1700s to early 1900s in Lithuanian art history that delve into the interior in terms of function, planned structure and form. The focus most often is on researching general features of manor architecture (building volumes, style development, estates' spatial structure). Because of this, this doctoral thesis analyses the issue of manor interior modernization in a narrower perspective, concentrating on one space in manor houses of highest-level nobility: the dining room. The dissertation aims to reconstruct the structure and image of the dining space in the context of manors' modernization processes from the mid-1700s to the early 1900s. The work investigates the causes of the emergence, prevalence and change of the dining room, the development of planning, form, structure, equipment and decor during that period. Object research complements the historiography of the development of the Lithuanian nobility's culture. The methods of monads and clues and the social history of art were chosen to approach this micro-historical research, using historiographical and factual research methods and comparative analysis. The newly found data and the insights based on it provide a broader view of manor houses' planning and decoration phenomena and aspects of the nobility's lifestyle, cultural and social contacts. From the perspective of regional art and architecture history, the thesis is significant in that it covers the manors of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Lithuania, Belarus and Poland, and ties them into an aggregate of common cultural tradition. In the Lithuanian art history framework, the research is important because it rethinks the processes of manor modernization in the context of Lithuanian historical and social development and broader European modernization processes. It also analyses their social, political, cultural settings and how the everyday home environment, in this case – the dining room, responded to them. This study is expected to be used as a practical aid for manor managers and heritage experts.
Russian school of book science attributed to the Continental European bibliography school is at present one of the strongest since it has deep traditions of this science which have for a long time been influencing (and are still influencing) the development of the book science in the neighboring countries, the republics of the former Soviet Union and other countries. This research is a work on the book science history the object of which is an independent book science which has formed in the 2nd – 3rd decade of the 20th century in Russia when its relation with bibliography playing the generalizing role of the book science radically changed. The object of research is new on the one part due to its non-traditional scholarly organizational aspect and on the other part it's new in chronological sense because no other research of the history of the book science has been carried out which included all period of independent existence of the Russian book science, i.e. the 20th century. Thus this paper is the first attempt to discover systematically the development of the Russian book science in the 20th century with the help of scholarly organizational system analysis – such was the aim of this research. Organizational system of the Russian book science was analyzed in three levels: book science institutions, book science conferences and book science press. Despite the method of analysis used, there was no attempt to separate mechanically the elements of the research since due to their close interaction a completely isolated (at least in the first stage of the research) research would have been neither effective nor probably generally possible. Due to the limited size of the paper and broadness of the topic only the most notable and the most significant moments of organization of the Russian book science are presented. Besides, the emphasis on autonomy of the book science as such pushed the organizational status of bibliography and librarianship, which are gaining greater and greater independence in the latter years, beyond the scope of the research. In order to reach the aim the following tasks were formulated: 1. to find out the most important institutions, events (conferences) and the state of the press of the Russian book science in the 20th century; 2. to show the change of the general level of the Russian book science organization in the 20th century, to distinguish between its stages of development, more prominent tendencies and the causes of changes; 3. to show the significance of manifestations of science organization to the general development of the book science; 4. to check the hypothesis about analytical (individual) and synthesized (general) research of the distinguished levels of science organization as a means for revealing the development of the Russian book science in the 20th century. The following general scientific and theoretical methods of research were used: analysis, synthesis, bibliographic and comparative (comparative – historical, comparative analysis). The researched showed that organizational system of the book science being the most public, human factor and practice related side of the science has always reacted sensitively to political-economical factors and was under their influence. Moreover, it was proved that each individual level of the book science organization and especially their synthesized research reflects the general development of the Russian book science and corresponds to its traditional periodization. On the one hand, this fact proved the hypothesis raised at the beginning of the research and, on the other hand, it undoubtedly pointed to the fact that the scholarly organizational aspect was one of the most important and strongest arguments in determining chronological boundaries of the stages of development of the Russian book science in the 20th century.
