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Denne artikkelen undersøker hvorvidt respondenter i norske fylkesadministrasjoner oppfatter at sentrale beslutninger influeres av eksterne aktører – gjennom vertikale relasjoner til sentraladministrative instanser og EU/EØS-institusjoner, samt horisontale relasjoner til andre fylkesadministrasjoner – og hvordan variasjonen i slike relasjoner kan forklares. Artikkelen bygger på data fra en ny spørreundersøkelse i norske fylkesadministrasjoner (N = 893), og viser hvordan fylkesadministrasjonene under visse betingelser kan opptre med to eller flere «hatter», det vil si at beslutningene som treffes influeres av flere eksterne aktører samtidig. Hovedtyngden av respondentene oppgir nasjonale sentraladministrative instanser som den viktigste relasjonen, samtidig som en betydelig andel også oppgir at EU/EØS-institusjoner har betydning når sentrale beslutninger treffes. Mønstrene som avdekkes forklares ved fylkesadministrasjonenes organisatoriske spesialisering og administrative kapasitet. ; This article examines whether respondents in Norwegian county administrations perceive that key decisions are influenced by external actors - through vertical administrative relations to central administrative bodies and EU/EEA institutions, as well as horizontal administrative relations to other county administrations - and how the variation in such relations can be explained. The article is based on data from a new survey in Norwegian county administrations (N = 893), and shows how the county administrations under certain conditions can act with two or more "hats", ie that the decisions made are influenced by several external actors simultaneously. The majority of the respondents consider national central administrative bodies as the most important external actors, while a significant proportion also state that EU/EEA institutions are important when central decisions are made. The patterns that are revealed are explained by the county administrations' organizational specialization and administrative capacity. ; Denne artikkelen undersøker hvorvidt respondenter i norske fylkesadministrasjoner oppfatter at sentrale beslutninger influeres av eksterne aktører – gjennom vertikale relasjoner til sentraladministrative instanser og EU/EØS-institusjoner, samt horisontale relasjoner til andre fylkesadministrasjoner – og hvordan variasjonen i slike relasjoner kan forklares. Artikkelen bygger på data fra en ny spørreundersøkelse i norske fylkesadministrasjoner (N = 893), og viser hvordan fylkesadministrasjonene under visse betingelser kan opptre med to eller flere «hatter», det vil si at beslutningene som treffes influeres av flere eksterne aktører samtidig. Hovedtyngden av respondentene oppgir nasjonale sentraladministrative instanser som den viktigste relasjonen, samtidig som en betydelig andel også oppgir at EU/EØS-institusjoner har betydning når sentrale beslutninger treffes. Mønstrene som avdekkes forklares ved fylkesadministrasjonenes organisatoriske spesialisering og administrative kapasitet. ; Denne artikkelen undersøker hvorvidt respondenter i norske fylkesadministrasjoner oppfatter at sentrale beslutninger influeres av eksterne aktører – gjennom vertikale relasjoner til sentraladministrative instanser og EU/EØS-institusjoner, samt horisontale relasjoner til andre fylkesadministrasjoner – og hvordan variasjonen i slike relasjoner kan forklares. Artikkelen bygger på data fra en ny spørreundersøkelse i norske fylkesadministrasjoner (N = 893), og viser hvordan fylkesadministrasjonene under visse betingelser kan opptre med to eller flere «hatter», det vil si at beslutningene som treffes influeres av flere eksterne aktører samtidig. Hovedtyngden av respondentene oppgir nasjonale sentraladministrative instanser som den viktigste relasjonen, samtidig som en betydelig andel også oppgir at EU/EØS-institusjoner har betydning når sentrale beslutninger treffes. Mønstrene som avdekkes forklares ved fylkesadministrasjonenes organisatoriske spesialisering og administrative kapasitet.

Graham White's recent book, entitled Indigenous Empowerment through Co-management: Land Claims Boards, Wildlife Management, and Environmental Regulation, is a balanced, accessible, and honest discussion of a very complex realm of Crown-Indigenous relations and institutions in Canada. The book is very well researched and clearly communicated by one of Canada's leading experts on the topic. Co-management has been the subject of scholarly attention for many years in Canada; however, perspectives vary widely with respect to appropriateness and effectiveness. White's book is a bold project that tackles the complexities, sensitivities, and diverse contexts head-on. It ought to be at the top of the reading list for all academics, practitioners, and government officials with an interest in modern treaties.

All governments regardless of their form rely ultimately on the legitimacy given by the people. After the rapid economic growth of 21st century China, millions of people have been lifted out of poverty that are eventually going to demand other things from their government as well, such as a better environment and reduced corruption. Legitimacy in China comes from slightly different sources than in the West. Among them are a quasi-religious heavenly mandate and the traditional view of the party as a provider of welfare and safety. However the economic success has not come without a cost. Protests take place throughout the country as the gap between rich and poor has widened, the welfare state has been reduced and farmers lack a basic right to their land. L. Pitkaniemi

A little over a month before election day, victory in the race between George W. Bush & John Kerry appeared to depend on closely divided opinion among voters in a few battleground states, whose blocks of votes in the Electoral College could well decide the outcome. The essay interprets polls, interviews, & news reports with registered voters in four of these states: two so-called small states, one leaning toward Bush (MO) & one leaning toward Kerry (WA); & two large states, both highly contested, but one leaning toward Bush in some recent polls (OH), & another where opinion is too close to call the likely result (PA). The analysis focuses on the issues that voters considered most important in these states & nationally, policy regarding the economic problems, especially job losses, & approaches to dealing with terrorism & the war in Iraq. 28 References. Adapted from the source document.

Challenges James Godbolt's article titled 'the Vietnam War in Norway' by claiming that there were in fact two different Norwegian perspectives - one was found in the anti-war movement, the other in the political elite. A closer inspection of the Labor Party dominated journals, which lead the government, reveals that in the 1960's the Norwegian government, as a NATO member, was supporting America's efforts, whereas a shift occurred after 1967 when the anti-war minority opinion started to gain traction. L. Pitkaniemi

The Iraq War in 2003 represented a conflict of interest for the Norwegian government, as the situation called for them to choose between the relationship with the United States & international law. Being a small nation, it was in Norway's interest to protect both these interests. In the end, the government decided not to support the American-led invasion, with reference to international law. This decision has by some been interpreted as a shift away from Norway's traditional Atlanticist policy. This article illustrates how the second Bondevik Government succeeded in balancing different national interests in the decision-making process. On the one hand, it supported the UN & met the demands of the Norwegian public opinion. On the other hand, it managed to uphold its relationship with the United States. This balancing act illustrates that small states have limited room for manoeuvre in international politics, & will most likely continue to have so in the future. References. Adapted from the source document.

Explains that the late-2000 recession was mainly due to the fact that politicians, businessmen and economists had forgotten the lessons of the great depression resulting in a moral hazard of overleveraging as big corporations knew that the government would bail them out. The seeds for this economic crisis were already sawn by the stock market bubble in the 1990's that eventually spread into more important sectors due to bad government policies based on neoliberalism. It is important that policy makers see the economic crisis as a possibility and aim at full employment while redesigning the credit system in order to avoid future crises. L. Pitkaniemi