The response of the United States to the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa is an example of the redefined nature of security threats that characterizes the post-September 11 period. Even the most ardent realists now accept that serious threats exist to US security apart from those brewing in organized states. Scholars and governments have been forced to adopt a greater sensitivity to the issues that underlie international violence and terrorism, such as a lack of political freedom, state failure, poverty, and HIV/AIDS, the topic addressed in this chapter as an indirect threat to US security interests in Africa.1
This brief describes the political structure, internal, and external challenges of Togo, Africa. It primarily focuses on the internal challenge of the high AIDS prevalence in the country and goes into detail on the epidemiology, identification, challenges, and suggestions regarding the disease. AIDS is an immunodeficiency virus that makes it hard for the host to fight off infections and illnesses. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluid and is most commonly spread through unprotected sex. Men having sex with men are at the highest risk of contracting HIV/AIDS in this region. Pregnant women with HIV/AIDS are also at a high risk for transmitting the disease to their unborn children. In response, the country has increased public availability of condoms to help prevent the spread of the disease as well as increasing the level of access to medications that prolong the survival of people with the disease. Togo needs to continue these interventions as well as educating the public on how the disease is transmitted and spread to decrease the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in their country.
This public health brief investigates the concern of HIV/AIDS in Guinea-Bissau. Guinea-Bissau is a low-income country run by a semi-presidential government. The government has been very unstable since its formation. A variety of internal conflicts have limited the effectiveness of the government. As a result, there is little money to provide proper treatment for individuals with HIV/AIDS. It is important to get tested for this condition as soon as symptoms occur, but due to limited resources that is not always possible. Guinea-Bissau has a very high fertility rate compared to other countries worldwide, this allows for a high mother-to-child transmission rate for HIV/AIDS. In addition, sex trafficking has become an increased issue which further allows for the spread of this disease. Due to all the previous factors combined with little resources, HIV/AIDS is a health issue in dire need of attention. The most effective solutions would be those requiring no money and educate individuals on the disease.
As the U.S. science-based public health and disease prevention agency, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) plays an essential role in implementing the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). CDC uses its technical expertise in public health science and long-standing relationships with Ministries of Health across the globe to work side-by-side with countries to build strong national programs and sustainable public health systems that can respond effectively to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and to other diseases that threaten the health and prosperity of the global community at large. Ensuring global health strengthens U.S. health, economic, and national security. Improving the health of people in developing countries also impacts the productivity and political stability of those nations. This results in a safer, more prosperous, and secure world community that benefits Americans at home and abroad. ; All CDC global HIV/AIDS activities are implemented by the Division of Global HIV/AIDS, CDC Center for Global Health, as part of the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). ; March 2013. ; Mode of access: Internet from the CDC web site as an Acrobat .pdf file (493.05 KB, 2 p.).
As the U.S. science-based public health and disease prevention agency, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) plays an essential role in implementing the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). CDC uses its technical expertise in public health science and long-standing relationships with Ministries of Health across the globe to work side-by-side with countries to build strong national programs and sustainable public health systems that can respond effectively to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and to other diseases that threaten the health and prosperity of the global community at large. Ensuring global health strengthens U.S. health, economic, and national security. Improving the health of people in developing countries also impacts the productivity and political stability of those nations. This results in a safer, more prosperous, and secure world community that benefits Americans at home and abroad. ; All CDC global HIV/AIDS activities are implemented by the Division of Global HIV/AIDS, CDC Center for Global Health, as part of the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). ; December 2012. ; Mode of access: Internet from the CDC web site as an Acrobat .pdf file (469.48 KB, 2 p.).
La International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID), è un organismo non governativo che opera dal 1895 nel campo dell'informazione e della documentazione ed è noto soprattutto - con la precedente denominazione di Institut International de Bibliographie - per aver creato la Classificazione decimale universale. «FID Review» è il nuovo giornale sociale e periodico scientifico dell'associazione che sostituisce i precedenti «FID bulletin» e «International forum on information and documentation».Il fascicolo monografico che si segnala è dedicato all'informazione su AIDS e HIV e contiene nove articoli che dimostrano come la principale arma di cui disponiamo al momento per combattere la malattia è proprio l'informazione.Dall'insieme degli articoli emerge una percezione accurata della dimensione globale dell'AIDS: come è pervasiva e problematica la malattia, che si interseca con le peculiarità socio-culturali, politiche, economiche e religiose dei vari paesi, così devono essere articolati e a più livelli gli interventi ai quali sono chiamati a partecipare ricercatori, educatori, giornalisti, e in generale tutti gli specialisti dell'informazione, nonché i sieropositivi stessi, che possono anch'essi dare il loro contributo come testimoni e insegnanti di quello che si può e si deve fare per imparare a difendersi dalla malattia.Al bibliotecario risulterà particolarmente interessante il breve articolo su Extramed, la banca dati a testo completo di periodici biomedici dei paesi in via di sviluppo che rappresenta quasi l'"altra faccia" del Medline e che nei confronti di quest'ultimo svolge una funzione di stimolo affinché la ricerca scientifica di quei paesi, particolarmente colpiti dall'AIDS e interessati allo sviluppo della ricerca in questo settore, ottenga il dovuto riconoscimento internazionale.L'argomento riveste una tale importanza per il futuro di decine di milioni di persone, ed è evidentemente tanto a cuore dei responsabili del periodico (che come sottotitolo si fregia del motto "informazione al servizio della società"), che in via eccezionale il materiale contenuto nel fascicolo è stato liberamente messo a disposizione di chi voglia tradurlo in altre lingue per una successiva disseminazione, sempre in forma gratuita, nei paesi in via di sviluppo.
Indonesia menghadapi epidemi HIV dan AIDS yang berkembang cepat dan sebagian besar menyerang kelompok usia muda. Epidemi HIV/AIDS muncul dan menyebar melalui perilaku, berupa praktik seks bebas dan penyalahgunaan narkoba menggunakan jarum suntik. Artikel ini bertujuanmembahas masalah HIV/AIDS terkini di Indonesia dan berbagai upaya yang telah dan akan dilakukan untuk mencegah masyarakat dari bencana AIDS. Proporsi penderita AIDS perempuan di Indonesia meningkat pesat, kebanyakan ibu rumah tangga dan penularan terbesar terjadi melalui hubungan seksual. Obat Anti Retroviral yang tersedia mampu menurunkan kematian dan risiko penularan HIV/AIDS dari ibu ke bayi. Pemerintah menyediakan pelayanan, pengobatan, perawatan dan dukungan tanpa diskriminasi. Obat subsidi disediakan secara berkesinambungan dandiberikan secara penuh. PT Kimia Farma memproduksi obat antiretroviral dan menyalurkannya ke rumah sakit yang melayani penderita HIV/AIDS. Upaya pengendalian penularan HIV/AIDS dilakukan melalui peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang penularan secara komprehensif dan tindakan pencegahan.Kata kunci: HIV/AIDS, seks bebas, antiretroviralAbstractIndonesia faces HIV/AIDS epidemy that is now developing tremendously and attacking mostly the young generation. HIV-AIDS has emerged and spread through behavior such as practicing free sex lifestyle and using drugs by sharing needles. The objective of this article is to review the currentHIV/AIDS problems and measures carried out in Indonesia to help protect the people from disaster. The proportion of Indonesian females suffering from HIV/ AIDS had been increasing sharply, whose mostly are household mothers and transmitted sexually. The existing anti retroviral treatmentis able to reduce HIV/AIDS transmission from mother to infant. The Government of Indonesian provides health services, medical treatment, nursing care as well as support without discrimination. Subsidized drugs were provided fully and continuously. PT Kimia Farma produces antiviral and has it distributed to the hospitals that serve HIV/AIDS patients. Measures to control the spread of HIV/AIDS are carried out through strengthening the knowledge of the people about HIV/AIDS and preventive action.Key words: HIV/AIDS, free sex, antiretroviral
Secara nasional, Indonesia telah mengantisipasi epidemi HIV/AIDS, tetapi jumlah kasus HIV/AIDS di Provinsi Bali dari tahun ke tahun memperlihatkan peningkatan yang semakin mengkhawatirkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembangan jumlah kasus dan kebijakan penanggulangan HIV/AIDS di Denpasar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang dilakukan di Denpasar pada tanggal 11-17 September 2011. Sampel penelitian ini menggunakan informan terpilih yaitu kepala bappeda, pejabat Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Denpasar, direktur rumah sakit, puskesmas, ketua komisi penanggulangan AIDS di kabupaten/kota dan pemerhati HIV/AIDS termasuk ODHA. Penelitian menemukan jumlah kasus HIV/AIDS di Kota Denpasar yang tertinggi dan penularan terbesarnya melalui hubungan seks. Namun, dukungan pemerintah daerah dalam upaya pencegahan dan penanggulangan HIV/AIDS terlihat belum maksimal. Padahal kebijakan penanggulangan HIV/AIDS sangat ditentukan oleh cara pandang pemerintah terhadap penyakit HIV/AIDS. Untuk itu, perlu peningkatan pemahaman tentang HIV/AIDS serta pencegahan dan penanganan semua pihak terkait sehingga penanggulangan HIV/AIDS dapat lebih efektif, efisien, dan tepat sasaran.Nationally, Indonesia anticipated HIV/AIDS epidemic, but the number of cases of HIV/AIDS in Bali province from year to year showed an increase in the increasingly alarming. This study aimed to determine the number of cases and the development of policies on HIV / AIDS in Denpasar. This research was conducted using qualitative methods in Denpasar on 11-17 September 2011. The study sample was selected using the informant is head of planning, Denpasar District health officers, the director of the hospital, health center, chairman of the commission on AIDS in the district/city and observer of HIV / AIDS, including people living with HIV. The study found the number of cases of HIV / AIDS in the city of Denpasar is the highest and greatest transmission through sexual intercourse. However, the support of local governments in efforts to prevent and control HIV/AIDS looks not maximized. In fact the policy of HIV/AIDS is largely determined by the government perspective on HIV / AIDS. To that end, should be an increased understanding of HIV/AIDS as well as prevention and treatment of all parties concerned. So that HIV/ AIDS can be more effective, efficient, and targeted.
One of the major health problem in Indonesia is the spreading of Acuquired Immune Deficiency Sidrome(AIDS) and Human Immuno Deficiency Virus(HIV). The development of HIV-AIDS in Indonesia is veryalarming. The high number of people living with HIV-AIDS will affect on demography structure, health caresystems, national economic and social order. Combating HIV-AIDS face a variety of complex challenges,requiring both a policy and action at the national, regional, and global. How to coverage prevention andtreatment of HIV-AIDS, strengthening the quality of health services, assurance of drug availability,appropriate and effective regulation, elimination of stigma and discrimination, as well as tests and treatmentsfor patients. Indonesian government have to involve various parties in HIV-AIDS, especially from the fieldof socio-cultural, educational, and religious for the prevention and improvement of patient care need tochange people's behavior.
HIV/AIDS is a serious health problem in the world, including in Indonesia. It has a huge impact in economic, social and political aspects. There fore research regarding the knowledge of HIV/AIDS become important. This paper explores women's knowledge of HIV/AIDS in Indonesua using secondary data from Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2007. In measuring the knowledge indicator used such as have you ever heard about HIV/AIDS, knowledge of the transmission abd HIV/AIDS prevention. Statistic descriptive, composit and binary logistic were using to answer the research problem. The result shows that women's knowledge in HIV/AIDS is fairly good. The main factor which influence women's knowledge of HIV/AIDS is their level of education along with their spouse. Women who have finished their education in senior high has twice better knowledge on HIV/AIDS compared to those who did not finish.
HIV/AIDS and poverty are contemporary issues that cannot be avoided by social scientists and health personnel. The direction of the relationship is as problematic as the impact of one on the other. It is against this background that this paper attempts to examine the linkage through empirical study of identified hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients at the Government Hospital Mbabane, Swaziland. Twenty respondents were passively observed and interviewed. The results from the study show that HIV/AIDS and poverty are interrelated. They should therefore, be addressed in tandem in an attempt to solve the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
This chapter presents a broader approach to the securitization of infectious diseases; one which includes the heavy and widespread health burden posed by slower-spreading, endemic diseases like HIV/AIDS. It focuses on the possibility of elevating naturally-occurring disease outbreaks to the security agenda. A reason for limiting securitization to a select category of dreaded infectious disease threats is that this may minimize the risks associated with framing a health issue in terms traditionally reserved for military threats. To frame an infectious disease as a security issue is to lend it a sense of urgency, and to seek some of the overriding political interest and superior financial resources associated with more traditional concepts of security. The theory of securitization derives principally from the work of Barry Buzan, Ole Waever and Jaap de Wilde. Identifying security threats and determining appropriate responses to them are matters for political and ethical judgment as well as scientific assessment.
Fast 34 Millionen Menschen sind weltweit mit dem HIV-Virus infiziert, weitaus der grösste Teil davon in so genannten Entwicklungsländern. Am stärksten betroffen ist die Region Afrika südlich der Sahara. Hier leben zehn Prozent der Weltbevölkerung und über 60 Prozent aller Menschen mit HIV/AIDS. Nur eine Minderheit hat Zugang zur heute hochwirksamen antiretroviralen Kombinationstherapie. Die Zugangschancen sind ungleich verteilt, in den Industrienationen ist der Zugang zu den lebenswichtigen Medikamenten rechtlich wie faktisch garantiert, in den wirtschaftlich armen Regionen sterben Erwachsene wie Kinder an den Folgen von Aids, ohne je die Chance auf die wirksame, aber teure Behandlung gehabt zu haben.
O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a assistência à população com Aids no Brasil e a capacidade do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) de prover intervenções para enfrentamento da epidemia e discutir a sustentabilidade da iniciativa brasileira de distribuição universal e gratuita dos anti-retrovirais. O trabalho considerou dados originais de uma pesquisa sobre a capacidade potencial de distribuição de uma futura vacina anti-HIV no Brasil, envolvendo 119 entrevistados. Nas abordagens da assistência hospitalar e da assistência farmacêutica foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS e do Sistema de Controle Logístico de Medicamentos do Programa Nacional de DST/Aids. Os resultados mostraram bom desempenho da política de distribuição de anti-retrovirais. Entretanto, o acesso ao tratamento de doenças oportunistas foi deficitário. Os valores pagos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde pelas internações por Aids mantiveram-se muito baixos, com valor médio em torno de R$700,00, em 2004. A assistência a pacientes com HIV/Aids no Brasil tem sido tratada como um direito do cidadão, com o respaldo de uma articulação efetiva entre as esferas de governo e a sociedade civil. Os desafios que se colocam atualmente dizem respeito ao monitoramento mais fino dos processos e resultados obtidos e à sustentabilidade da distribuição universal e gratuita de anti-retrovirais. ; This study was intended to assess care provided to those living with HIV/AIDS in Brazil and the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) capacity of delivering interventions to cope with the epidemic as well as to discuss the sustainability of the Brazilian initiative of providing universal free access to antiretrovirals (ARVs). Original data from a study comprising 119 respondents on the potential capacity of delivering a prospective HIV vaccine in Brazil was used. Inpatient and pharmaceutical care was based on data from the SUS Hospital Information System and Drug Logistics Management Systems of the National Program for STD/AIDS. The study results indicate good performance of the Brazilian ARV Access Program but access to treatment of opportunistic infections was, however, unsatisfactory. The rates covered by SUS for AIDS hospital admissions remained very low, on average around R$700 in 2004. Health care to HIV/AIDS patients has been considered a citizen's right strongly supported by an effective joint action of the Brazilian government and civil society. The current challenges are fine monitoring of processes and program results and ensuring sustainability of universal free ARV access.
Objectives: To assess the awareness of school children regarding Human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] to devise strategies or subjects for future programmes and to provide suggestions for school HIV education. Methodology: As about 11 schools were taken in study, 7 were government schools and 4 were Private schools. 7 from the urban areas and 4 from the rural areas.In a school 40 – 50 students were surveyed. Total 489 students were divided in different age group i.e. 10-13 year, 14-16 year and 17-19 year, males and females, students were also studied in division of rural and urban group. The students were administered a pre-designed proforma, which included multiple choice questions. Results: In our study 489 students scored 65.4% in knowledge about disease, 57.5% in knowledge in complication of disease, 59.9% in knowledge about prevention of disease, 66.8% in knowledge about treatment of disease, 48.5% in knowledge about etiology of disease and 39.1% in knowledge about medico legal aspect of disease. Conclusion: The study showed tremendous lacunae in awareness of all Reproductive Health (RH) matters. There is a need for evolving information, education, and communication strategies to focus on raising awareness on RH and gender related issues. A sociocultural research is needed to find the right kind of sexual health services for young girls and boys
