Suchergebnisse

Il diritto a un minimo decente di assistenza sanitaria – spesso chiamato, più semplicemente, diritto alla salute – fa parte dei cosiddetti diritti di seconda generazione, cioè quelli che richiedono un impegno attivo da parte dello stato per assicurare ad ogni cittadino la possibilità di una vita dignitosa. Il diritto alla salute si trova enunciato nei più importanti documenti internazionali, a partire dalla Dichiarazione universale dei diritti dell'uomo (1948), e nella maggior parte delle costituzioni nazionali, compresa quella italiana. Tuttavia, nel Sud del mondo, la sua applicazione è ostacolata da un gran numero di fattori (povertà, guerre, corruzione politica, ecc.); cosicché la maggior parte degli esseri umani vive in società prive di un sistema sanitario nazionale, cadendo vittima di malattie facilmente curabili o prevenibili. Per affrontare questo problema, la cooperazione sanitaria internazionale ha sperimentato nel tempo due diverse forme di intervento: una incentrata sulla diffusione dell'assistenza sanitaria di base (come raccomandato dalla Conferenza di Alma-Ata del 1978), l'altra sui cosiddetti "programmi verticali", i quali agiscono su singole malattie o branche della sanità. Nessuno dei due approcci però ha prodotto i risultati sperati. L'Ong italiana Emergency propone un modello di cooperazione sanitaria per molti aspetti innovativo: esso si fonda su progetti autogestiti e totalmente gratuiti (che vanno dalla pediatria alla chirurgia di guerra alla cardiochirurgia) ed è capace di incidere sul tessuto sociale nel quale si inserisce, fino ad influenzare le scelte politiche delle autorità locali. Solamente intervenendo in un modo simile sui determinanti sociali della salute, sembra possibile migliorare realmente lo stato di salute delle popolazioni più povere e garantire così la prima delle condizioni necessarie perché ogni persona abbia la possibilità di vivere una vita decente. ; The right to a minimum health care – often referred to as the right to health – is part of the so called second generation rights, that is, those rights which would necessitate active state efforts in order to guarantee every citizen a dignified standard of living. The right to health is recognised in all the most important international documents, the first being the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and in the majority of national constitutions, including the Italian one. Nevertheless, in the southern hemisphere, its application is still facing many obstacles (e.g. poverty, wars, political corruption, etc.), to such an extent that the greater number of people live in society without National healthcare service, and they are likely to fall victims at easy-to-cure or preventable diseases. In order to cope with this problem, international cooperative forces for health care has experimented with two different strategies of intervention. Whereas the first one has been focused on diffusing primary health care (as recalled during 1978 Alma-Ata Conference), the second one has tried to put into action the so called vertical programs, whose goal is to act against specific disease or on health care branches. However, it seems that neither strategy has so far reached the desired aims. An innovative cooperation model is offered by the NGO Emergency. Their way of intervention is based on self-managed and free health care projects (concerning paediatrics, emergency war surgery, cardiovascular surgery, etc.) which can exert a considerable influence not only on the social tissue they develop within, but also on political decisions taken at local level. To take action on the social determiners of health seems to be the only way to actually improve poor people's health condition and to assure them the basis for a decent standard of living.

The specific object of this article is the agreement -- in accordance with the Italian decreto legislativo no. 517 of 21 December 1999 on the "regulation of relations between the national health service & universities according to article 6 of Law no. 419 of 30 November 1998" -- to be reached between the local health authorities & the University Vice-Chancellors over the nomination both of executives in Departments with mixed activities (composed, that is, of complex university & hospital managerial structures), & of executives of complex university managerial structures. The central point of this article is that, alongside the procedural duties specified in the individual regulations, the parties also have the duty to respect the general principles of loyal cooperation and reciprocal fairness in the seeking of an agreement, in line with the directives set out in judgment no. 379/92 of the Constitutional Court. Adapted from the source document.

The Ethiopian Federal government is implementing a process of health care decentralization, with the aims of spreading the primary health care and achieving the health-related Millennium Development Goals. The ethnographic research conducted in the district of Kilte Awlaleo (Tigray Regional State) has shown the continuity between the health care programmes directed at the rural areas and the practices of mobilization of the peasant population developed by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) during the civil war against the Derg. Under this experience, TPLF legitimates the current strategies to "fight poverty", that merge with transnational discourses on community empowerment and participatory development, engendering creative governmental techniques. Starting from two specific health care programmes – the Health Extension Programme and the Women Development Army –, the article focuses on the processes of governance observed in the area under investigation, and on the ways in which subjects involved in development interventions embody the State. ; Il governo federale etiope ha avviato un processo di decentralizzazione del sistema sanitario volto alla diffusione della primary health care e al conseguimento degli Obiettivi di Sviluppo del Millennio relativi alla salute. La ricerca etnografica nel distretto di Kilte Awlaleo, nello Stato regionale del Tigray, ha messo in luce come i programmi sanitari rivolti alle aree rurali si situino in stretta continuità con le strategie di mobilitazione della popolazione contadina sviluppate dal Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) nel corso della guerra civile contro il Derg. In virtù di tale esperienza, il TPLF legittima le odierne strategie di "lotta alla povertà", che si fondono con i discorsi transnazionali sull'empowerment delle comunità e lo sviluppo partecipativo, dando luogo alla produzione creativa di tecniche governamentali. Prendendo le mosse da due programmi sanitari specifici – lo Health Extension Programme e il Women Development Army –, l'articolo si concentra sui processi di governance osservati nell'area oggetto d'indagine e sulle forme di incorporazione dello Stato da parte dei soggetti coinvolti negli interventi di sviluppo.

The survey approachs the issue of health and the problem of its effective protection in a context of deprivation of liberty and coercion, which is the prison. The theoretical reflection born from the reform of the Legislative Decree 230/99 which marked the transition from an employee by the Prison Health within prison a fully integrated in the National Health Service. The comparison between an institution of health promotion and institution of punishment which may operate on the same subject held produces multiple attrits, making their relationship problematic. The work shows the daily difficulties in the management of prison health within the institution, physician-patient between different health care roles, and between the latter and prison workers. The coexistence, in fact, is not always harmonious though quite often it is common sense and the willingness of operators to reduce barriers: overcrowding, limited resources and insufficient staff make the application of the rule and therefore the right to goal a difficult to be pursued. It is designed for a scheme of semi-structured interview essay is divided into 3 sections covering: "staff and its functions", "health reform" and "health of the prisoner"; questions were directed to doctors, nurses and psychologists engaged inside the prison of Rimini with the specific aim of examining the ambivalent relationship between the demand for health care in prisons and the need for security and a clear - albeit partial - point of view. We tried to reconstruct the situation of prison health care through the perception of prison operators, capturing the problematic issues that deal on both issues is instrumental to the experience of persons detained by analyzing, in terms of operators , what happens inside of a prison institution in everyday health care.

One of the reforms of the Spanish Government that has receivedmore criticism since the economic crisis began has been the one enforcedby Royal Decree‐Law 16/2012, dated 20 April, on urgent measures to ensurethe sustainability of the National Health System and improve thequality and safety of its services. He proceeded to modify the requirementsfor compulsory insurance coverage, requiring as a condition sinequa non to enjoy 'insured status' to have legal residency.Responses were immediate, among others, appeals on the unconstitutionalityof such measure, the right of conscientious objection of manyhealth professionals as well as the approval of the autonomous communitiesof legislation providing such protection, which, in turn, has alsobeen contested by the Government. While the resolution of this conflictis still pending at the constitutional level, international organizationshave already acted in this sense, being categorical in the issued resolutionscondemning Spain for breach of its international obligations.The central government announced, months prior to the elections,that it would modify this regulation, but, for now, no amend has beenmaterialized. While this situation continues, the law allows courts, underthe control of compliance with international law reflected in the arts.10 and 96 of the Spanish Constitution, developed by Law 25/2014, of 27November, Treaties and Other International Agreements, to protect possible claims and/or interpretations of the treaties contrary to its originalaims and to protect the medical staff against possible sanctions. Thus,the importance of knowledge of international law and its direct invocationas an instrument of effectiveness and enforceability of the rightsrecognized is rightly evidenced by this situation.

Lo studio fin qui condotto è parte di un più ampia tematica di ricerca compresa nel Progetto "Spinner 2013 - Reti di conoscenza per e-Health. Modelli tecnologici, analisi informatico-giuridiche e temi di bioetica" e sviluppata in collaborazione con l'Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Modena e Reggio Emilia. La ricerca si propone di rappresentare un quadro completo e multidisciplinare della realizzazione informatica, giuridica e organizzativa dei sistemi di e-Health e delle loro ricadute in termini non solo giuridici sulla relazione fra paziente, medico e struttura sanitaria. Sul territorio regionale si è investito molto nella c.d. sanità elettronica sia con la realizzazione di una rete telematica di collegamento tra i servizi ospedalieri ed i servizi territoriali sia con la sperimentazione di modelli di Fascicolo Sanitario Elettronico e Patient Summary. Tuttavia, ci sono molteplici aspetti non ancora trattati così come diverse sono le possibili direzioni di sviluppo. In particolare, emergono nuove esigenze di armonizzazione, interoperabilità e integrazione, anche da un punto di vista internazionale. Si richiede ai sistemi informatici di rispondere a requisiti di massima standardizzazione, in relazione al formato dei dati, al loro valore semantico e anche alle policy che si intendono applicare, a garanzia di sicurezza e a tutela dei dati stessi. Inoltre emergono nuove responsabilità per i medici e gli altri operatori sanitari e una nuova figura di paziente: il cittadino/paziente/cliente. ; The aim of this research is expose a comprehensive and multidisciplinary cyber implementation, legal and organization of e-Health systems and their impact on the relationship between patient, doctor and medical facilities. The Emilia-Romagna region has invested heavily in e-Health with the creation of a telematic network linking hospital services and local services. The Electronic Health Record and Patient Summary models are in experimenting. However, there are many aspects still not treated as different are the possible directions of development, new needs are emerging for harmonization, interoperability and integration, even internationally. It requires information systems to respond to the maximum standardization requirements, depending on the format of the data, their semantic value, and the policy that will be applied, to guarantee the safety and protection of the data. Also emerging new responsibilities for doctors and other health care professionals and patients a new figure: the citizen/patient/customer. In particular with this path, whose specific aim is to design, conduct and present a study on the level of e-Health implementation in a national and European context, it tried to: · Achieve a complete and updated representation of the European legislation, national and regional establishing and regulates the Electronic Health Record (FSE), according to a paradigm of cross-border interoperability; · Analyze the European and national initiatives implemented in e -Health with particular reference to the FSE; · Promoting best practices both technological and organizational issues in health care organizations in order to promote the culture of re-use and re-use of efficient technological solutions and effective as a source of savings; · Encourage improvements in the performance of the PA through the ESF, which in support of health planning tool.

ix, 26 p. ; Nel corso dei due anni oggetto del presente rapporto, l'Ufficio di Venezia ha concentrato i suoi sforzi su cinque sfide politiche correlate: dimostrando l'impatto economico e sociale dei sistemi sanitari; costruendo competenze e partenariati per un'azione sui determinanti sociali della salute lungo tutto l'arco della vita; rafforzando lo scambio di conoscenze e offrendo approcci innovativi alle autorità regionali affinché soddisfino le esigenze di salute delle proprie popolazioni locali; propugnando e sostenendo le istanze e gli approcci dei piccoli Paesi; portando i politici a conoscere soluzioni atte a ridurre le disuguaglianze di salute. Attraverso il suo operato, l'Ufficio ha rafforzato la base di evidenze comprovate con cui contestare l'idea che gli investimenti in salute siano un mero costo e con cui opporsi alle posizioni contrarie all'attuazione di azioni efficaci necessarie per colmare le lacune evitabili in materia di salute. Fra gli esempi, vi sono la sottovalutazione del ruolo chiave che la salute e i sistemi sanitari svolgono nel guidare lo sviluppo sostenibile e la crescita inclusiva, e lo scetticismo circa la portata della volontà pubblica per società più eque.