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This article discusses the influence of external pressure on the Brazilian trade liberalization process. The conditions under which external pressure is defined are based on the approach of international politics authors known as "realists" and related to the interests of the states, reliance on specific pressure instruments and vulnerability to pressure. Events such as the decline of American hegemony, the rise of newly industrialized countries, the globalization of the international economy and the debt crisis, which led to an increase in international conflict during the 1980s are analysed, as well as domestic factors like the economic vulnerability of Brazil. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)

The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of trade liberalization on the Brazilian manufacturing industry over the 1989-96 period. To this end, a series of indicators is examined which shed light on the technical efficiency and allocational effects of the liberalization process. The results obtained suggest that the impacts were, in general, positive and consistent both with predictions of the studies of international trade and with patterns of Brazil's industrialization. Yet, they also point to a number of challenges to be faced by the state, particularly with regard to deficiencies that affect international interaction in manufacturing and that threaten the gains from trade. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)

As mudancas relacionadas ao processo de liberalizacao comercial na economia brasileira tem sido objetivo de varios estudos que enfocam os efeitos sobre o setor industrial. O presente trabalho analisa o impacto dessas mudancas sobre o grau de protecao (ou taxacao) nominal de produtos agricolas comercializaveis. Para tal, comparam-se os precos internos com os externos, utilizando a taxa de cambio nominal oficial e uma estimativa da valorizacao dessa taxa baseada na teoria da paridade do poder de compra. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a forma pela qual o processo de liberalizacao comercial vem sendo conduzido dificulta a reducao da taxacao implicita de produtos agricolas. (Pesqui Planej Econ/DÜI)

The liberalization of agricultural markets proved to be one of the most sensitive points in the Uruguay Round negotiations. The contrasting interests of developing and developed countries often give rise to dissensions and deadlocks. Nevertheless, the issue carries great importance within the context of the integration of the Americas, especially with the advent of the FTAA. Unlike what happens at the WTO, trade of agricultural products should gain priority status in the process of negotiations of the FTAA. (Polit Externa/DÜI)

In this article external orientation indicators for the Brazilian manufacturing industry are outlined. These indicators allow to better understand the changes on trade orientation during the 1990s and the effect of an external shock, considering both the revenue (external sales and domestic competition with imports) and the cost (imported inputs) channels. The study shows that the net external orientation coefficient for the manufacturing sector as a whole dropped by 11.3% between 1989 and 1998, diminishing the positive effect that currency devaluation could have had on the manufacturing sector. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)

Brazil has performed one of the most rapid and massive market opening plans in the world of industrialized nations. Although the opening was profound, it has not been followed by fiscal protection measures against disloyalty from external competition. As far as Mercosul is concerned, while following basically political goals in a first moment rather than trading purposes, again Brazil did not hesitate in granting some privileges to its future partners. So, having a certain experience now and a privileged position in relation to the other Latin American countries, Brazil is in a comfortable place to move toward ALCA and can afford even a delay in its implementation. (Polit Externa/DÜI)