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The article undertakes statistical and sociological analysis of the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for external migrations involving Poland. Its aim is to show the changes in the scale of migration and the socio-economic situation of migrants. The text uses the available statistical data, reports and research results. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migrations turned out to be relatively small, especially in the statistical dimension. The inhibition of immigration was temporary, while the number of Polish citizens abroad decreased. The pandemic affected the socioeconomic situation of migrants more than the size of the displacements. Due to limited language competences and familiarity with Polish institutions, difficulties in accessing the labor market and social services were felt more strongly by them, especially by those staying in Poland for the shortest time and outside the labor market. The increased need for access to health care and social support has at the same time become a factor increasing legal employment of foreigners.

The paper presents the election results of the Democratic Party in the midterm elections 2010. The consequences of these elections encompassed the loss of seats in both houses of Congress as well as the much more painful outcome of the Republican Party winning a majority in the House of Representatives. President Obama assumed complete responsibility for this defeat, and the next two years for him will mean cooperation with the GOP, which will be difficult given the financial crisis. Midterm elections traditionally undermine the party of the President in office – power drains from those who wield it. There always are people who are disappointed with the current policy of the administration, however, in 2010 we can talk about a political earthquake. Apart from the 'midterm elections effect', the success of the Republican Party partly resulted from the difficult economic situation and the reform of the health care system. A significant feature of this campaign involved the Tea Party movement, which won a considerable support owing to its critical attitude to President Obama's domestic policy.

In democratic countries, advocacy organizations and other organized interest groups play an important role in the process of creating public policies and as a consequence, they influence the final shape of the implemented development models. The inclusive decision-making process enables interest groups to fulfill a variety of functions. Interest groups are very important legitimation channel, they provide expert knowledge, and also they are major channel through which citizens can express their opinions to the decision-makers. Through their activities, advocacy organizations may influence specific policies as well as the overall direction of the evolution of the development model. This paper describes and explains the Europeanization process and its pressure on interest groups in Central and Easter Europe, also answering the question to what extent the Europeanization process enables interest groups to access the political process at the state level. Article relies on data from a large-scale survey of organised interests operating in four CEE countries (Poland, Hungary, Slovenia and Czech Republic) in three policy sectors i.e. health care, higher education and energy policy. Based on the collected data, a linear regression analysis was performed.

President's bill on cooperation in local government for local and regional development and on amendments to certain laws presupposes the introduction of new forms of cooperation between local government units. These include associations and committees of local activity, teams of territorial cooperation conventions of the local government delegates at the province. Submitted proposals for new forms of cooperation of local government units should be assessed as interesting and innovative at the same time. Residents of local communities are expected even more than they were a dozen years ago to modernize the infrastructure, increase efforts to protect the environment, ensure public safety and order, as well as to guarantee a stable system of health care and education. Only municipalities that are financially and organizationally strong and that cooperate with each other will be raised by counties to better positions which consequently means development of the whole province. The recently adopted EU budget for 2014-2020 may give us the last such opportunity to use EU funds even further for development of our local and regional communities. ; Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim

The aim of the article is to present, based on the results of the latest research, the basic phenomena in the field of economic and social modernization taking place in Poland in the interwar period. An introduction to the analysis is the opening balance, which discusses the conditions present in Poland in 1918. The following sections present the processes of economic and social modernization taking place in it. Within the framework of economic modernization, the basic limitations were the negative impact of the legacy of the partitions, war damage and the Great Depression. The currency reform of Władysław Grabski, the period of prosperity in the second half of the 1920s, and the modernization policy of Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski in the second half of the 1930s were favorable phenomena. In the case of social modernization, the state played an important role, introducing important institutional solutions from the very beginning, including equality of citizens before the law, compulsory schooling, women's suffrage. A special role was played by the social policy of the state, thanks to which hundreds of thousands of citizens entered modernity, who could take advantage of social security, modern labor legislation, employment policy, and health care. At the same time, there were visible processes of disseminating the achievements of modernity, including mass and popular culture. The conclusions of the analysis indicate that, despite many examples, modernization in interwar Poland had an island character. The processes related to it have only just begun, and the implementation of many projects undertaken in the second half of the 1930s, such as the construction of the Central Industrial District or the public health service, was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II.

Polityka administracyjna kierownictwa resortu spraw wewnętrznych II Rzeczypospolitej w zakresie służby zdrowia skupiała się na zwalczaniu epidemii i chorób zakaźnych, a zwłaszcza najgroźniejszej z nich – gruźlicy, na podniesieniu ogólnego poziomu higieny społecznej poprzez wydawanie różnego rodzaju zarządzeń sanitarnych, dotyczących np. czystości miast, oraz na nadzorowaniu w skali kraju rozrastającej się sieci aptek i składów farmaceutycznych. Po zamachu majowym 1926 r. nową politykę administracyjną w zakresie zdrowia publicznego realizował minister spraw wewnętrznych S.F. Składkowski poprzez program "Podniesienie zdrowotności i wyglądu kraju". Propagował on wśród ludności kraju używanie śmietników i ustępów oraz regularne sprzątanie ulic, placów, podwórzy i obejść domów. Szefostwo resortu pracowało na rzecz zwiększenia "stanu posiadania" w szpitalnictwie i lecznictwie otwartym. Szkoliło personel administracji służby zdrowia, głównie w Państwowej Szkole Higieny. Od 1 lipca 1932 r. z kompetencji urzędu ministra spraw wewnętrznych wyłączono sprawy służby zdrowia, poza niewielkim działem techniki sanitarnej. Od tego czasu MSW skupiało się na wykonywaniu zadań związanych z zagadnieniami techniczno-sanitarnymi kraju, zwłaszcza w zakresie zabudowy osiedli i zaopatrzenia ludności w wodę. Znaczenie tych spraw wzrosło, gdy w maju 1936 r. premierem i ministrem spraw wewnętrznych został S.F. Składkowski. Zainicjował on wielką akcję higieniczno-sanitarną, głównie na wsi, w ramach której propagował stosowanie zasad higieny tak w życiu osobistym, jak i publicznym. ; The administrative policy of the heads of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Second Polish Republic in the field of healthcare between 1918 and 1939 focused on combating epidemics and infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis, which was the most dangerous one among them. Furthermore, its aim was also to raise the general level of social hygiene by issuing various types of sanitary ordinances concerning, e.g. city cleanliness. Moreover, it concentrated on the supervision of the growing network of pharmacies and pharmaceutical companies across the country. After the May Coup in 1926, a new administrative policy in the field of public health was primarily carried out by S. F. Składkowski, the Minister of Internal Affairs, by means of the "Improvement of State Health and Appearance" programme. He propagated the use of garbage cans and lavatories among the population as well as regular cleaning of streets, squares, courtyards, and homesteads. The Ministry's head worked to increase "the inventory" in both hospitals and outpatient care. The administrative personnel of the healthcare service were trained, for the most part, at the State School of Hygiene. Since the 1st of July 1932, matters concerning healthcare were excluded from the competences of the office of the Minister of Internal Affairs except for a small department of sanitary technology. From that time on, the Ministry of Internal Affairs focused on carrying out the tasks related to the technical and sanitary issues of the country, especially in the field of the development of housing estates and supplying water to the population. The significance of all of the aforementioned issues increased in May of 1936 when S. F. Składkowski became the Prime Minister and the Minister of Internal Affairs. He launched a great hygiene and sanitary programme, mainly in the Polish countryside, in which he advocated the application of hygiene principles both in private and public life.

Due to the nature of contemporary armed conflicts and the resulting operations, the "problem" of the new social group, which has traditionally been called "veterans", was born. It was a reasonable duty of the states to provide assistance to injured and wounded (damage to physical and mental health) soldiers returning from military operations abroad and their families. The introduction of the Act of 19 August 2011 on Foreign Mission Veterans has initiated the possibility of building a system of care for veterans in Poland. As it is strived to create the right care system, it is important to analyze, how other countries have solved this problem. Therefore, the cognitive goal of this publication is the identification and explanation of the assumptions of the functioning of the veteran care system in the Republic of Estonia. In addition, in view of the utilitarian objective – the use of the Estonian system of care to de-termine the base of the quality changes of the veteran care system in Poland – it is carried out a SWOT analysis of the discussed system. ; Wskutek charakteru współczesnych konfliktów zbrojnych i prowadzonych w ich wyniku operacji powstał "problem" nowej grupy społecznej, której zwyczajowo nadano miano "weteranów". Zasadną powinnością państw stało się zapewnienie pomocy powracającym z uszczerbkiem na zdrowiu psychicznym i fizycznym żołnierzom oraz ich rodzinom. Wprowadzenie Ustawy z dnia 19 sierpnia 2011 r. o weteranach działań poza granicami państwa zapoczątkowało możliwość budowy systemu opieki nad weteranami w Polsce. Dążąc do stworzenia odpowiedniego systemu opieki zasadne jest przeanalizowanie tego, jak inne kraje rozwiązały ten problem. Stąd też celem poznawczym niniejszej publikacji jest identyfikacja i eksplanacja założeń funkcjonowania systemu opieki nad weteranami na przykładzie Republiki Estońskiej. Ponadto, mając na uwadze cel utylitarny – wykorzystanie założeń estońskiego systemu opieki do określenia podstawy zmian jakości funkcjonowania systemu opieki nad weteranami w Polsce przeprowadzona została analiza SWOT omawianego systemu.

he COVID-19 pandemic affected both developed and developing countries, but its effects primarily affected the poor and people at risk of social and professional exclusion, e.g. people with disabilities, especially those staying in nursing homes, refugees and migrants, and finally people in crisis homelessness. The aim of the study is to discuss selected problems and examples of good practices implemented in Poland during the pandemic with regard to two target groups, i.e. people in a homelessness crisis and residents of social care homes, i.e. groups most exposed to the effects of SARS-CoV-2, including due to age, health problems and greater susceptibility to disease.

The pilot programmes, in which the large towns were to take over the duties and competence formerly belonging to the state administration, was designed by its creators to be a trial to assess the possibilities of the communities in the area of matters which, in the further stage of reform of public administration, were to be the responsibility of the Districts. After a period of more than one year of implementing this pilot programme it may be asserted that the towns satisfied the expectations of the reform promoters. Positive results were achieved thanks to the wholehearted involvement of the local political élite in the reform process. Quite often the reforming of public administration appeared rather as a bettie waged between rival state and local administrations, the former striving to retain its previous dominating position, the latter to broaden its influence and sphere of competence. This was the beginning of an ever widening process of decentralisation of state control and the consequent enhancing of the duties and powers of the territorial authorities of the larger towns. The authors of the successes scored in the pilot programmes were mainly the workers and activists from the local government institutions. It was they who pressed on, in the face of considerable difficulties, towards effective accomplishing of the tasks entrusted to them and consistently broadened the official competence of the local authority institutions. The local leaders were recruited from the ranks of the local government officials while the state administration workers specially declared their positive support for the principles of the pilot programme. Only about 11 % of the leaders adopted a negative or neutral stance towards reform. Advantages gained from the pilot programme concentrate on two areas. Firstly, the pilot scheme facilitates and speeds up satisfaction of communal needs by the introduction of organisational improvements. Secondly, it creates conditions for optimum exploitation of financial resources. The pilot scheme objectives favour the implementation of the social needs of the inhabitants and leaders of the community. These include: health care and social assistance and also education and upbringing. The scope of pilot scheme tasks agrees with the expectations of the inhabitants and represents a spontaneously decided local system of social needs. The process of taking over the pilot scheme tasks by the town local government authorities took place without any pressure being exerted from the state administration side. Empirical data indicate the curbing of the influence of the state administration in determining preferences and outlays from the local community budgets. The pilot scheme increases the potential for citizens' chances of influencing the process of management of public affairs. Local self government activists support the idea of active participation of individual citizens in the social and political life of the town. In practice, however, concentration of powers in the hands of the community authorities and offices limits the possibilities of participation in the local management process.

p. 53-82 ; Bibliography under articles. Index ; Texts also in English. Summaries in English. ; See also "Listy do władz centralnych w Polsce 1945–1989 (przewodnik)" = Letters to the Central Authorities in Poland, 1945–1989 (Guidebook): ; https://rcin.org.pl./publication/91801 ; s. 53-82 ; Bibliografia pod artykułami. Indeks ; Teksty również w języku angielskim. Streszczenie angielskie. ; Zob. również: Listy do władz centralnych w Polsce 1945–1989 (przewodnik): ; https://rcin.org.pl./publication/91801