chapter 1. The nature of HIV/AIDS -- chapter 2. Definition, symptoms, and transmittal -- chapter 3. Patterns and trends in HIV/AIDS surveillance -- chapter 4. Populations at risk -- chapter 5. Children, adolescents, and HIV/AIDS -- chapter 6. HIV/AIDS costs and treatment -- chapter 7. People with HIV/AIDS -- chapter 8. Testing, prevention, and education -- chapter 9. HIV and AIDS worldwide -- chapter 10. Knowledge, awareness, behavior, and opinion.
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The response of the United States to the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa is an example of the redefined nature of security threats that characterizes the post-September 11 period. Even the most ardent realists now accept that serious threats exist to US security apart from those brewing in organized states. Scholars and governments have been forced to adopt a greater sensitivity to the issues that underlie international violence and terrorism, such as a lack of political freedom, state failure, poverty, and HIV/AIDS, the topic addressed in this chapter as an indirect threat to US security interests in Africa.1
This brief describes the political structure, internal, and external challenges of Togo, Africa. It primarily focuses on the internal challenge of the high AIDS prevalence in the country and goes into detail on the epidemiology, identification, challenges, and suggestions regarding the disease. AIDS is an immunodeficiency virus that makes it hard for the host to fight off infections and illnesses. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluid and is most commonly spread through unprotected sex. Men having sex with men are at the highest risk of contracting HIV/AIDS in this region. Pregnant women with HIV/AIDS are also at a high risk for transmitting the disease to their unborn children. In response, the country has increased public availability of condoms to help prevent the spread of the disease as well as increasing the level of access to medications that prolong the survival of people with the disease. Togo needs to continue these interventions as well as educating the public on how the disease is transmitted and spread to decrease the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in their country.
The spectre of AIDS is haunting Africa. If present trends continue, its impact on development and society will be devastating. This issue of ROAPE looks at some of the graphic realities of the situation as faced by those who must cope. It also explores the struggles and debates around who might take responsibility - for delivering programmes of prevention and care, for making affordable drugs available to those in need and for dealing with the consequences of loss wreaked by the epidemic. If families bear the heaviest burden, what role do states, NGOs and international agencies have in managing the crisis and in averting the worst scenarios? These questions have to be considered in context. (...) There are many facets to the question of HIV/AIDS in Africa. The articles in this volume touch only some of them, but individually and collectively they point to the importance of situating the analysis of the epidemic and its effects into a framework of political economy. (ROAPE/DÜI)
International & Sudanese organisations working to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS fear an increase in infection rates as a result of large return movements of refugees & IDPs. Adapted from the source document.
As is well-known the HIV infection profile in sub-Saharan Africa is very different from the HIV infection profile in the developed North. This paper explores the strengths and weaknesses of the three main explanations for this difference: the cultural explanation, the dependency explanation and the rational choice explanation. I argue that all three explanations have major problems. The cultural explanation ignores the variety of African cultures and the wide variations in sexual practices of Africans in different countries and ethnic communities. It also tends to place the blame for HIV/Aids on African women. The dependency model is too concerned with the workings of the world system, puts toomuch emphasis on poverty and overlooks the internal dynamics of the various countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The rational choice explanation underestimates the roles of emotion and habit in human sexual behaviour. Neverthelesssocial science research and debate have ensured that moralism has played a minimal role in the formulation of Aids policies in sub-Saharan Africa. Social science research shows that all individuals are at risk and that the situation is going to get worse unless serious effort is committed towards the fight against Aids. Social science debate has ensuredthat the afflicted are seen as victims more than as vectors. Aids policies in Africa have seesawed between containment of victims and potential victims and their sympathetic treatment. I argue that policies which do not emphasise containment are preferable. However for these to work the conditions which make Africa the most Aids-affected region in the world must be addressed. Poverty, inequality and underdevelopment must be seriously tackled if real progress is to be made in the fight against HIV/Aids.HIV/AIDS
