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The main purpose of this paper is to identify variations in
demographic and economic characteristics of households by income groups.
For almost two decades now development planners have been concerned with
the issue of income disparities and poverty. Whereas previous studies in
this area for Pakistan [2; 9] have focused mainly on quantifying the
extent of poverty in the country, the present work investigates the
qualitative aspects of poorer households. It aims at providing some
empirical insight into the distinctive socio-economic and demographic
circumstances of the poor.

Bangladesh is one of the leading economies of the world in term on international labor migration. It is well known that remittances from international migrants is a major source of income of many Bangladeshi households. However many Bangladeshi households also depends on internal remittances received from the family members residing in other parts of the country. Therefore, the modes of remittances of households in Bangladesh can be categorized as 'No Remittances', 'Internal Remittances' and 'International Remittances'. It can be hypothesized that these mode of remittances are associated with the basic characteristics of the households in Bangladesh. The paper empirically invistigates this association. As the mode of remittances can be classified in 3 categories, the paper utilizes Multinomial Logit Model (MNL) to investigate the association between Households' characteristics and the modes of remittances. The data have been obtained from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (2010) conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of statistics. The data depicts that almost 78% households of Bangladesh received no remittances, about 12% received internal and about 9% received international remittances. The paper runs MNL regressions associating the data on households characteriscs such as rural-urban locations, religion, age, sex of houholds' heads, expenditure shares etc. with these 3 categories. The study reveals that household level variables such as rural-urban locations, age and sex of the households heads, religion, ratio of male, adult and young members etc. are potentially significant in households' orientation to remittances. Importantly, the results shows positive association of rural location with both internal and international remittances. It also surprisingly shows that the households with female heads are more likely to receive both internal and international remittances compared to the households headed by male. In addition, Muslim households are more likely to receive international remittances. The study however has found insignificant association between higher education and the mode of remittances. The paper contributes to the policy analysis through revealing the association between the households' characteristics and the various modes of remittances. The finding will provide guidelines in policy debates and future research linking migration, remittances and economic development.

Poverty being multi-dimensional in nature is the product of various interactive socioeconomic factors. Some of the factors shaping economic status of the household may be cited as widowhood, disability, illiteracy, ageing, household size, household status, dependency, low wages of the female workers, household responsibilities etc. Theory suggests that the ability of a household to earn a given level of income is to a great extent determined by the characteristics internal to the household. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that explain their relative effect on poverty of the household. Poverty thus captured at micro level is expected to provide insights for polices to alleviate poverty at national level. The standard econometric method of logistic regression technique has been used to determine the extent to which the factors influence the probability of a household being poor. The paper is based on data obtained from a sample survey conducted in Bangladesh during 2008–09.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine household characteristics and schooling decisions in terms of enrollment and type of school in an urban setting in Nairobi.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a cross‐sectional data set collected in 2005. The sample comprises 7,475 primary school‐aged children. A probit model was estimated to show what influences decisions at household level.FindingsAnalysis shows that different household and individual attributes motivate different decisions. A considerable proportion (40 per cent) of children from the poorest quintile attends non‐public schools compared to 34 per cent from the richest quintile. The findings reveal that better‐off households are more represented in the free primary education (FPE) programme. The predicted probability of a decision to attend a public school for a primary school‐age child increases as the household wealth increases.Practical implicationsThe paper concludes that poorer households are least attending and may be excluded from free public schools.Originality/valueThe paper demystifies the notion that introduction of FPE in developing countries is a pro‐poor policy.

Access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services is the primary aim of Sustainable Development Goal 7 and underpins other SDGs for improving health and welfare. In keeping with the SDG objectives, national governments and development agencies have been advocating reduction of households' dependency on traditional sources of energy and encourage the transition to clean energy. Whilst policy interventions for this have had some success, a large proportion of households, especially in the rural areas of developing countries still continue to face energy shortages and lack of access to clean energy continues to be a major developmental challenge. This study investigates the energy use of 295 rural households in three rural villages in central Nepal. Results demonstrate that households continue to depend on traditional sources of energy with limited access to clean energy. Furthermore, access to clean energy amongst households in rural Nepal is determined by households and community socio-economic status. The paper argues that much more needs to be done to enhance households' access to clean energy and reduce their dependency on traditional sources of energy and the distributional implications of such measures need to be properly considered.